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157 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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lips
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-covered externally by integument and internally by mucosa
- near the muco-cutaneous junction, the skin is devoid of hair follicles and epidermis is thicker - tunica muscularis consists of skeletal muscle fibers of orbicularis oris muscle |
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mucosa of lips
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-lined by stratified squamous epithelium :
1. keratinized: ruminants and horses 2. non-keratinized: carnivores and pigs |
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labial glands
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serous or seromucous
-distributed in the propria submucosa |
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layers of cheeks
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1. outer skin
2. middle muscular layer: buccinator m 3. internal mucosa |
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mucosa of cheeks
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-lined by stratified squamous epithelium w or w/o keratin
- ruminants: studded with conical buccal papillae |
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buccal glands
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located in the propria submucosa
-serous, mucous or seromucous |
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mucosa of hard palate
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- rugae: numerous transverse ridges
- lined by stratified squamous keratinized epithelium which is particularly thick in ruminants |
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propria submucosa of hard palate
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composed of a dense network of capillaries, reticular fibers and collagen
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palatine glands
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-in hard palate
- mucous or seromucous -located mainly in the caudal part of the hard palate |
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dental pad
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-hard palate of ruminants
- heavily keratinized stratified squamous epithelium overlying a thick layer of dense irregular CT |
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soft palate
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-stratified squamous epithelium
- propria submucosa contains branched, tubuloacinar, mucous or seromucous palatine glands and lymphatic tissues |
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palatine tonsils
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-in soft palate
-pigs and horses |
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palatine muscles
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-soft palate
- skeletal muscle fibers oriented longitudinally |
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functions of tongue
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1. eating, drinking, vocalization
2. muscular and mobile 3. epithelial specializations 4. sensitive and highly innervated 5. chemoreceptor sites |
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tongue gen
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- muscular organ covered by mucosa
- stratified squamous epithelium: 1. keratinized : dorsal surface 2. non-keratinized: ventral surface |
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tongue mucosa
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-abundance of capillaries and arteriovenosus anastomoses which participate in thermoregulation
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intrinsic lingual muscles
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bundles of skeletal muscle, arranged in longitudinal, transverse and perpendicular directions
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lingual glands
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seromucous
-scattered between the muscle fibers |
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lingual papillae general
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-dorsal surface of the tongue bears numerous macroscopic lingual papillae
-mechanical or gustatory function |
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mechanical lingual papillae
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-facilitate movement of ingesta
1. filiform 2. conical 3. lenticular |
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gustatory lingual papillae
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- contain tastebuds
1. fungiform 2. vallate 3. foliate |
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filiform papillae structure
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-slender, thread-like structures that project above the surface of the tongue
- covered by keratinized stratified squamous epithelium -supported by highly vascular tissue core |
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filiform papillae in different animals
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-ruminants and cats: well developed, roughness of cat's tongue
- horses: very fine keratinized threads |
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conical lingual papillae
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-larger than filiform
-usually not keratinized |
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conical lingual papillae in different animals
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1. dogs, cats, pigs: root of the tongue
2. ruminants: torus linguae 3. pigs: these papillae contain a core of lymphatic tissue |
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lenticular papillae
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-only torus linguae of ruminants
- flattened, lens-shaped projections - covered by keratinized stratified squamous epithelium -core of dense irregular CT |
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fungiform papillae
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-mushroom shaped
- covered by non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium - CT core is rich in blood vessels and nerves: supply tastebuds |
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tastebuds of fungiform papillae
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-taste buds on upper surface
-horses and cattle: sparse -sheep and pig: more numerous -carnivores and goats: abundant |
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vallate papillae gen
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- large, flattened structures surrounded by an epithelium lined sulcus
-extend only slightly above the lingual surface -covered by a stratified squamous nonkeratinized epithelium - CT core is rich in blood vessels and nerves |
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tastebuds of vallate papillae
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-numerous in the epithelium on the papillary side of the sulcus
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glands of vallate papillae
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-groups of serous gustatory glands present deep to the sulcus
-ducts open into sulcus at various levels |
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foliate papillae
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-parallel folds of the lingual mucosa located on the caudo-lateral margin of the tongue
-covered by stratified squamous nonkeratinized epithelium -taste buds located on the sides of the folds |
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foliate papillae of different animals
