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278 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
the branch of science that deal with external form and internal organization of both plants and animals
anatomy
concerned with those features accessible to dissection or direct inspection
gross anatomy
deals with those minute features beyond the reach of the naked eye
microscopic anatomy
visible light microscopes
optical, polarizing, phase contrast, interference, dark-fiels
electron microscopes
TEM, SEM
the principle instrument in his to and etymology is
compound microscope
method of chemical localization
autoradiography - (radioiodine localization)
method enables investigators to locate sites of antibody-antigen reactions
immunocytochemistry
stain for nuclear region
hematoxylin
stain for cytoplasmic region
eosin
basic stain
hematoxylin
acidic stain
eosin
2 considerations to studying histo
microscope, preparation of tissue
cell theory by
schwann and schleiden
cell theory
1. all living matter is composed of cells
2. cells arise from pre-existing cells
3. all the metabolic reactions of the living organism including all the energy exchanged, biosynthetic processes, all hereditary processes take place within the cell
4. cells are the basic structure and fx unit of living matter
5. cells are composed of protoplasm - viscus suspension of various chemical elements
responsible for the metabolic and synthetic activity
cytoplasm
responsible for differentiation and fx
nucleus
primitive cell
prokaryotic
prokaryotic
1. nucleus is not surrounded by membrane
2. chromosome is not complex
3. no true membrane bound organelles
ex of prokaryotic
bacterium or blue green algae
true cell of higher plants and animals
eukaryotic
eukaryotic
1. higher plants and animals
2. well defined nucleus with membrane
3. complex chromosome
4. membrane bound organelle
basic substance from which all living things are made
protoplasm
forms the fundamental living substance of the cell
protoplasm
in protoplasm, whats present as elements
02, N
compounds of protoplasm
water - 75%
proteins - 10-20%
lipids - 2-3%
carbs - 2%
salts - 1%
proteins in protoplasm do what
cell structure, amino acid building blocks
lipids in protoplasm
source of energy
carbs in protoplasm
two or more simple sugars - oxidized as a source of energy for repair and growth
2 divisions of protoplasm
nucleoplasm, cytoplasm
contains chromatin material (DNA) and also contains nucleolus
nucleoplasm
cytoplasm
- protoplasm surrounding the nucleus
- constitutes the storage and working area of the cell
primary fx of cytoplasm
absorption and secretion
property of protoplasm - can respond to a stimulus or a certain change in its environment
irritability
ex of protoplasm irritability
heat, chemical composition, electric shock, mechanical
property of protoplasm - transmission of an effect from one part of the cell to another throughout the cell
conductivity
ex of conductivity
nerve cell and muscle tissue
property of protoplasm - ability to shorten its length in response to a stimulus
contractibility and mobility
ex of contractibility and mobility
WBCs move about by protoplasmic contraction
property of metabolism - involves the liberation of energy from nutrients necessary for growth and repair; involves chemical processes to sustain life
metabolism
breakdown of complex compounds into simpler ones
catabolism
synthesis of complex compounds from simple one
anabolism
cell drinking
pinocytosis
mechanism by which protein and other soluble materials are incorporated into the cell
pinocytosis
cell membrane invaginates; invagination becomes a vacuole
pinocytosis
cell eating - solid
phagocytosis
membrane evaginates - surrounds solid material
phagocytosis
elimination of useful material
secretion
elimination of waste material
excretion
property of protoplasm - 02 is used to oxidize metabolites to CO2 and H2o
respiration
respiration associated with what organelle
mitochondria
3 structures of protoplasm
cytoplasmic matrix, organelles, inclusions
cytoplasmic matrix AKA
ground substance
structureless medium, contains fibrillar components
cytoplasmic matrix
living structural components
organelles
