Histology Exam #1 Cytology And Embryology

Front 1

Method where tissue can be immediately frozen with cyrostat. method is used for surgical biposies to quickly determine if the tissue is benign or malignant

Back 1

frozen sections

Front 2

Method where cells are isolated directly on a slide, fixed and stained. use to sample blood, bone marrow, ans cervical cells

Back 2

Smears

Front 3

term where tissue components stain with an acid dye ? What is the acid dye called?

Back 3

Acidophilic, Eosin

Front 4

Red blood cells are _____ due to their affinity of hemoglobin for eosin.

Back 4

acidophilic

Front 5

Term where tissue components stain with a basic dye? What is the name of the basic dye ?

Back 5

Basophilic, hematoxylin

Front 6

Organelles with a substantial amount of what are basophilic?

Back 6

Dna and Rna (nucleus, ribosomes and the RER)

Front 7

The nuclear membrane (envelope) is a two lipid membrane that is continuous with what?

Back 7

RER of the cytoplasm

Front 8

Nucleolus is/makes what?

Back 8

RNA

*more RNA/proteins=larger nucleolus*

Front 9

Only during what phases are chromosomes visible as distinct entities?

Back 9

Mitosis and meiosis

Front 10

What is referred to as dispersed chromatin or light stained chromatin?

Back 10

Euchromatin

Front 11

is euchromatin active or inactive?

Back 11

Active

Front 12

what is referred to as darker/condensed tightly coiled regions of chromatin?

Back 12

heterochromatin

Front 13

is heterochromatin active or inactive?

Back 13

Inactive

Front 14

If you see a nucleus has light staining, lots of dispersed chromatin and has a large well developed nucleolus it is said to be what?

Back 14

A euchromatic nucleus (transcriptionally and metabolically active)

Front 15

If a nucleus is dark stained with a lot of condensed coiled chromatin, and the nucleolus is small and poorly developed it is said to be what type of nucleus?

Back 15

A heterchromatic nucleus (transcriptionally and metabolically inactive)

Front 16

how do you identify a dead or dying nucleus?

Back 16

by its abnormal nucleus (nucleus will loose its integrity of its membrane/shrink or become intensely heterchromatic/pyknotic)

Front 17

what are the phases of mitosis and describe them

Back 17

prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telephase

Front 18

what happens prior to prophase?

Back 18

The chromosomes are duplicated (s phase) and the centrioles also duplicated creating 4 centrioles

Front 19

centrioles are made up of what?

Back 19

microtubles

Front 20

what is the cleavage of the cytoplasm into 2 separate cells which occurs by constriction of the cell at the equator by a contractile ring of actin/myosin?

Back 20

cytokinesis

Front 21

Colchicine is added to a medium so the chromosomes can be karyotyped at what phase of mitosis?

Back 21

metaphase

Front 22

what are the 2 types of cytoskeletal components?

Back 22

filaments, and tubules

Front 23

what are the 3 types of filaments?

Back 23

micro filaments, myosin, intermediate

Front 24

What are the 3 types of microfilaments (thin filaments)?

Back 24

microvilli, terminal web, and contractile ring

Front 25

__ are small fingerlike projections in epithelial cells. _____ are a network of filaments in some epithelial cells. ____ are responsible for cytoplasmic constriction at the end of mitosis.

Back 25

microvilli, terminal web, contractile ring

Front 26

____is a type of filament that is also called thick filaments and is present in all cells but is best developed in muscle where it is involved in contraction.

Back 26

myosin filaments

Front 27

____ is a heterogenous calss of filaments especially important in cell support and shape (present in adhereing type of cell jucntions). *also can be used to find the source of cancer*

Back 27

intermediate filaments

Front 28

Microtubles are made up of what? and what are the four types of microtubules?

Back 28

tubulin, centriole, mitotic spindle, cilia and flagella

Front 29

___ is a small organelle composed of 9 sets of triplet microtubules in bundles, 2 per cell, acts as a microtubules organization center for the assembly of the mitotic spindle.

Back 29

centrioles

Front 30

collection of microtubules that attach to the chromosomes during mitosis?

Back 30

mitotic spindle

Front 31

___ is a 9 sets of doublet microtubules plus a central doublet extending through the shaft

____similar to a centriole but at the base of each cilium

Back 31

axoneme, basal bodies

Front 32

what is responsible for the acidophilia of the cytoplasm?

Back 32

mitochondria

Front 33

where are ribosomes made? are the basophilic or acidophilic

Back 33

in the nucleolus , basophilic

Front 34

what type of ER synthesizes secretory proteins, lysosomal protiens, and integral proteins? which ER contains enzymes for the synthesis of lipids and cholesterol derived compounds?

Back 34

RER, smooth ER

Front 35

Why is the RER basophilic? is Smooth ER basophilic or acidophilic?

Back 35

B/c of the attached ribosomes, acidophilic

Front 36

What are key functions of the Golgi apparatus?

Back 36

chemical modification, packaging and distribution of secretory enzymes and hydrolytic enzymes, and recycling and distribution of various kinds of membrane

Front 37

describe the steps that involved in the synthesis and secretion of proteins?