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-absent in ruminants
- cats: rudimentary, without tastebuds |
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tastebuds
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-cluster of spindle-shaped epithelial cells extending from the basement membrane to the taste pore at the epithelial surface
- non-myelinated afferent nerve fibers (taste receptors) are closely associated with gustatory cells |
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types of tastebud cells
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1. sustentacular: supportive
2. gustatory: taste receptor 3. basal cells |
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lyssa
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-carnivores only
-cordlike structure of tongue -white adipose tissue, skeletal muscles, blood vessels and nerves enclosed by dense irregular CT capsule |
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torus linguae
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-ruminants only
-large prominence on the caudal part of the dorsal surface of the tongue |
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dorsal lingual cartilage
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-horses tongue only
- mid-dorsal fibroelastic cord -hyaline cartilage, skeletal muscle and white adipose tissue |
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outer part of tooth
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-highly mineralized
1. enamel 2. dentine 3. cementum |
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central part of tooth
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-pulp cavity
- contains dental pulp, core of CT, blood vessels and nerves |
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enamel
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-hardest substance in the body
- 99% mineral (hydroxyapetite) -1% organic matter - produced by amelioblasts - long, slender rods and enamel prisms, held together by inter-rod enamel |
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dentine
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-70% mineral: hydroxyapetite with some carbonate, Mg and F
- 30% organic material: collagen fibrils and glycoprotein -produced by odontoblasts |
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cementum
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-resembles bone
-lamellae oriented parallel to the surface of the tooth - cementocytes occupy the lacunae -cemento-alveolar (Sharpey's) fibers |
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cemento-alveolar (Sharpey's) fibers
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-bundles of collagen that extend from the alveolar bone into the cementum of the the tooth
-form peridontal ligaments which anchors the tooth in the alveolus |
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brachydont teeth
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-short, cease to grow after eruption is completed
- beneath both enamel and cementum is a thick layer of dentine -all teeth of carnivores and incisors of ruminants |
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parts of brachydont teeth
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1. crown: covered by enamel
2. neck 3. root: covered by cementum |
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hypsodont teeth
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-longer and continue to grow throughout life
- cheek teeth of ruminants -all permanent teeth of horses and canine teeth of pigs |
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structure of hypsodont teeth
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-lacking crown and neck
- cementum and enamel cover the length of tooth - enamel lies on a thick layer of dentin -infundibulum: characteristic enamel invagination |
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major salivary glands
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1. parotid
2. mandibular 3. sublingual 4. zygomatic: carnivores |
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minor salivary glands
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1. labial
2. lingual 3. buccal 4. palatine 5. molar: cats |
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parotid salivary gland: type of gland
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-predominantly serous
- occasionally mucous secretory units: dogs and cats - compound acinar gland |
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parotid salivary gland: structure
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- compound acinar gland
- each acinus has pyramidal shaped cells with basal nuclei surrounded by basophilic cytoplasm -apex filled by zymogen granules -myoepithelial cells present between secretory cells and basement membrane |
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intercalated duct
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-of parotid salivary gland
-lined by low cuboidal epithelium |
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striated duct
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-of parotid salivary gland
- lined by simple columnar epithelium with characteristic striations in the basal portion of cells -striations : perpendicularly oriented mitochondria in the deep infolding of the basal cells membrane |
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interlobular duct
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-of parotid
- lined by simple columnar epithelium -changes to stratified columnar as the ducts becomes larger and fuse with similar ducts draining other lobules |
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mandibular salivary gland: type
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-seromucous
-compound tubuloacinar -predominance of mucous acini and serous demilunes -sd: periphery, discharge secretion through intercellular canaliculi -occasional separate serous units |
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mandibular salivary gland: structure
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-mucous secretory units: filled with mucinogen (mucous precursor) which stains light with HE
-nuclei displaced towards basal part of cells and are usually flattened |
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mandibular salivary gland: duct system
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-similar to parotid
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sublingual salivary gland
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-seromucous
-compound tubuloacinar - main duct lined with stratified cuboidal epithelium |
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zygomatic salivary gland
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-long, branched tubuloacinar secretory units
- predominantely mucous with small flattened serous demilunes -intercalated and striated ducts are almost nonexistent |
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molar salivary gland
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-cats
-histologically similar to zygomatic -located near commisure of the lips - ducts open into oral vestibule opposite molar teeth |
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layers of tubular organs
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1. tunica mucosa
2. tunica submucosa 3. tunica muscularis 4. tunica adventitia/ serosa |
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tunica mucosa
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1. epithelium
2. lamina propria: loose CT 3. lamina muscularis |
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tunica submucosa