4 organelles of protoplasm
ribosomes, ER, lysosomes, mitochondria
inclusions
nonliving cell products; temporary constituents
example of inclusions
fat deposits, pigmented granuoles
thin limiting membrane separating the cell contents from environment
membrane
cell membrane AKA
plasma membrane or plasmalemma
4 models of cell membrane
davson and danielle, liid globular prtein mosaic model, lipid globular protein model, fluid mosaic
1st cell membrane model
davson and danielli
membrane model:
sandwich structure - two outer protein layers with lipid bi-layers in between
davson and danielli
cell membrane model:
two lipid layers with globulaprotein in between which may penetrate lipid
lipid globular protein mosaic
cell membrane model:
proteins are contained within the lipid layers
lipid globular protein
lipid globular protein mosaic and lipid globular protein are correct bc of
freeze cleaving
have cell wall; cellulose, rigid structure
plant cells
have thin external coat rich in polycacehardies - glycocalyx
animal cell
which membrane model is correct today
fluid mosaic
ER AKA
chromatidal substance or ergastoplasm
ER with no ribosomes
smooth or granular
closed meshed, 3D network of tubules that are interconnected
smooth ER
found in cells lacking well developed rough ER
smooth ER
ex of cell lacking well developed rough ER
smooth muscle
Fx of smooth ER
- lipid cholesterol metabolism
- phospholipid bilayer
- detoxification
what does smooth ER do in liver
lipid and cholesterol metabolism
what does smooth ER do in striated muscle
contraction and release of calcium ions
rough ER has
ribosomes
irregular network of branching and anastomosis tubules that is often continuous with flat, saclike structures - cisternae
rough ER
has cisternae
rough ER
Fx of rough ER
protein synthesis
found primarily in protein secreting cells
rough ER
rough ER associated in
clusters (polyribosomes)
when ER is fragmented, they are called
microsomes
cell organelle of complex internal structure enclosed by 2 membranes
mitochondria
has cisternae
rough ER
outer smooth contoured continuously limiting membrane
mitochondria
Fx of rough ER
protein synthesis
what is a function of veins and arteries
filtration and diffusion
branch of science that deals with external form and internal organization
anatomy
cells are:
- basic structural units of icing matter
- basic functional units of living matter
- composed of protoplasm
- all the metabolic reactions of living things
what is protoplasm made of
nucleus, cytoplasm, nucleoplasm
bacteria are
prokaryotic
2 elements only present in protoplasm
N and O
percentage of protein in protoplasm
10-20%
salt in protoplasm
1%
primary function of cytoplasm
absorption and secretion
examples of irritability
heat, chemical composition, mechanical, electrical shock
muscle tissue and nerve cells are examples of
conductivity
growth in the protoplasm occurs by
mitosis and meiosis
when the cell invaginates it becomes a
vacuole
respiration occurs in the
mitochondria
tempory cell products
fat deposits, vacuoles, pigmented vacuoles
ground substance
cytoplasm matrix
created first model of cell membrane
schwann and schleidan
AKA for plasma membrane
plamalemm
glycocalyx is found in
animals
chemical localization
autoradiography
gross anatomy is concerned with the features accessible to dissection and
direct inspection
microscopes are classified by
light source and resolution
describes the most correct cell membrane
fluid mosaic
who was credited with fluid mosaic model
singer/nicholson
AKA for ergastoplasm
ER and chromatidal substance
Fx of smooth ER
depends on cell type; lipid and cholesterol metbolism
what in mitochondria fx to increase the surface area of cell
cristae
most hidden item in the mitochondria matrix is
matrix granule
self duplicating
mitochondria
found in mitochondria: types of DNA
DNA, tRNA, mRNa
organelle containing membrane bound organelles
lysosomes
lysosomes break down
protein
lysosomes fx at a pH of
5
digestive system of cell
lysosomes
lysosomes are found in
WBCs, adipose cells
cell death
apoptosis
phagolysome is a
vacuole
AKA for microbodies
peroxisomes
peroxisomes reduce hydrogen peroxide to
water and oxygen
