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115 Cards in this Set

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  • Back
What do acinar cells of the pancreas do?
Produce, store and release digestive enzymes
What protects the cells of the pancreas from being digested?
trypsin inhibitor protects the cell from intracellular activation of trypsin
What controls the release of enzymes from the pancreas?
Hormones and postganglionic parasympathetic fibers.
What do centroacinar cells from the pancreas produce? Why?
bicarbonate buffer, to neutralize the chyme (pH=2)
What part of the duodenum do the pancreatic enzyme enter?
Second part
What portion of the pancreas houses the islets of Langerhans?
endocrine portion
What is the biggest cell in the islets of Langerhans?
Alpha cell
What do alpha cells of the pancreas produce?
glucagon
What do beta cells of the pancreas produce?
insulin
What does insulin do?
decrease blood glucose levels
What does glucagon do?
increase blood glucose levels
What do delta cells of the pancreas do?
Somatostatins
What does somatostatins do?
Inhibit hormone secretion from neighboring cells.
What are the cells of the islets of Langerhans?
A, B, D, G, PP
What is the most abundant cell type in the islets of Langerhans?
Beta cells
Where can you find the Alpha cells of the pancreas?
On the periphery of the islets of Langerhans
Where can you find the Beta cells of the pancreas?
Mostly in the central region of the islets, but present throughout
What do PP cells of the pancreas do?
Secrete pancreatic polypeptide
What does pancreatic polypeptide do?
Inhibit the exocrine pancreatic secretions.
Liver has two functions. Name them.
Endocrine and exocrine
Describe the flow of lymph, blood, and bile from and to the liver.
Blood will run countercurrent to the bile and lymph.
What general class(es) of secretion is the hepatocyte responsible for?
endrocrine and exocrine
What is the function of the bare area of the liver?
Allows blood to flow out of the abdomen without crossing the peritoneum.
Describe the structure of the classic liver lobule.
Central venule with components of the portal triad (portal vein, bile duct, hepatic artery) at the angles.
What type of glands are found in the submandibular portion of the mouth?
Mixed acinus (mucous and serous)
What type of glands are found in the sublingual portion of the mouth?
Mixed acinus (mucous and serous)
What type of glands are parotid glands?
Serous acinus
What are the three functions of saliva?
1. Moisten food
2. Start digestion of carbohydrates
3. lubricate the GI tract
Which cells secrete IgA into the lumen of the acinar glands?
Plasma cells in the parotid glands
Describe the series of ducts that the saliva will travel through.
Intercalated ducts
Striated ducts
Excretory (interlobular) ducts
What type of cells line the intercalated ducts?
cuboidal epithelium
Myoepithelial cells are associated with which type of salivary ducts?
Intercalated ducts
Several salivary intercalated ducts join to form which ducts?
Striated ducts
What two salivary acinar ducts can be found in within a lobule?
Intercalated and striated
What type of epithelium lines the striated ducts?
columnar epithelium
What created the striation in the striated ducts?
vertically aligned mitochondria
Which duct can be found outside of the lobule?
Interlobular/excretory
What epithelium lines the excretory/interlobular ducts?
Simple columnar and psuedostratified columnar
What type of glands dominate the submandibular portion? Sublingual?
Submandibular = Serous
Sublingual = Mucous
What is transported in the intercellular secretory canaliculi?
serous secretions
What is the function of myoepithelium?
contraction of the gland
What are the largest salivary glands? What percent of saliva is made there?
Parotid
30%
What is in the granules of parotid glands (general)?
1. Proline-rich proteins
2. Enzymes
3. Antimicrobial proteins
What are proline-rich proteins? Why are they important?
Amylase
Peroxidase
Lysozyme
Secrete by the parotid glands
What glands have the longest intercalated ducts?
Parotid glands
What percentage of the saliva is made by the submandibular glands?
60%
What percentage of the saliva is made by the sublingual glands?
10%
In which salivary glands could you find serous demilunes?
Submandibular and sublingual
Which salivary glands have poorly developed intercalated and striated ducts?
Sublingual glands
How do parasympathetics effect the volume of saliva?
Increase the volume of saliva
How do sympathetics effect the volume of saliva?
Decrease the volume of saliva
Which cells modulate the composition of the saliva?
Duct epithelium (striated and excretory)
What ions are exchanged in the modulation of saliva?
Na is absorbed
K is added
Generally describe the ion concentration of saliva.
isosmotic to hypotonic
What types of secretions are produced by the pancreas?
exocrine and endocrine secretions
What cells produce trypsin inhibitor in the pancreas?
Acinar cells
What cells in the pancreas are described as squamous-to-cuboidal epithelium?
centroacinar cells
What duct segment and what cell type is absent in the exocrine glands of the pancreas (in contrast to salivary glands)?
No striated ducts
No myoepithelial cells
What controls the concentration of enzymes in the pancreatic zymogen granule?
Diet
Secretion of pancreatic enzymes is controlled by peptides secreted by what cells?
