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278 Cards in this Set
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the branch of science that deal with external form and internal organization of both plants and animals
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anatomy
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concerned with those features accessible to dissection or direct inspection
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gross anatomy
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deals with those minute features beyond the reach of the naked eye
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microscopic anatomy
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visible light microscopes
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optical, polarizing, phase contrast, interference, dark-fiels
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electron microscopes
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TEM, SEM
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the principle instrument in his to and etymology is
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compound microscope
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method of chemical localization
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autoradiography - (radioiodine localization)
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method enables investigators to locate sites of antibody-antigen reactions
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immunocytochemistry
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stain for nuclear region
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hematoxylin
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stain for cytoplasmic region
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eosin
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basic stain
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hematoxylin
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acidic stain
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eosin
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2 considerations to studying histo
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microscope, preparation of tissue
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cell theory by
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schwann and schleiden
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cell theory
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1. all living matter is composed of cells
2. cells arise from pre-existing cells 3. all the metabolic reactions of the living organism including all the energy exchanged, biosynthetic processes, all hereditary processes take place within the cell 4. cells are the basic structure and fx unit of living matter 5. cells are composed of protoplasm - viscus suspension of various chemical elements |
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responsible for the metabolic and synthetic activity
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cytoplasm
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responsible for differentiation and fx
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nucleus
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primitive cell
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prokaryotic
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prokaryotic
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1. nucleus is not surrounded by membrane
2. chromosome is not complex 3. no true membrane bound organelles |
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ex of prokaryotic
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bacterium or blue green algae
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true cell of higher plants and animals
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eukaryotic
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eukaryotic
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1. higher plants and animals
2. well defined nucleus with membrane 3. complex chromosome 4. membrane bound organelle |
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basic substance from which all living things are made
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protoplasm
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forms the fundamental living substance of the cell
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protoplasm
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in protoplasm, whats present as elements
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02, N
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compounds of protoplasm
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water - 75%
proteins - 10-20% lipids - 2-3% carbs - 2% salts - 1% |
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proteins in protoplasm do what
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cell structure, amino acid building blocks
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lipids in protoplasm
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source of energy
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carbs in protoplasm
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two or more simple sugars - oxidized as a source of energy for repair and growth
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2 divisions of protoplasm
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nucleoplasm, cytoplasm
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contains chromatin material (DNA) and also contains nucleolus
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nucleoplasm
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cytoplasm
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- protoplasm surrounding the nucleus
- constitutes the storage and working area of the cell |
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primary fx of cytoplasm
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absorption and secretion
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property of protoplasm - can respond to a stimulus or a certain change in its environment
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irritability
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ex of protoplasm irritability
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heat, chemical composition, electric shock, mechanical
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property of protoplasm - transmission of an effect from one part of the cell to another throughout the cell
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conductivity
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ex of conductivity
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nerve cell and muscle tissue
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property of protoplasm - ability to shorten its length in response to a stimulus
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contractibility and mobility
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ex of contractibility and mobility
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WBCs move about by protoplasmic contraction
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property of metabolism - involves the liberation of energy from nutrients necessary for growth and repair; involves chemical processes to sustain life
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metabolism
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breakdown of complex compounds into simpler ones
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catabolism
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synthesis of complex compounds from simple one
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anabolism
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cell drinking
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pinocytosis
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mechanism by which protein and other soluble materials are incorporated into the cell
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pinocytosis
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cell membrane invaginates; invagination becomes a vacuole
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pinocytosis
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cell eating - solid
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phagocytosis
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membrane evaginates - surrounds solid material
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phagocytosis
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elimination of useful material
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secretion
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elimination of waste material
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excretion
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property of protoplasm - 02 is used to oxidize metabolites to CO2 and H2o
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respiration
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respiration associated with what organelle
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mitochondria
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3 structures of protoplasm
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cytoplasmic matrix, organelles, inclusions
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cytoplasmic matrix AKA
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ground substance
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structureless medium, contains fibrillar components
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cytoplasmic matrix
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living structural components
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organelles
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4 organelles of protoplasm
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ribosomes, ER, lysosomes, mitochondria
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inclusions
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nonliving cell products; temporary constituents
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example of inclusions
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fat deposits, pigmented granuoles
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thin limiting membrane separating the cell contents from environment
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membrane
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cell membrane AKA
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plasma membrane or plasmalemma
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4 models of cell membrane
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davson and danielle, liid globular prtein mosaic model, lipid globular protein model, fluid mosaic
