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155 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What are the three types of CT proper?
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1. Loose CT
2. Dense, Irregular CT 3. Dense, Regular CT |
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What are characteristics of Loose CT?
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1. thin, relatively sparse collagen fibers
2. very abundant ground substance 3. located beneath epithelia and around small blood vessels |
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What is the function of loose CT?
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important in O2/CO2 exchange and waste export
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How are CT classified?
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1. By cell type
2. Type and arrangement of fibers 3. character of ground substance |
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What are the main functions of CT?
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1. structural support
2. exchange medium between blood and tissues 3. defense and protection 4. fat storage |
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Where do most CT originate?
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mesenchyme: embryonic tissue formed by elongated cells
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What determines the function of various connective tissues?
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the types of cells and fibers present
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What cell produces extracellular fibers that provide structure and produce ground substance?
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fibroblast
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What CT cells function in the body's defense system?
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lymphocytes, plasma cells, macrophages, and eosinophils
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What CT cell produces fibers that makeup the bulk of bone tissue?
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osteocytes
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How are the fibers in bone unique?
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they are organized in a specific pattern and become calcified to harden
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What is the prominent feature in tendons and ligaments?
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fibers arranged in a parallel pattern, densely packed
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Why are tendons and ligaments densely packed?
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for maximum strength
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Most cell types in loose CT are ___.
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transient
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Dense, irregular CT contains mostly what type of fiber?
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collagen
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What is the main functional component of tendons, ligaments, and aponeuroses?
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dense, regular CT
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What are characteristics of cells and ground substance in dense, irregular CT?
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1. cells are sparse, fibroblasts
2. very little ground substance |
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Dense, irregular CT serves what function?
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provides significant strength and resistance to tearing (i.e., leather)
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What are the three main types of fibers?
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1. collagen
2. reticular 3. elastic |
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What forms collagen and reticular fibers?
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collagen
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What forms elastic fibers?
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elastin
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What fiber is the most abundant protein in the human body?
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collagen
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Collagen makes up what percentage of dry human body weight?
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30%
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How many members are there in the collagen family?
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over 25 members
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What is the most abundant type of collagen in the body?
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Type I
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What type of collagen is found in skin, bone, tendon, ligament, dentin, sclera, fascia, organ capsules?
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type I collagen
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What type of collagen is found in cartilage, notochord, and intervertebral disks?
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Type II collagen
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What type of collagen is found in loose CT, organs (i.e., uterus, liver, spleen, kidney, lung, etc.), smooth muscle, blood vessels, and fetal skin?
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Type III collagen
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What type of collagen forms reticular fibers?
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Type III collagen
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Which type of collagen provides support scaffolding for specialized cells of various organs and blood vessels?
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Type III collagen
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Which type of collagen resists force, tension, and stretch?
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Type I collagen
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Which type of collagen provides resistance to intermittent pressure (periods of pressure and then no pressure)?
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Type II collagen
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Which types of collagen form long fibrils?
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Types I, II, III, V, XI
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Which type of collagen is most abundant and has the most widespread distribution?
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Type I
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Collagen accounts for 10% of body collagen. T/F
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False, it accounts for 90% of collagen
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Collagen is comprised of what three elements?
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1. glycine
2. proline 3. hydroxyproline |
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What two substances are crucial to stability of collagen crosslinks?
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hydroxyproline and hydroxylysine
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three subunit Protein in a triple helix form that polymerizes to form collagen
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tropocollagen
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Reticular fibers are mostly made of type I collagen. T/F
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false, they are mostly made of type III collagen
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Reticular are very thin, therefore they are only visible by concentrated H&E stains. T/F
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False, since they are very thin, they are NOT visible at all by H&E staining and must be stained argyrophilic (silver salts)
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silver salts
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argyrophilic
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Why are reticular fibers PAS positive?
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due to the high content of sugar chains
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Which fiber is abundant in smooth muscle, spleen, lymph nodes, and forms a network around the liver and endocrine glands?
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reticular fibers
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Collagen fibers are smaller in diameter than reticular fibers and more granular as well. T/F
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False, reticular fibers are more granulous and smaller in diameter than collagen fibers.
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Which fiber is typically thinner than collagen and forms a 3D network due to branching arrangement?
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elastic fiber
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Collagen is comprised of what three elements?
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1. glycine
2. proline 3. hydroxyproline |
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What two substances are crucial to stability of collagen crosslinks?
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hydroxyproline and hydroxylysine
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three subunit Protein in a triple helix form that polymerizes to form collagen
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tropocollagen
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Reticular fibers are mostly made of type I collagen. T/F
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false, they are mostly made of type III collagen
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Reticular are very thin, therefore they are only visible by concentrated H&E stains. T/F
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False, since they are very thin, they are NOT visible at all by H&E staining and must be stained argyrophilic (silver salts)
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silver salts
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argyrophilic
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Why are reticular fibers PAS positive?
