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155 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
What are the three types of CT proper?
1. Loose CT
2. Dense, Irregular CT
3. Dense, Regular CT
What are characteristics of Loose CT?
1. thin, relatively sparse collagen fibers
2. very abundant ground substance
3. located beneath epithelia and around small blood vessels
What is the function of loose CT?
important in O2/CO2 exchange and waste export
How are CT classified?
1. By cell type
2. Type and arrangement of fibers
3. character of ground substance
What are the main functions of CT?
1. structural support
2. exchange medium between blood and tissues
3. defense and protection
4. fat storage
Where do most CT originate?
mesenchyme: embryonic tissue formed by elongated cells
What determines the function of various connective tissues?
the types of cells and fibers present
What cell produces extracellular fibers that provide structure and produce ground substance?
fibroblast
What CT cells function in the body's defense system?
lymphocytes, plasma cells, macrophages, and eosinophils
What CT cell produces fibers that makeup the bulk of bone tissue?
osteocytes
How are the fibers in bone unique?
they are organized in a specific pattern and become calcified to harden
What is the prominent feature in tendons and ligaments?
fibers arranged in a parallel pattern, densely packed
Why are tendons and ligaments densely packed?
for maximum strength
Most cell types in loose CT are ___.
transient
Dense, irregular CT contains mostly what type of fiber?
collagen
What is the main functional component of tendons, ligaments, and aponeuroses?
dense, regular CT
What are characteristics of cells and ground substance in dense, irregular CT?
1. cells are sparse, fibroblasts
2. very little ground substance
Dense, irregular CT serves what function?
provides significant strength and resistance to tearing (i.e., leather)
What are the three main types of fibers?
1. collagen
2. reticular
3. elastic
What forms collagen and reticular fibers?
collagen
What forms elastic fibers?
elastin
What fiber is the most abundant protein in the human body?
collagen
Collagen makes up what percentage of dry human body weight?
30%
How many members are there in the collagen family?
over 25 members
What is the most abundant type of collagen in the body?
Type I
What type of collagen is found in skin, bone, tendon, ligament, dentin, sclera, fascia, organ capsules?
type I collagen
What type of collagen is found in cartilage, notochord, and intervertebral disks?
Type II collagen
What type of collagen is found in loose CT, organs (i.e., uterus, liver, spleen, kidney, lung, etc.), smooth muscle, blood vessels, and fetal skin?
Type III collagen
What type of collagen forms reticular fibers?
Type III collagen
Which type of collagen provides support scaffolding for specialized cells of various organs and blood vessels?
Type III collagen
Which type of collagen resists force, tension, and stretch?
Type I collagen
Which type of collagen provides resistance to intermittent pressure (periods of pressure and then no pressure)?
Type II collagen
Which types of collagen form long fibrils?
Types I, II, III, V, XI
Which type of collagen is most abundant and has the most widespread distribution?
Type I
Collagen accounts for 10% of body collagen. T/F
False, it accounts for 90% of collagen
Collagen is comprised of what three elements?
1. glycine
2. proline
3. hydroxyproline
What two substances are crucial to stability of collagen crosslinks?
hydroxyproline and hydroxylysine
three subunit Protein in a triple helix form that polymerizes to form collagen
tropocollagen
Reticular fibers are mostly made of type I collagen. T/F
false, they are mostly made of type III collagen
Reticular are very thin, therefore they are only visible by concentrated H&E stains. T/F
False, since they are very thin, they are NOT visible at all by H&E staining and must be stained argyrophilic (silver salts)
silver salts
argyrophilic
Why are reticular fibers PAS positive?
due to the high content of sugar chains
Which fiber is abundant in smooth muscle, spleen, lymph nodes, and forms a network around the liver and endocrine glands?
reticular fibers
Collagen fibers are smaller in diameter than reticular fibers and more granular as well. T/F
False, reticular fibers are more granulous and smaller in diameter than collagen fibers.
Which fiber is typically thinner than collagen and forms a 3D network due to branching arrangement?
elastic fiber
Collagen is comprised of what three elements?
1. glycine
2. proline
3. hydroxyproline
What two substances are crucial to stability of collagen crosslinks?
hydroxyproline and hydroxylysine
three subunit Protein in a triple helix form that polymerizes to form collagen
tropocollagen
Reticular fibers are mostly made of type I collagen. T/F
false, they are mostly made of type III collagen
Reticular are very thin, therefore they are only visible by concentrated H&E stains. T/F
False, since they are very thin, they are NOT visible at all by H&E staining and must be stained argyrophilic (silver salts)
silver salts
argyrophilic
Why are reticular fibers PAS positive?
due to the high content of sugar chains
Which fiber is abundant in smooth muscle, spleen, lymph nodes, and forms a network around the liver and endocrine glands?
reticular fibers
Collagen fibers are smaller in diameter than reticular fibers and more granular as well. T/F
False, reticular fibers are more granulous and smaller in diameter than collagen fibers.