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1st cell membrane model
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davson and danielli
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membrane model:
sandwich structure - two outer protein layers with lipid bi-layers in between |
davson and danielli
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cell membrane model:
two lipid layers with globulaprotein in between which may penetrate lipid |
lipid globular protein mosaic
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cell membrane model:
proteins are contained within the lipid layers |
lipid globular protein
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lipid globular protein mosaic and lipid globular protein are correct bc of
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freeze cleaving
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have cell wall; cellulose, rigid structure
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plant cells
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have thin external coat rich in polycacehardies - glycocalyx
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animal cell
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which membrane model is correct today
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fluid mosaic
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ER AKA
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chromatidal substance or ergastoplasm
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ER with no ribosomes
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smooth or granular
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closed meshed, 3D network of tubules that are interconnected
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smooth ER
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found in cells lacking well developed rough ER
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smooth ER
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ex of cell lacking well developed rough ER
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smooth muscle
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Fx of smooth ER
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- lipid cholesterol metabolism
- phospholipid bilayer - detoxification |
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what does smooth ER do in liver
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lipid and cholesterol metabolism
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what does smooth ER do in striated muscle
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contraction and release of calcium ions
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rough ER has
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ribosomes
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irregular network of branching and anastomosis tubules that is often continuous with flat, saclike structures - cisternae
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rough ER
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has cisternae
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rough ER
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Fx of rough ER
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protein synthesis
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found primarily in protein secreting cells
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rough ER
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rough ER associated in
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clusters (polyribosomes)
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when ER is fragmented, they are called
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microsomes
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cell organelle of complex internal structure enclosed by 2 membranes
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mitochondria
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has cisternae
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rough ER
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outer smooth contoured continuously limiting membrane
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mitochondria
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Fx of rough ER
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protein synthesis
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what is a function of veins and arteries
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filtration and diffusion
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branch of science that deals with external form and internal organization
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anatomy
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cells are:
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- basic structural units of icing matter
- basic functional units of living matter - composed of protoplasm - all the metabolic reactions of living things |
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what is protoplasm made of
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nucleus, cytoplasm, nucleoplasm
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bacteria are
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prokaryotic
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2 elements only present in protoplasm
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N and O
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percentage of protein in protoplasm
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10-20%
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salt in protoplasm
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1%
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primary function of cytoplasm
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absorption and secretion
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examples of irritability
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heat, chemical composition, mechanical, electrical shock
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muscle tissue and nerve cells are examples of
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conductivity
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growth in the protoplasm occurs by
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mitosis and meiosis
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when the cell invaginates it becomes a
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vacuole
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respiration occurs in the
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mitochondria
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tempory cell products
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fat deposits, vacuoles, pigmented vacuoles
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ground substance
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cytoplasm matrix
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created first model of cell membrane
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schwann and schleidan
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AKA for plasma membrane
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plamalemm
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glycocalyx is found in
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animals
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chemical localization
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autoradiography
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gross anatomy is concerned with the features accessible to dissection and
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direct inspection
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microscopes are classified by
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light source and resolution
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describes the most correct cell membrane
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fluid mosaic
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who was credited with fluid mosaic model
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singer/nicholson
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AKA for ergastoplasm
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ER and chromatidal substance
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Fx of smooth ER
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depends on cell type; lipid and cholesterol metbolism
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what in mitochondria fx to increase the surface area of cell
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cristae
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most hidden item in the mitochondria matrix is
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matrix granule
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self duplicating
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mitochondria
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found in mitochondria: types of DNA
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DNA, tRNA, mRNa
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organelle containing membrane bound organelles
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lysosomes
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lysosomes break down
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protein
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lysosomes fx at a pH of
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5
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digestive system of cell
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lysosomes
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lysosomes are found in
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WBCs, adipose cells
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cell death
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apoptosis
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phagolysome is a
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vacuole
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AKA for microbodies
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peroxisomes
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peroxisomes reduce hydrogen peroxide to
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water and oxygen
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micro bodies are found mostly in
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liver and kidney
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golgi apparatus are found in the
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pancreas or bone forming cells