Back 37

1. mRNA goes to RER

2. assembly of amino acids (from the ribosomes of the RER) onto proteins

3.Transfer vesicles leave the RER and fuse with the Golgi apparatus

4. packaged and wrapped into secretory vesicles by golgi (they leave the golgi)

5. exocytosis (vesicles fuse with membrane)

Front 38

t or f: lysosomes can destroy material inside and outside the cell

Back 38

true

*only a few cells like osteocalsts and eosinophils can kill material outside the cell). every cell can destroy material inside the cell*

Front 39

the term that describes the breakdown of materials brought into the cell by phagocytosis. they are brought into the cell, segregated within a membrane, fused with a primary lysosome and then destroyed.

Back 39

heterophagy

Front 40

term that describes the breakdown of material normally found with in the cell. ex: old mitochondria, cytoskeleton, or RER. segragated within a membrane, fused with a primary lysosome and then destroyed.

Back 40

Autophagy

Front 41

___is the storage of glucose . _____ is where fat is stored as non membrane bound droplets.

Back 41

glycogen, lipid

Front 42

_____is a yellowish brown pigment composed of residual bodies that accumulate with age.

______ is brownish-black pigment present in membrane bound vesicles called melanosomes

Back 42

Lipofuscin, melanin

Front 43

____ is a decrease in cell size. ____ is a increase in cell size and organelles (and function). ____ is an increase in cell number so the cell must be capable of cell division.

Back 43

Atrophy, Hypertrophy, Hyperplasia

Front 44

___ refers to programmed cell death (physiological process). ____ refers to death caused by deleterious stimuli (toxins, injury)

Back 44

Apoptosis, necrosis

Front 45

First 3 steps of making a child is fertilization, rapid cell division and then____ which forms when a fluid filled cavity forms within the ball of cells (4 to 5 days)

Back 45

blastocyst

Front 46

In week 2, the inner cells of the blastocyst flatten into two layered embryo called what?

then the two layered embryo is squeezed into what two cavities?

Back 46

-epiblast and hypoblast

-amniotic and yolk sac

Front 47

When the trophoblast of the embryo invades the moms uterus what two layer does it differentiate to?

which layer is the inner mitotic layers of the cell? which one are fused cells and highly invasive that secrete HGC

Back 47

-cytotrophoblast and synctiotrophoblast

-cytpotrophoblast

_synctiotrophoblast

Front 48

where does the placenta develop from?

Back 48

-trophoblast (chorion) of the baby and the endometrial lining of the uterus from the mother

Front 49

when does the primitive uteroplacental circulation begin?

what can develop from trophoblast cells?

Back 49

-when the trophoblast erodes the maternal blood vessels

-hydatiform moles, yolk sac tumors, and chorioncarcinomas

Front 50

During week 3 _____ occurs which is the formation of a three layered trilaminar embryo which is the endoderm, ectoderm and mesoderm

Back 50

grastulation

Front 51

what induces the formation of the neural tube and the vertebrae? what is the remnant of the notochord?

____ are tumors derived from the remnants of the primitive streak that crosses all 3 germ layers

Back 51

-notochord

-nucleus pulposus

-sacrococcoygeal teratomas

Front 52

What systems are first to develop? which weeks are the most dangerous time to be exposed to teratogens?

Back 52

-nervous and cardiovascular system

-week 3-8 of development

Front 53

During week 3 the surface of the ______ thickens, folds, and invaginates downward to form the 1)_____ which is a hollow tube that gives rise to the CNS including the brain, spinal cord and retina. and also 2) _______which is the ectoderm that fails to be incorporated into the tube. they form a crest by the side of the tube and migrate away to form the PNS and a variety of cells

Back 53

Ectoderm

Neural Tube

Neural Crest

Front 54

failure of the neural tube to develop can result in what? (2)

failure of the neural crest can result in what type of defects

Back 54

-Anencephaly (top of the tube) and spina bifida (bottom of the tube)

-heart, facial, and neurons (hirschsprung disease)

Front 55

what is the first system to function? blood starts to circulate during which week? when does the heart start to beat?

Back 55

-Cardiovasular

-week 3

-week 4

Front 56

___ are formed by blocks of mesoderm and give rise to vertebrae, ribs, back, body wall muscles, and the dermis of the skin.

Back 56

somites

Front 57

_____are the bulges on the side of the head (like gills on a fish) and develop around the pharynx (foregut endoderm) and are filled with mesoderm and neural crest cells and lined by the endoderm internally.

How many pairs develop?

the rearrangement of the pharyngeal arches are responsible for what?

Back 57

-pharyngeal arhces

-5 (1,2,3, 4, and 6)

-creating the mature form of the face and neck

Front 58

____ is defined as any agent that can cause a congenital anomaly (structural birth defect)

Back 58

-teratogens

Front 59

___ will make the epidermis (nails, hair, sweat and subaceous glands, parotid gland, teeth [ameloblasts], internal ear, eyes and anal canal)

__- will make the CNS and neurons (retina, pineal gland, posterior pituitary gland)

___ will make the PNS (swhann and satellite) and ganglia

Back 59

ectoderm

neural tube

neural crest

Front 60

____makes supportive tissue, blood cells, lymph cells, cardiovascular system, lymphatic system and most of the GU system

_____ makes the epithelial lining of the gastointestinal tract and respiratory system, liver, pancreas etc, and the lower GU system

Back 60

Mesoderm

Endoderm