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115 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What do acinar cells of the pancreas do?
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Produce, store and release digestive enzymes
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What protects the cells of the pancreas from being digested?
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trypsin inhibitor protects the cell from intracellular activation of trypsin
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What controls the release of enzymes from the pancreas?
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Hormones and postganglionic parasympathetic fibers.
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What do centroacinar cells from the pancreas produce? Why?
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bicarbonate buffer, to neutralize the chyme (pH=2)
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What part of the duodenum do the pancreatic enzyme enter?
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Second part
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What portion of the pancreas houses the islets of Langerhans?
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endocrine portion
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What is the biggest cell in the islets of Langerhans?
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Alpha cell
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What do alpha cells of the pancreas produce?
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glucagon
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What do beta cells of the pancreas produce?
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insulin
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What does insulin do?
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decrease blood glucose levels
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What does glucagon do?
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increase blood glucose levels
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What do delta cells of the pancreas do?
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Somatostatins
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What does somatostatins do?
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Inhibit hormone secretion from neighboring cells.
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What are the cells of the islets of Langerhans?
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A, B, D, G, PP
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What is the most abundant cell type in the islets of Langerhans?
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Beta cells
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Where can you find the Alpha cells of the pancreas?
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On the periphery of the islets of Langerhans
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Where can you find the Beta cells of the pancreas?
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Mostly in the central region of the islets, but present throughout
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What do PP cells of the pancreas do?
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Secrete pancreatic polypeptide
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What does pancreatic polypeptide do?
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Inhibit the exocrine pancreatic secretions.
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Liver has two functions. Name them.
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Endocrine and exocrine
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Describe the flow of lymph, blood, and bile from and to the liver.
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Blood will run countercurrent to the bile and lymph.
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What general class(es) of secretion is the hepatocyte responsible for?
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endrocrine and exocrine
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What is the function of the bare area of the liver?
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Allows blood to flow out of the abdomen without crossing the peritoneum.
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Describe the structure of the classic liver lobule.
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Central venule with components of the portal triad (portal vein, bile duct, hepatic artery) at the angles.
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What type of glands are found in the submandibular portion of the mouth?
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Mixed acinus (mucous and serous)
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What type of glands are found in the sublingual portion of the mouth?
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Mixed acinus (mucous and serous)
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What type of glands are parotid glands?
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Serous acinus
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What are the three functions of saliva?
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1. Moisten food
2. Start digestion of carbohydrates 3. lubricate the GI tract |
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Which cells secrete IgA into the lumen of the acinar glands?
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Plasma cells in the parotid glands
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Describe the series of ducts that the saliva will travel through.
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Intercalated ducts
Striated ducts Excretory (interlobular) ducts |
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What type of cells line the intercalated ducts?
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cuboidal epithelium
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Myoepithelial cells are associated with which type of salivary ducts?
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Intercalated ducts
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Several salivary intercalated ducts join to form which ducts?
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Striated ducts
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What two salivary acinar ducts can be found in within a lobule?
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Intercalated and striated
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What type of epithelium lines the striated ducts?
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columnar epithelium
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What created the striation in the striated ducts?
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vertically aligned mitochondria
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Which duct can be found outside of the lobule?
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Interlobular/excretory
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What epithelium lines the excretory/interlobular ducts?
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Simple columnar and psuedostratified columnar
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What type of glands dominate the submandibular portion? Sublingual?
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Submandibular = Serous
Sublingual = Mucous |
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What is transported in the intercellular secretory canaliculi?
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serous secretions
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What is the function of myoepithelium?
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contraction of the gland
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What are the largest salivary glands? What percent of saliva is made there?
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Parotid
30% |
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What is in the granules of parotid glands (general)?
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1. Proline-rich proteins
2. Enzymes 3. Antimicrobial proteins |
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What are proline-rich proteins? Why are they important?
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Amylase
Peroxidase Lysozyme Secrete by the parotid glands |
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What glands have the longest intercalated ducts?
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Parotid glands
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What percentage of the saliva is made by the submandibular glands?
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60%
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What percentage of the saliva is made by the sublingual glands?
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10%
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In which salivary glands could you find serous demilunes?
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Submandibular and sublingual
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Which salivary glands have poorly developed intercalated and striated ducts?
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Sublingual glands
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How do parasympathetics effect the volume of saliva?
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Increase the volume of saliva
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How do sympathetics effect the volume of saliva?
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Decrease the volume of saliva
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Which cells modulate the composition of the saliva?
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Duct epithelium (striated and excretory)
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What ions are exchanged in the modulation of saliva?
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Na is absorbed
K is added |
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Generally describe the ion concentration of saliva.
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isosmotic to hypotonic
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What types of secretions are produced by the pancreas?
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exocrine and endocrine secretions
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What cells produce trypsin inhibitor in the pancreas?
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Acinar cells
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What cells in the pancreas are described as squamous-to-cuboidal epithelium?
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centroacinar cells
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What duct segment and what cell type is absent in the exocrine glands of the pancreas (in contrast to salivary glands)?
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No striated ducts
No myoepithelial cells |
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What controls the concentration of enzymes in the pancreatic zymogen granule?
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Diet
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Secretion of pancreatic enzymes is controlled by peptides secreted by what cells?