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due to the high content of sugar chains
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Which fiber is abundant in smooth muscle, spleen, lymph nodes, and forms a network around the liver and endocrine glands?
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reticular fibers
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Collagen fibers are smaller in diameter than reticular fibers and more granular as well. T/F
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False, reticular fibers are more granulous and smaller in diameter than collagen fibers.
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Which fiber is typically thinner than collagen and forms a 3D network due to branching arrangement?
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elastic fiber
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What is viscous and acts as a lubricant, as well as a barrier to invaders?
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ground substance
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Ground substance is formed of what three parts?
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1. glycosaminoglycans
2. multiadhesive glycoproteins |
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What are glycosaminoglycans? what is their significance?
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linear chains bound to core form, they form proteoglycans
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What are multiadhesive glycoproteins? What are two different types?
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globular proteins with branched monosaccharides attached; fibronectin and laminin
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What is laminin?
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epithelial cells to basal lamina
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What is fibronectin?
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involved with cell adhesion; has binding site for cells, collagen; mediates normal cell adhesion and migration
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ECM is a major component of which type of tissue?
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CT
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Fibers of CT are predominantly what?
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collagen
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What is ground substance in CT?
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hydrophilic; adhesive properties; imparts strength and rigidity to ECM
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produces antibodies, immunological/defense function
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plasma cells
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produces immunocompetent cells, immunological/defense function
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lymphocyte
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participation in allergic and vasoactive reactions, modulation of mast cell activities and the inflammatory process, immunological (defense) function
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eosinophilic leukocyte
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phagocytosis of foreign substances, bacteria, defense function
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neutrophilic leukocyte
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secretion of cytokines and other molecules, defense
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macrophage
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liberation of pharmacologically active molecules (i.e., histamine), defense (allergic reactions)
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mast cell and basophilic
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storage of neutral fast, endocrine organ, metabolism, heat production
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adipose (fat) cell
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produces immunocompetent cells, immunological/defense function
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lymphocyte
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synthesize collagen, elastin, proteoglycans of the ECM
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fibroblasts
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participation in allergic and vasoactive reactions, modulation of mast cell activities and the inflammatory process, immunological (defense) function
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eosinophilic leukocyte
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the most common cell in CT
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fibroblasts
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phagocytosis of foreign substances, bacteria, defense function
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neutrophilic leukocyte
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What differentiates the two states of fibroblasts?
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1. active
2. non-active, quiescent-smaller and more slender |
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secretion of cytokines and other molecules, defense
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macrophage
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produces immunocompetent cells, immunological/defense function
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lymphocyte
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What shape is a fibroblast?
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spindle shaped, well-developed rER and golgi when actively making ECM components
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produces immunocompetent cells, immunological/defense function
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lymphocyte
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liberation of pharmacologically active molecules (i.e., histamine), defense (allergic reactions)
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mast cell and basophilic
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participation in allergic and vasoactive reactions, modulation of mast cell activities and the inflammatory process, immunological (defense) function
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eosinophilic leukocyte
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storage of neutral fast, endocrine organ, metabolism, heat production
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adipose (fat) cell
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participation in allergic and vasoactive reactions, modulation of mast cell activities and the inflammatory process, immunological (defense) function
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eosinophilic leukocyte
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phagocytosis of foreign substances, bacteria, defense function
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neutrophilic leukocyte
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synthesize collagen, elastin, proteoglycans of the ECM
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fibroblasts
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phagocytosis of foreign substances, bacteria, defense function
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neutrophilic leukocyte
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secretion of cytokines and other molecules, defense
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macrophage
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the most common cell in CT
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fibroblasts
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secretion of cytokines and other molecules, defense
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macrophage
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liberation of pharmacologically active molecules (i.e., histamine), defense (allergic reactions)
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mast cell and basophilic
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What differentiates the two states of fibroblasts?
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1. active
2. non-active, quiescent-smaller and more slender |
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liberation of pharmacologically active molecules (i.e., histamine), defense (allergic reactions)
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mast cell and basophilic
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storage of neutral fast, endocrine organ, metabolism, heat production
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adipose (fat) cell
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What shape is a fibroblast?
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spindle shaped, well-developed rER and golgi when actively making ECM components
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storage of neutral fast, endocrine organ, metabolism, heat production
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adipose (fat) cell
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synthesize collagen, elastin, proteoglycans of the ECM
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fibroblasts
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synthesize collagen, elastin, proteoglycans of the ECM
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fibroblasts
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the most common cell in CT
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fibroblasts
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the most common cell in CT
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fibroblasts
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What differentiates the two states of fibroblasts?
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1. active
2. non-active, quiescent-smaller and more slender |
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What differentiates the two states of fibroblasts?
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1. active
2. non-active, quiescent-smaller and more slender |
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What shape is a fibroblast?
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spindle shaped, well-developed rER and golgi when actively making ECM components
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What shape is a fibroblast?