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AKA for dictysomes in golgi appartus is called
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saccules
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primary Fx of golgi appartus
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packaging/distribution
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AKA for centrosphere
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cell center; centrosome
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center for activity for cell division is the
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centrosome
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S phase is
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period of active DNA synthesis
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G2 phase makes up
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10-20% of cycle
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filaments consist of
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thin threats
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centrioles that occur in pair are called
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diplosomes
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AKA for basal body
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kinetosome
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which organelle migrates to the cell surface
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centrioles
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microfilaments or intermediate filaments represent
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types of filaments
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microfilaments function in promoting _________ changes and therefore are found in the ________ epithelium
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shape; embryonic
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intermediate filaments AKA
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tonofilaments
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the main difference between intermediate and microfilaments is that the latter is
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not contractile
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maintain cell shape
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microtubules
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microtubules form flagella, cilia, and
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sperm tails
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what protein makes up microtubules
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tubulin
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microtubules are organized into a _____ doublet that enclose _____ centrally located microtubules
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nine; 2
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raw food material or stored cell metabolic products are
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cytoplasmic inclusions
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AKA for sap is
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nuclear body
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nucleolus produces
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RNA
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how many types of chromatin
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2
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heterochromatin occurs during
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interphase
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euchromatin is
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dispersed
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primary fx of the nucleus is
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regulate the fx of cell
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body cells AKA
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somatic cells
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correct sequence for mitosis
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I, P, M, A, T
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DNA is made in
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interphase
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chromes can't b seen in interphase bc
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they're too uncoiled to be visible
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happens in prophase
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-nucleolus will diminish in size and disappear
- nuclear membrane starts to break down and disappear - centrioles undergo reduplicton |
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the nuclear membrane reforms in mitosis in what stage
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telophase
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chromosomal fiber runs from the centromere of the chromosome in
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metaphase
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kinetochore is AKA
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centromere
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who discovered semi-conservative replication
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meselsone/stahl
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separation of the double helix of chromosomes and replication of eat is known as
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biochemical events
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biochemical events are known as
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semi conservative replication
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how many hours does S phase last
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6-8
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both the nucleus and cytoplasm of daughter cells enlarge in what phase of the cell cycle
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G1
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which phase makes up the least % of the cycle
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G2
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how many phases occur in cell cycle
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4
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what are the 2 divisions of the M phase
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cytokinesis and karyokinesis
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each of the daughter cells in meiosis have 1/2 the chromosome number of the
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mother cell
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how many parts are there in Prophase I
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5
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correct sequence of prophase I
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leptotene, zygotene, pachytene, diplotene, diakinesis
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what phase of prophase I are the chromosomes thin and thread like
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leptotene
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which chromes start to pair in the zygotene state of prophase I
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homologous
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in the pachytene state of prophase I, chromosomes start to _______ to the length they were in the _____ stage
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1/4, leptotene
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crossing over AKA
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chiasmata
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chiasmata is referred to the _____ point in the ____ stage of prophase I
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x, diplotene
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whole purpose of chiasmata is to
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exchange genetic material
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diplotene in prophase I of meiosis
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pairs chromosomes beginning to repel each other and separate
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chromosomes are at maximum condensation in
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diakinesis
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whole process of mitosis lasts
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hour to hour and a half
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in metaphase I of meiosis chromosomes that have duplicated are called
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tetrads
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which stage do the homologous separate in meiosis
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anaphase I
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as a result of the absence of cytokinesis, what is a consequence
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2 nuclei are present in one cell
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cleavage burrows occur in
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every living organism
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which stage has NO dan replication
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interphase II
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the process of no DNA duplication is termed
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interkinesis
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what stages of meiosis do chromatids line up at equator
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metaphase I and metaphase II
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which stage do the centromeres duplicate and divide
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anaphase II
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in metaphase II, there were 6 centromers in anaphase II. there are now
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12
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occurs in telophase II
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spindles disappear, cell membrane furrow forms, four cells result--haploid
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in metaphase I 6 chromosomes produce ____ cells
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2
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there are _____types of chromosomes during metaphase. these are based on _________
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4, shapes
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which type of chromosomes forms an "L" shape in metaphase?