micro bodies are found mostly in
liver and kidney
golgi apparatus are found in the
pancreas or bone forming cells
AKA for dictysomes in golgi appartus is called
saccules
primary Fx of golgi appartus
packaging/distribution
AKA for centrosphere
cell center; centrosome
center for activity for cell division is the
centrosome
S phase is
period of active DNA synthesis
G2 phase makes up
10-20% of cycle
filaments consist of
thin threats
centrioles that occur in pair are called
diplosomes
AKA for basal body
kinetosome
which organelle migrates to the cell surface
centrioles
microfilaments or intermediate filaments represent
types of filaments
microfilaments function in promoting _________ changes and therefore are found in the ________ epithelium
shape; embryonic
intermediate filaments AKA
tonofilaments
the main difference between intermediate and microfilaments is that the latter is
not contractile
maintain cell shape
microtubules
microtubules form flagella, cilia, and
sperm tails
what protein makes up microtubules
tubulin
microtubules are organized into a _____ doublet that enclose _____ centrally located microtubules
nine; 2
raw food material or stored cell metabolic products are
cytoplasmic inclusions
AKA for sap is
nuclear body
nucleolus produces
RNA
how many types of chromatin
2
heterochromatin occurs during
interphase
euchromatin is
dispersed
primary fx of the nucleus is
regulate the fx of cell
body cells AKA
somatic cells
correct sequence for mitosis
I, P, M, A, T
DNA is made in
interphase
chromes can't b seen in interphase bc
they're too uncoiled to be visible
happens in prophase
-nucleolus will diminish in size and disappear
- nuclear membrane starts to break down and disappear
- centrioles undergo reduplicton
the nuclear membrane reforms in mitosis in what stage
telophase
chromosomal fiber runs from the centromere of the chromosome in
metaphase
kinetochore is AKA
centromere
who discovered semi-conservative replication
meselsone/stahl
separation of the double helix of chromosomes and replication of eat is known as
biochemical events
biochemical events are known as
semi conservative replication
how many hours does S phase last
6-8
both the nucleus and cytoplasm of daughter cells enlarge in what phase of the cell cycle
G1
which phase makes up the least % of the cycle
G2
how many phases occur in cell cycle
4
what are the 2 divisions of the M phase
cytokinesis and karyokinesis
each of the daughter cells in meiosis have 1/2 the chromosome number of the
mother cell
how many parts are there in Prophase I
5
correct sequence of prophase I
leptotene, zygotene, pachytene, diplotene, diakinesis
what phase of prophase I are the chromosomes thin and thread like
leptotene
which chromes start to pair in the zygotene state of prophase I
homologous
in the pachytene state of prophase I, chromosomes start to _______ to the length they were in the _____ stage
1/4, leptotene
crossing over AKA
chiasmata
chiasmata is referred to the _____ point in the ____ stage of prophase I
x, diplotene
whole purpose of chiasmata is to
exchange genetic material
diplotene in prophase I of meiosis
pairs chromosomes beginning to repel each other and separate
chromosomes are at maximum condensation in
diakinesis
whole process of mitosis lasts
hour to hour and a half
in metaphase I of meiosis chromosomes that have duplicated are called
tetrads
which stage do the homologous separate in meiosis
anaphase I
as a result of the absence of cytokinesis, what is a consequence
2 nuclei are present in one cell
cleavage burrows occur in
every living organism
which stage has NO dan replication
interphase II
the process of no DNA duplication is termed
interkinesis
what stages of meiosis do chromatids line up at equator
metaphase I and metaphase II
which stage do the centromeres duplicate and divide
anaphase II
in metaphase II, there were 6 centromers in anaphase II. there are now
12
occurs in telophase II
spindles disappear, cell membrane furrow forms, four cells result--haploid
in metaphase I 6 chromosomes produce ____ cells
2
there are _____types of chromosomes during metaphase. these are based on _________
4, shapes
which type of chromosomes forms an "L" shape in metaphase?