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CT, glands and submucosal (Meissner's) plexus
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tunica muscularis
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smooth or skeletal muscles and myenteric (Auribach's) plexus
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epithelium of tunica mucosa of esophagus
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stratified squamous:
1. dogs: non keratinized 2. pigs and horses: slightly keratin 3. ruminants: highly kerat |
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l. propria of tunica mucosa of esophagus
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dense network of fine collagen fibers with abundant and evenly distributed elastic fibers
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l. muscularis of tunica mucosa of esophagus
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contains only longitudinally oriented smooth muscle bundles
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tunica submucosa of esophagus
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-Loose CT: vessels and nerves
-seromucous glands: 1. pharyngoesophageal junction: horses, cats, ruminants 2. cranial half: pigs 3. throughout length: dogs |
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tunica muscularis of esophagus
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1. inner circular longitudinal layer of muscle: thickens at cardia, forming the cardiac sphincter, which is very prominent in horses
2. outer longitudinal layer of muscle |
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tunica muscularis of esophagus in different species
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1. dogs and ruminants: entirely striated (can regurgitate)
2. horses: cranial 1/3 skeletal, then changes to smooth m 3. cats: skeletal up to 4/5 length before changing to smooth muscle 3. |
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tunica adventitia/ serosa of esophagus
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-cervical: t. adventitia
- thoracic and abdominal: t. serosa - loose CT, blood vessels and nerves |
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Simple stomach
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1. horse
2. pigs 3. carnivores |
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compound stomach
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ruminants:
1. non-glandular: rumen, reticulum and omasum 2. glandular: abomasum |
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Nonglandular region of stomach gen
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-absent in carnivores and small in pigs
- epithelium stratified squamous: may be keratinized depending on species and diet |
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nonglandular region of stomach in different species
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1. horses: separated from glandular region by the margoplicatus
2. ruminant: called forestomach, most developed |
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rumen gen
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-mucosa has small tongue-shaped papillae: each with core containing a dense feltwork of collagen, elastic and reticular fibers
-dense network of fenestrated capillaries lies just beneath the basement membrane - keratinized stratified squamous |
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lamina muscularis of rumen
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-absent!
- lamina propria blends with submucosa: propria-submucosa |
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tunica muscularis of rumen
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-inner circular and outer longitudinal layers of smooth m
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tunica serosa of rumen
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- loose CT covered by mesothelium
- contains varying amounts of fat, as well as blood vessels and nerves |
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reticulum gen
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-reticular folds with vertical ridges on their sides
- mucosa between the folds covered by conical papillae which project into lumen - keratinized stratified squamous |
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propria-submucosa of reticulum
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feltwork of collagen and elastic fibers
-band of smooth muscles located in the upper part of the reticular fold |
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tunica muscularis of reticulum
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two layers of smooth muscle fibers that follow an oblique course and cross at right angles
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tunica serosa of reticulum
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-like rumen:
loose CT covered by mesothelium - contains varying amount of fat, as well as blood vessels and nerves |
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reticular groove
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-extends from cardia to the reticulo-omasal orifice
- bordered by two thick folds: labia - in young animal: smooth m layers of the labia contract reflexly during sucking, creating a channel that allows milk to bypass the rumen and reticulum |
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omasum gen
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-mucosa has characteristic omasal laminae or "leaves" studded with macroscopisc papillae that help grind food
- keratinized stratified squamous |
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lamina propria of omasum
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dense subepithelial capillary network
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lamina muscularis of omasum
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thick layer just beneath the lamina propria on both sides of laminae
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submucosa of omasum
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very thin
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tunica muscularis of omasum
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-thin, outer longitudinal layer and thicker, inner circular layer of smooth muscle
-innermost layer is continued into the omasal laminae as an intermediated muscle sheet |
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regions of glandular stomach
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1. cardiac
2. fundic 3. pyloric |
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mucosa of glandular stomach
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-extensive gastric folds which flatten as the stomach fills
- surface has small invaginations called gastric pits |
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glandular pits of stomach
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-small surface invaginations
-continuous with gastric glands - lined by simple columnar |
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gastric glands of stomach
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densely packing within lamina propria
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lamina muscularis of glandular stomach
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relatively thick
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cardiac glands
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-most developed in pigs
- glands short, simple branched, coiled tubular glands that release a mucous secretory product - cuboidal, nuclei located basally -empty into relatively shallow gastric pits |