Enteroendocrine cells in the doudenum
Secretion of the pancreatic enzymes is controlled by peptide hormones secreted by what cells?
pancreatic endocrine cells
Name the endocrine portion of the pancreas.
Islets of Langerhans
What do G cells in the pancreas produce? What is the function of the secretion?
Gastrin to stimulate HCl secretion
What do PP cell in the pancreas produce? What is the function of the secretion?
Pancreatic polypeptide to inhibit exocrine secretions.
Name the dual blood supply to the pancreatic acinar cells and the islets of langerhans?
insuloacinar portal system
acinar vascular system
Where will hepatocytes excrete detoxified toxins?
into the bile
What two vessels supply the liver?
Hepatic arteries
Portal vein
What is the primary blood supply of the liver?
Portal vein (75%)
Describe a classic hepatic lobule.
Hexagonal
Central venule
Portal triad at each corner
What makes up a portal triad?
Bile duct
Portal venule
Hepatic arteriole
Describe the flow of bile in the classic lobule.
From the center to the periphery
Describe a portal lobule.
Triangular, corners are three central veins
Center is bile duct of portal triad
Where does the bile drain in a portal lobule?
Into one central bile duct
Describe a hepatic acinus lobule.
Divided into three zones based on oxygenation
Between hepatic arteriole and central vein
What zone of the hepatic acinus lobule is most oxygen poor?
Zone 3
What zone of the hepatic acinus lobule is most oxygen rich?
Zone 1
In what zone of the hepatic acinus lobule would glycogen be actively synthesized?
Zone 1
What hepatic zone is responsible for detoxification?
Zone 3
What zone is most susceptible to damage from hypoxia?
Zone 3
In what hepatic zone would glycolysis enzymes and fatty acid synthesis enzyme be found?
Zone 3
In what hepatic zones would the glucose liberating and fatty acid oxidation enzyme be found?
Zone 1
How does blood flow through the zones of the liver?
Perilobular (Zone 1) to centrolobular (Zone 3)
What vessels supply blood to the hepatic sinusoid?
Hepatic artery and the portal vein
Two cell types can be found on the lumen walls of the hepatic sinusoid. Name them.
Kupffer cells and discontinuous endothelium
What is the narrow space between the endothelium of the sinusoid and the hepatocytes?
Space of Disse
What passes through the discontinuous endothelium to pass into the space of Disse?
Plasma cells
What covers the free surface of the hepatocytes in the space of Disse?
Microvilli
What kind of tissue can be found in the space of Disse?
Collagen (I, III, IV)
What forms the hepatocyte plate?
A single row of hepatocytes
What portion of the bile canaliculus passes through the limiting plate?
Canal of Hering
What structure does the space of Mall pass through and what two structures does it connect?
Passes through the limiting plate
Connects the space of Disse and the lymphatic vessel.
Plasma membranes if hepatocytes have two domains. Name them.
Lateral and sinusoidal
Microvilli increase the surface area of the hepatocyte by what factor? On what domain will you find the microvilli?
6
Sinusoidal
What kind of cell is the Kupffer cell?
Phagocytic cell derived from monocytes
What kind of endothelium lines the hepatic sinusoids?
fenestrated endothelium
In what hepatic area can you find reticular fibers?
Space of Disse
The golgi aparatuses of hepatocytes are located near what other structure?
bile canaliculi
What is the relative size and number difference of the mitochondria in hepatocytes in zone 1 to zone 3?
Zone 3 has twice as many, but are much smallers
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum in the hepatocyte forms rosette-like inclusions with what other structure?
Glycogen
A decrease in albumin due to a liver disease condition can cause what effects?
edema and ascites (accumulation of serous fluid in the peritoneum)
What material will the Kupffer cell phagocyte?
Foreign particles in the blood and defunct erythrocytes
What cell is responsible for production of collagen in the space of Disse?
Hepatic stellate cell (cell of Ito)
What vitamin is stored by the stellate cell?
Fat-soluble vitamin A
What vitamins are stored by hepatocytes?
Vitamins A, D, B12
During cirrhosis what cell is responsible for collagen production?
myofibroblasts
What triggers the production of collagen from stellate cells?
Cytokines
Fibrosis in the space of Disse can alter what?
The flow of blood into the hepatic sinusoid
What two organelles are responsible for detox?
SER and peroxisome
What are the 7 components of bile?
Bile salts
Bilirubin glucuronide
Phospholipids
Lecithin
Cholesterol
Plasma electrolytes
IgA
Why does an increase in central venous pressure cause liver enlargement?
No valves in the inferior vena cava and hepatic veins
What epithelium lines the mucosa of the gallbladder?
simple columnar
What protein will facilitate water absorption in the gallbladder?
Na pump on the basal surface
What tissue layer is absent in the gall bladder?
No submucosa
What triggers contraction of the gall bladder?
CCK from enteroendocrine cells
Describe the adventitia/serosa of the gall bladder.
Adventitia connects it to the liver
Serosa on the free peritoneal surface