submetacentric
acrocetric chromosomes are describes as
rod shaped having a very small arm
the centromere is in the middle of 3the chromosome. which chromosome is this
metacentric
the name given to the group of characteristics that identifies a particular chromosomal set is
karyotype
epithelium are arranged in
sheets
epithelium line the cavities of the body to form a protective sheath or
limiting membrane
the outgrowth of epithelial consists of
chords, tubules, follicles
chords in epithelium is specialized for secretion, excretion, and
absorption
epithelia are arranged in
sheets, chords, tubules, follicles
the covering and lining of epithelial have
similarities
another name for basement membrane
basal lamina
epithelial tissues are nourished by __________ from an underlying capillary bed
diffusion
the thin membrane called basement membrane is firmly bonded to
epithelia tissues to underlying connective tissue
many epithelial cells show
cell renewal
the 2 primary germ layers of the early embryo are the
ectoderm, endoderm
ailmentary tract and associated glands (including the liver) are derived from the
endoderm
endoderm is the
lining epithelium
what 2 structures cover the entire external surface of the body
epidermic cornea
the kidney and epithelium from male and female reproductive tracts are form the
mesoderm
what type of tissue is found in the serous membrane which includes the pleural, peritoneal, and pericardial cavities
mesothelium
classifications of epithelium
shape of cells, number of cell layers, named according to surface-wet or dry, motile processes
simple squamous occur in
kidney
simple cuboidal epithelium location
thyroid, ducts of glands
location of simple columnar
digestive tract, kidney, uterus, oviduct, small bronchi of lungs
where are goblet cells found
small intestine
goblet cells are
nucleated
when the cell surface ruptures in the goblet cell ______ is discharged
secretion
movement referred to when all the cilia beat or move together
isochronal rhythm
a cell may be described as
resting or active or as empty or loaded
droplets of goblets are referred to as premucin or
mucingen
wear and tear epithelium
stratified squamous epithelium
shape of a cell determines its classification at the free surface is called
simple cuboidal
these cells undergo mitosis and provide a stem line for cells higher in the layer
basal cells
location for stratified squamous
?
are stratified cuboidal cells located beneath basement membrane?
NO
how is stratified columnar different to pseudo stratified columnar ciliated?
the latter has an uncontiuous later of small round cells next to the basement membrane
stratified columnar epithelium are found in
anal mucus membrane
which epithelium varies in appearance
transitional
what state do surface cells of transitional epithelium appear domed shape?
contraction state
snap fasteners AKA
punctate fasteners
shape of a cell determines its classification at the free surface is called
simple cuboidal
these cells undergo mitosis and provide a stem line for cells higher in the layer
basal cells
location for stratified squamous
?
are stratified cuboidal cells located beneath basement membrane?
NO
how is stratified columnar different to pseudo stratified columnar ciliated?
the latter has an uncontiuous later of small round cells next to the basement membrane
stratified columnar epithelium are found in
anal mucus membrane
which epithelium varies in appearance
transitional
what state do surface cells of transitional epithelium appear domed shape?
contraction state
snap fasteners AKA
punctate fasteners
a chromosomal type in which the centromere is situated on the proximal end is called
telocentric
differ from cilia only in their greater length, the character of their movements, and the number per cell including internal structure appears to be the same
flagella
core structure of cilia
axoneme
AKA striated or brush border
microvilli
types of cell junctions
gap, secmososomes, intermediate, tight
appear as a row of squares in vertical view
simple cuboidal epithelium
cells are scale like and it forms barriers in regions where diffusion or filtration occur
simple squamous epithelium
all 3 simple epithelia are found in
kidney
epithelium associated with secretion and absorption
simple columnar
process of cytoplasmic divison
cytokinesis
process of nuclear division
karykinesis
cell spends most time in
interphase
sequence of mitosis during cell division
P, M, A, T
play a prominent role during cell division
centrioles
organelle concerned principally wit the generation of energy
mitochondria
ribosomes associate in clusters called
polysomes
property that allows protoplasm to increase in bulk
growth
property of protoplasm that permits it to respond to a sudden change
irritability
property that allows protoplasm to transmit an effect from one point to another throughout the cell
conductivity
two of the primary germ layers of the early embryo, ___ and ____ are epithelial in patterns of growth and most ..
endoderm and mesoderm
lysosomes break down
protein, nucleic acid, carbs
skin is derived from
ectoderm
displays a hexagonal polygon on surface view
simple cuboidal
transitional line both
gall bladder and urinary bladder
according to freeze cleaving, what theory is consistent
lipid globular protein, lipid globular protein mosaic
organelles that are self replicating
mitochondria, centrioles
what embryonic region gives rise to mesenchyme
mesoderm
CT matches with
pus like
blood matches with
fluid like
blood vessels match with
muscular like
cartilage matches with
gel like
bone matches with
hard like
basic cell of connective tissue
fibroblast
glands that secrete specific substances which have specific effects on other tissues or organs in the body
endocrine glands
parathyroid gland is a specific example of
endocrine