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spindle shaped, well-developed rER and golgi when actively making ECM components
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Active vs. Inactive fibroblast
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active: abundant, irregularly branched cytoplasm, large ovoid nucleus with pale staining, easily IDed nucleolus, well-defined ER and Golgi; inactive-smaller, spindle-shaped, dense nucleus, ER and Golgi less defined
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Body's natural process of regenerating dermal and epidermal tissue
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wound healing
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What are the three steps in wound healing?
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1. inflammatory
2. proliferative 3. remodeling or maturation |
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the phase in wound healing in which bacteria and debris are phagocytized and removed
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inflammatory phase
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phase of wound healing characterized by angiogenesis, collagen deposition, granulation tissue formation, epithelialization and wound contraction
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proliferative phase
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new blood vessels grow from endothelial cells (proliferative phase)
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angiogenesis
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fibroblasts grow and form a new, provisional ECM by excreting collagen and fibronectin (proliferative phase)
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fibroplasia and granulation tissue formation
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epithelial cells crawl across wound bed to cover it (proliferative phase)
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epithelialization
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the wound is made smaller by action of myofibroblasts; contract and apoptose (proliferative phase)
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contraction
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the phase in wound healing in which collagen is remodeled and realigned along tension lines and cells that are no longer needed are removed by apoptosis
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maturation and remodeling phase
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CT cells that originate from bone marrow as monocytes
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macrophages
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phagocytic CT cells; constitute mononuclear phagocyte system
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macrophages
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Macrophage characteristics
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1. irregular surface protrusions and indentations (due to pinocytotic/phagocytic function)
2. well-defined Golgi and ER 3. Multiple lysosomes 4. Oval or kidney shaped nucleus located eccentrically |
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Where are macrophages located?
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CT, lymphoid organs, lungs, bone marrow, adipose
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What CT cells produce cytokines, chemotactic factors, and several other molecules that participate in inflammation (defense), antigen processing and presentation?
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macrophages
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Characteristics of mast cells?
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1. oval to round shape
2. contain basophilic secretory granules (scroll-like structure) 3. small, centrally located nucleus, obscured by granules |
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What CT cell stores chemical mediators of the inflammatory response and secretes molecules that act locally in paracrine secretion?
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mast cells
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Mast cells granules contain what three things?
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1. histamine-increases vascular permeability
2. heparin 3. eosinophil chemotactic factor of anaphylaxis (ECF-A) |
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the ability to change color of basic dyes
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metachromasia
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what CT cell exhibits metachromasia due to structure containing granules?
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mast cells
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Why are mast cells metachromatic?
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Due to highly acidic heparin glycosaminoglycans; basic dyes bind to these and lead to color change by changing wavelength of light emitted
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What are the two populations of mast cells?
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1. connective tissue mast cell
2. mucosal mast cell |
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Where are CT mast cells located vs. mucosal mast cells?
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CT: skin and peritoneal cavity (belly)
Mucosal: intestinal mucosa and lungs |
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Which is smaller, CT or mucosal mast cells?
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mucosal mast cells
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What is the difference in composition between CT and mucosal mast cells?
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CT: heparin (anticoagulant) in granules
mucosal: chondroitin sulfate in granules (gives cartilage elasticity) |
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anticoagulant
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heparin
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gives cartilage elasticity
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chondroitin sulfate
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CT cells derived from B lymphocytes and form antibodies
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plasma cells
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What are characteristics of nuclei in plasma cells?
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1. clock-faced appearance
2. spherical and eccentrically placed nucleus |
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Characteristics of plasma cells?
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1. large, ovoid cells
2. basophilic cytoplasm due to richness of rER 3. Large Golgi-stains lighter than nucleus 4. Few in most CT 5. short lived |
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fat cells
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adipose cells
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CT cells specialized for storage of fats or heat production
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adipose cells
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wandering cells of CT
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leukocytes
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WBCs
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leukocytes
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migration of leukocytes through capillary walls (from blood) into Ct: greatly increased during inflammation
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diapedesis
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When is diapedesis increased?
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during inflammation
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Guide cells on the move
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cell adhesion molecules
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type of CAM that allows WBCs to anchor
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selectin
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type of CAM that guides WBCs through capillary walls to go to site of injury
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integrin
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fat cells
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adipose cells
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in CAM all except which molecule undergo apoptosis
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lymphocytes
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CT cells specialized for storage of fats or heat production
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adipose cells
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wandering cells of CT
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leukocytes
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WBCs
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leukocytes
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migration of leukocytes through capillary walls (from blood) into Ct: greatly increased during inflammation
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diapedesis
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When is diapedesis increased?
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during inflammation
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Guide cells on the move
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cell adhesion molecules
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type of CAM that allows WBCs to anchor
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selectin
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type of CAM that guides WBCs through capillary walls to go to site of injury
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integrin
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in CAM all except which molecule undergo apoptosis
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lymphocytes
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