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fundic gland region
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-glands straight, branched tubular that extend to lamina muscularis
-short neck, long body and slightly dilated blind end |
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fundic gland region cell types
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1. mucous neck
2. chief 3. parietal 4. endocrine |
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mucous neck cells of fundus
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-occupy neck of gland
- mucous cells: flat basal nuclei -apppear similar to surface cells but have more basophilic cytoplasm |
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chief/ zymogen cells of fundus
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-most numerous cells
-cuboidal or pyramidal with spherical basal nucleus - basal area has rER: basophilic - apical area: vacuoles of zymogen granules which dissolve in fixation - secrete pepsinogen |
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parietal cells of fundus
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-larger and less numerous that chief cells
- occur singly - spherical nucleus -cytoplasm: stains deeply with eosin, granular appearance due to numerous mitochondria -abudance of carbonic anhydrase that helps form HCl |
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endocrine/ argentaffin cells of fundus
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-produce GIT hormones: gastrin, secretin, cholecystokinin and gastric inhibitoru polypeptide
-wedged between basement membrane and chief cells - stain best with silver - products release directly into capillaries |
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pyloric gland region
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-branched, coiled tubular
- shorter than other gastric glands - gastric pits deeper than other glands - mucous: flat, basal nuclei -lightly staining apical cytoplasm - middle circular layer of tunica muscularis forms pyloric sphincter |
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lamina muscularis of stomach
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-fiber irregularly interwoven with smooth muscle:
helps to empty glands |
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t. submucosa of stomach
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-loose CT and many elastic fibers
-blood vessels and nerves |
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t. mucularis of glandular stomach
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layers:
1. inner oblique 2. middle circular 3. outer longitudinal layer |
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t. serosa of stomach
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loose CT with numerous adipose cells
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small intestine gen
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-digestive and absorptive functions facilitated by 3 structures:
1. mucosal folds 2. villi 3. microvilli |
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mucosal folds of SI
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cranial 2/3
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villi of SI
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fingerlike projections of surface mucosae
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microvilli of SI
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-on free surface of simple columnar epithelial cells
- increase absorptive surface |
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goblet cells of tunica mucosa of SI
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1. number decreases at tips of villi
2. density greater in ileum |
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tunica mucosa of SI
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-simple columnar :
1. goblet cells 2. prominent microvilli forming striated border 3. apical cytoplasm: extensive ER (synthesize triglycerides) and golgi (enzyme secretion) 4. basal cytoplasm: extensive rER and free ribosomes (enzyme syn) |
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crypts of lieberkuhn of intestinal glands (SI)
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-at base of villi
-simple branched tubular invaginations 1. low columnar cells 2. Paneth cells 3. argentaffin cells |
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low columnar cells of crypts (SI)
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-line crypts
- multiply and migrate onto villus, giving rise to columnar and goblet cells |
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Paneth cells of crypts (SI)
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-near base of crypt
- ruminants and horses - pyramidal with prominent acidophilic granules - produce peptidase and lysozyme (antibacterial) |
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enteroendocrine/ argentaffin cells of crypts (SI)
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present in intestinal gland
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lamina propria of SI
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-core of villi, surrounds crypts
- loose CT with prominent reticular fiber network - blood vessels, fibrocytes, smooth m, plasma and mast cells - diffuse lymphatic tissue or nodes: throughout but increases downward - lacteals |
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lacteal
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-in lamina propria of SI
- single lymphatic capillary -located at center of villus - origin of lymph vessels that form a plexus at the base of the villus |
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lamina muscularis of SI
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-thin and incomplete, except in dog which has complete and thicker
-longitudinally oriented smooth m fibers extend to tip of villi: responsible for movement of blood and lymph |
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tunica submucosa of SI
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-layer of CT denser than l propria
- blood vessels and nerves prominent 1. Brunner's glands: duodenum 2. Peyer's patches: ileum |
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Brunner's gland
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-duodenum
- tubuloalveolar submucosal glands 1. mucous: dogs and ruminants 2. serous: pigs and horses 3. mixed: cats |
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Peyer's patches
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-ileum
- solitary lymph nodules in submucosa throughout SI -Peyer's patches are large aggregated lymphatic nodules |
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tunica muscularis of SI
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-inner circular and outer longitudinal smooth m layers
- CT between two layers contains myenteric plexus -thickest in horses |
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tunica serosa of SI
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layer of loose CT covered by mesothelium
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fxs of LI
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1. microbial action on ingesta
2. absorption 3. secretion of mucous |
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characteristics of LI
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1. absence of villi
2. longer, less-coiled, simple tubular glands with many goblet cells 3. absence of Paneth cells 4. increases in # of lymphatic nodules 5. plicae circulares absent but longitudinal folds present |
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cecum