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submetacentric
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acrocetric chromosomes are describes as
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rod shaped having a very small arm
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the centromere is in the middle of 3the chromosome. which chromosome is this
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metacentric
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the name given to the group of characteristics that identifies a particular chromosomal set is
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karyotype
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epithelium are arranged in
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sheets
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epithelium line the cavities of the body to form a protective sheath or
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limiting membrane
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the outgrowth of epithelial consists of
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chords, tubules, follicles
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chords in epithelium is specialized for secretion, excretion, and
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absorption
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epithelia are arranged in
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sheets, chords, tubules, follicles
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the covering and lining of epithelial have
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similarities
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another name for basement membrane
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basal lamina
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epithelial tissues are nourished by __________ from an underlying capillary bed
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diffusion
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the thin membrane called basement membrane is firmly bonded to
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epithelia tissues to underlying connective tissue
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many epithelial cells show
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cell renewal
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the 2 primary germ layers of the early embryo are the
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ectoderm, endoderm
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ailmentary tract and associated glands (including the liver) are derived from the
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endoderm
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endoderm is the
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lining epithelium
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what 2 structures cover the entire external surface of the body
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epidermic cornea
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the kidney and epithelium from male and female reproductive tracts are form the
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mesoderm
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what type of tissue is found in the serous membrane which includes the pleural, peritoneal, and pericardial cavities
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mesothelium
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classifications of epithelium
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shape of cells, number of cell layers, named according to surface-wet or dry, motile processes
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simple squamous occur in
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kidney
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simple cuboidal epithelium location
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thyroid, ducts of glands
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location of simple columnar
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digestive tract, kidney, uterus, oviduct, small bronchi of lungs
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where are goblet cells found
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small intestine
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goblet cells are
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nucleated
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when the cell surface ruptures in the goblet cell ______ is discharged
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secretion
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movement referred to when all the cilia beat or move together
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isochronal rhythm
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a cell may be described as
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resting or active or as empty or loaded
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droplets of goblets are referred to as premucin or
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mucingen
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wear and tear epithelium
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stratified squamous epithelium
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shape of a cell determines its classification at the free surface is called
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simple cuboidal
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these cells undergo mitosis and provide a stem line for cells higher in the layer
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basal cells
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location for stratified squamous
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?
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are stratified cuboidal cells located beneath basement membrane?
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NO
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how is stratified columnar different to pseudo stratified columnar ciliated?
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the latter has an uncontiuous later of small round cells next to the basement membrane
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stratified columnar epithelium are found in
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anal mucus membrane
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which epithelium varies in appearance
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transitional
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what state do surface cells of transitional epithelium appear domed shape?
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contraction state
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snap fasteners AKA
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punctate fasteners
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shape of a cell determines its classification at the free surface is called
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simple cuboidal
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these cells undergo mitosis and provide a stem line for cells higher in the layer
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basal cells
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location for stratified squamous
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?
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are stratified cuboidal cells located beneath basement membrane?
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NO
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how is stratified columnar different to pseudo stratified columnar ciliated?
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the latter has an uncontiuous later of small round cells next to the basement membrane
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stratified columnar epithelium are found in
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anal mucus membrane
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which epithelium varies in appearance
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transitional
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what state do surface cells of transitional epithelium appear domed shape?
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contraction state
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snap fasteners AKA
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punctate fasteners
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a chromosomal type in which the centromere is situated on the proximal end is called
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telocentric
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differ from cilia only in their greater length, the character of their movements, and the number per cell including internal structure appears to be the same
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flagella
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core structure of cilia
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axoneme
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AKA striated or brush border
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microvilli
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types of cell junctions
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gap, secmososomes, intermediate, tight
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appear as a row of squares in vertical view
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simple cuboidal epithelium
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cells are scale like and it forms barriers in regions where diffusion or filtration occur
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simple squamous epithelium
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all 3 simple epithelia are found in
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kidney
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epithelium associated with secretion and absorption
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simple columnar
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process of cytoplasmic divison
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cytokinesis
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process of nuclear division
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karykinesis
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cell spends most time in
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interphase
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sequence of mitosis during cell division
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P, M, A, T
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play a prominent role during cell division
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centrioles
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organelle concerned principally wit the generation of energy
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mitochondria
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ribosomes associate in clusters called
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polysomes
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property that allows protoplasm to increase in bulk
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growth
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property of protoplasm that permits it to respond to a sudden change
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irritability
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property that allows protoplasm to transmit an effect from one point to another throughout the cell
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conductivity
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two of the primary germ layers of the early embryo, ___ and ____ are epithelial in patterns of growth and most ..
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endoderm and mesoderm
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lysosomes break down
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protein, nucleic acid, carbs
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skin is derived from
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ectoderm
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displays a hexagonal polygon on surface view
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simple cuboidal
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transitional line both
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gall bladder and urinary bladder
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according to freeze cleaving, what theory is consistent
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lipid globular protein, lipid globular protein mosaic
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organelles that are self replicating
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mitochondria, centrioles
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what embryonic region gives rise to mesenchyme
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mesoderm
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CT matches with
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pus like
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blood matches with
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fluid like
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blood vessels match with
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muscular like
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cartilage matches with
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gel like
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bone matches with
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hard like
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basic cell of connective tissue
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fibroblast
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glands that secrete specific substances which have specific effects on other tissues or organs in the body
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endocrine glands
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parathyroid gland is a specific example of
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endocrine
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