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Enteroendocrine cells in the doudenum
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Secretion of the pancreatic enzymes is controlled by peptide hormones secreted by what cells?
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pancreatic endocrine cells
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Name the endocrine portion of the pancreas.
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Islets of Langerhans
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What do G cells in the pancreas produce? What is the function of the secretion?
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Gastrin to stimulate HCl secretion
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What do PP cell in the pancreas produce? What is the function of the secretion?
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Pancreatic polypeptide to inhibit exocrine secretions.
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Name the dual blood supply to the pancreatic acinar cells and the islets of langerhans?
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insuloacinar portal system
acinar vascular system |
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Where will hepatocytes excrete detoxified toxins?
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into the bile
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What two vessels supply the liver?
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Hepatic arteries
Portal vein |
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What is the primary blood supply of the liver?
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Portal vein (75%)
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Describe a classic hepatic lobule.
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Hexagonal
Central venule Portal triad at each corner |
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What makes up a portal triad?
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Bile duct
Portal venule Hepatic arteriole |
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Describe the flow of bile in the classic lobule.
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From the center to the periphery
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Describe a portal lobule.
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Triangular, corners are three central veins
Center is bile duct of portal triad |
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Where does the bile drain in a portal lobule?
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Into one central bile duct
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Describe a hepatic acinus lobule.
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Divided into three zones based on oxygenation
Between hepatic arteriole and central vein |
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What zone of the hepatic acinus lobule is most oxygen poor?
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Zone 3
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What zone of the hepatic acinus lobule is most oxygen rich?
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Zone 1
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In what zone of the hepatic acinus lobule would glycogen be actively synthesized?
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Zone 1
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What hepatic zone is responsible for detoxification?
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Zone 3
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What zone is most susceptible to damage from hypoxia?
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Zone 3
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In what hepatic zone would glycolysis enzymes and fatty acid synthesis enzyme be found?
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Zone 3
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In what hepatic zones would the glucose liberating and fatty acid oxidation enzyme be found?
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Zone 1
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How does blood flow through the zones of the liver?
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Perilobular (Zone 1) to centrolobular (Zone 3)
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What vessels supply blood to the hepatic sinusoid?
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Hepatic artery and the portal vein
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Two cell types can be found on the lumen walls of the hepatic sinusoid. Name them.
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Kupffer cells and discontinuous endothelium
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What is the narrow space between the endothelium of the sinusoid and the hepatocytes?
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Space of Disse
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What passes through the discontinuous endothelium to pass into the space of Disse?
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Plasma cells
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What covers the free surface of the hepatocytes in the space of Disse?
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Microvilli
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What kind of tissue can be found in the space of Disse?
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Collagen (I, III, IV)
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What forms the hepatocyte plate?
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A single row of hepatocytes
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What portion of the bile canaliculus passes through the limiting plate?
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Canal of Hering
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What structure does the space of Mall pass through and what two structures does it connect?
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Passes through the limiting plate
Connects the space of Disse and the lymphatic vessel. |
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Plasma membranes if hepatocytes have two domains. Name them.
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Lateral and sinusoidal
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Microvilli increase the surface area of the hepatocyte by what factor? On what domain will you find the microvilli?
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6
Sinusoidal |
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What kind of cell is the Kupffer cell?
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Phagocytic cell derived from monocytes
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What kind of endothelium lines the hepatic sinusoids?
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fenestrated endothelium
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In what hepatic area can you find reticular fibers?
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Space of Disse
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The golgi aparatuses of hepatocytes are located near what other structure?
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bile canaliculi
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What is the relative size and number difference of the mitochondria in hepatocytes in zone 1 to zone 3?
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Zone 3 has twice as many, but are much smallers
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Smooth endoplasmic reticulum in the hepatocyte forms rosette-like inclusions with what other structure?
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Glycogen
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A decrease in albumin due to a liver disease condition can cause what effects?
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edema and ascites (accumulation of serous fluid in the peritoneum)
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What material will the Kupffer cell phagocyte?
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Foreign particles in the blood and defunct erythrocytes
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What cell is responsible for production of collagen in the space of Disse?
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Hepatic stellate cell (cell of Ito)
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What vitamin is stored by the stellate cell?
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Fat-soluble vitamin A
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What vitamins are stored by hepatocytes?
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Vitamins A, D, B12
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During cirrhosis what cell is responsible for collagen production?
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myofibroblasts
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What triggers the production of collagen from stellate cells?
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Cytokines
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Fibrosis in the space of Disse can alter what?
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The flow of blood into the hepatic sinusoid
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What two organelles are responsible for detox?
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SER and peroxisome
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What are the 7 components of bile?
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Bile salts
Bilirubin glucuronide Phospholipids Lecithin Cholesterol Plasma electrolytes IgA |
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Why does an increase in central venous pressure cause liver enlargement?
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No valves in the inferior vena cava and hepatic veins
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What epithelium lines the mucosa of the gallbladder?
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simple columnar
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What protein will facilitate water absorption in the gallbladder?
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Na pump on the basal surface
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What tissue layer is absent in the gall bladder?
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No submucosa
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What triggers contraction of the gall bladder?
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CCK from enteroendocrine cells
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Describe the adventitia/serosa of the gall bladder.
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Adventitia connects it to the liver
Serosa on the free peritoneal surface |