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substantial number of lymphatic nodules scattered throughout the length
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mucosa of colon
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substantially thicker because of increased length of intestinal glands
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taenia of LI in pigs and horses
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outer longitudinal layer of tunica muscosa forms flat muscle bands containing numerous elastic fibers
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rectum
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increased number of goblet cells
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anal canal of pigs and carnivores
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zones:
1. columnar 2. intermediate 3. cutaneous |
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columnar zone of anal canal
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contains longitudinal folds: anal columns
-mucosa: 1. lined by stratified squamous nonkeratinized epithelium 2. tubulalveolar sweat glands |
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intermediate zone of anal canal
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narrow strip between columnar and cutaneous zones
-mucosa: 1. lined by stratified squamous nonkeratinized epithelium 2. tubulalveolar sweat glands |
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cutaneous zone of anal canal
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lined by keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
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anal sacs
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-carnivores
- bilateral envaginations of anal mucosa - modified sweat glands present |
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liver
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-largest gland in the body
- high regeneration power |
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liver fx
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1. secretion of bile
2. metabolism of proteins, carbs, lipids, hemoglobin and drugs 3. hemopoeisis: fetal 4. phagocytosis and detoxification |
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capsule of liver
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-covered by typical serosa overlying a thin CT capsule
-Glisson's capsule: dense irregular CT - CT of capsule extends into liver as interlobular CT which supports the parenchyma and forms lobules |
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interlobular CT of liver
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-CT from capsule extending into liver which supports parenchyma and forms lobules
-scant in most species, except pigs which have distinct septa - portal areas: prominent in areas containing branches of hepatic a, portal v, bile duct and lymphatics |
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classic liver lobules
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-anatomical unit
- plates or laminae of hepatocytes radiating from central vein - roughly hexagonal -portal area present between three adjacent lobules |
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portal lobules
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-functional unit in relation to bile secretion
- triangular shaped area: portal v in center and 3 central vv of classic lobules at the peripheral edges |
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liver acinus
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-functional unit in relation to metabolic activity
- roughly diamond-shaped area: 2 classic lobules with 2 central bb at the opposing points |
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surfaces of hepatocytes
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1. microvillus: faces the perisinusoidal space
2. canalicular: borders the bile canaliculi 3. contact: between adjacent hepatocytes where apposed cell membranes may have gap junctions and desmosomes |
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hepatocytes
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- polyhedral, 3 surfaces
- centrally placed vesicular nucleus (occasionally binucleate) -numerous mitochondria, lysosomes, ribosomes -well developed rER, sER, and golgi - after feeding they enlarge and are filled with numerous glycogen and lipid inclusions |
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bile canaliculis
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-expanded intercellular space between membranes (have short microvilli) of adjacent hepatocytes
- tight junctions with adjacent to bile canaliculi prevent bile from escaping into narrow intercellular space |
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bile flow
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1. bile canaliculi
2. bile ductules 3. interlobular bile ducts 4. hepatic ducts 5. bile duct |
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lining of bile ducts
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1. simple cuboidal: bile ductules and smaller interlobular bile ducts
2. simple columnar: larger interlobular bile ducts, hepatic and bile duct |
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blood supply to liver
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1. portal v: blood from intestines
2. hepatic a: supplies oxygenated blood -their interlobular branches are found at portal areas 3. sinusoids |
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hepatic sinusoids structure
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-located between hepatic laminae
-lined by endothelial cells and stellate macrophages (Kupffer cells) - endothelium separated from hepatocytes by perisinusoidal space - hepatocyte microvilli extends into perisinusoidal space, allowing direct exchange of substances between blood and hepatocytes |
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hepatic sinusoids flow
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- carry blood from terminal branches of hepatic a and portal v to central v
- blood from sinusoids enters the central vein and drains into hepatic vein and caudal vena cava |
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animals without gall bladders
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1. horses
2. rats 3. deer 4. pigeons |
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gall bladder fx
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bile:
1. storage 2. concentration 3. acidification 4. delivery |
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mucosa of gall bladder
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-empty/ contracted: thrown into numerous folds
-lined by simple columnar epithelium -goblet cells only in cattle |
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propria submucosa of gall bladder
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-loose CT
-often lymphatic tissue present: diffuse or nodular -ruminants: serous or mucous glands |
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exocrine pancreas
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-compound tubuloalveolar gland
-produces variety of enzymes: amylase, lipase and trypsin -cats: lamellar/ Paccinian corpuscles are frequently present |
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exocrine pancreas vs parotid salivary gland
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similar except:
1. centroacinar cells in lumen of secretory acinus: secrete bicarbonate which raises pH of intestinal contents, facilitating action of intestinal digestive enzymes 2. intralobular duct are not striated |