Which fiber is typically thinner than collagen and forms a 3D network due to branching arrangement?
elastic fiber
What is viscous and acts as a lubricant, as well as a barrier to invaders?
ground substance
Ground substance is formed of what three parts?
1. glycosaminoglycans
2. multiadhesive glycoproteins
What are glycosaminoglycans? what is their significance?
linear chains bound to core form, they form proteoglycans
What are multiadhesive glycoproteins? What are two different types?
globular proteins with branched monosaccharides attached; fibronectin and laminin
What is laminin?
epithelial cells to basal lamina
What is fibronectin?
involved with cell adhesion; has binding site for cells, collagen; mediates normal cell adhesion and migration
ECM is a major component of which type of tissue?
CT
Fibers of CT are predominantly what?
collagen
What is ground substance in CT?
hydrophilic; adhesive properties; imparts strength and rigidity to ECM
produces antibodies, immunological/defense function
plasma cells
produces immunocompetent cells, immunological/defense function
lymphocyte
participation in allergic and vasoactive reactions, modulation of mast cell activities and the inflammatory process, immunological (defense) function
eosinophilic leukocyte
phagocytosis of foreign substances, bacteria, defense function
neutrophilic leukocyte
secretion of cytokines and other molecules, defense
macrophage
liberation of pharmacologically active molecules (i.e., histamine), defense (allergic reactions)
mast cell and basophilic
storage of neutral fast, endocrine organ, metabolism, heat production
adipose (fat) cell
produces immunocompetent cells, immunological/defense function
lymphocyte
synthesize collagen, elastin, proteoglycans of the ECM
fibroblasts
participation in allergic and vasoactive reactions, modulation of mast cell activities and the inflammatory process, immunological (defense) function
eosinophilic leukocyte
the most common cell in CT
fibroblasts
phagocytosis of foreign substances, bacteria, defense function
neutrophilic leukocyte
What differentiates the two states of fibroblasts?
1. active
2. non-active, quiescent-smaller and more slender
secretion of cytokines and other molecules, defense
macrophage
produces immunocompetent cells, immunological/defense function
lymphocyte
What shape is a fibroblast?
spindle shaped, well-developed rER and golgi when actively making ECM components
produces immunocompetent cells, immunological/defense function
lymphocyte
liberation of pharmacologically active molecules (i.e., histamine), defense (allergic reactions)
mast cell and basophilic
participation in allergic and vasoactive reactions, modulation of mast cell activities and the inflammatory process, immunological (defense) function
eosinophilic leukocyte
storage of neutral fast, endocrine organ, metabolism, heat production
adipose (fat) cell
participation in allergic and vasoactive reactions, modulation of mast cell activities and the inflammatory process, immunological (defense) function
eosinophilic leukocyte
phagocytosis of foreign substances, bacteria, defense function
neutrophilic leukocyte
synthesize collagen, elastin, proteoglycans of the ECM
fibroblasts
phagocytosis of foreign substances, bacteria, defense function
neutrophilic leukocyte
secretion of cytokines and other molecules, defense
macrophage
the most common cell in CT
fibroblasts
secretion of cytokines and other molecules, defense
macrophage
liberation of pharmacologically active molecules (i.e., histamine), defense (allergic reactions)
mast cell and basophilic
What differentiates the two states of fibroblasts?
1. active
2. non-active, quiescent-smaller and more slender
liberation of pharmacologically active molecules (i.e., histamine), defense (allergic reactions)
mast cell and basophilic
storage of neutral fast, endocrine organ, metabolism, heat production
adipose (fat) cell
What shape is a fibroblast?
spindle shaped, well-developed rER and golgi when actively making ECM components
storage of neutral fast, endocrine organ, metabolism, heat production
adipose (fat) cell
synthesize collagen, elastin, proteoglycans of the ECM
fibroblasts
synthesize collagen, elastin, proteoglycans of the ECM
fibroblasts
the most common cell in CT
fibroblasts
the most common cell in CT
fibroblasts
What differentiates the two states of fibroblasts?
1. active
2. non-active, quiescent-smaller and more slender
What differentiates the two states of fibroblasts?
1. active
2. non-active, quiescent-smaller and more slender
What shape is a fibroblast?
spindle shaped, well-developed rER and golgi when actively making ECM components
What shape is a fibroblast?
spindle shaped, well-developed rER and golgi when actively making ECM components
Active vs. Inactive fibroblast
active: abundant, irregularly branched cytoplasm, large ovoid nucleus with pale staining, easily IDed nucleolus, well-defined ER and Golgi; inactive-smaller, spindle-shaped, dense nucleus, ER and Golgi less defined
Body's natural process of regenerating dermal and epidermal tissue
wound healing
What are the three steps in wound healing?
1. inflammatory
2. proliferative
3. remodeling or maturation
the phase in wound healing in which bacteria and debris are phagocytized and removed
inflammatory phase
phase of wound healing characterized by angiogenesis, collagen deposition, granulation tissue formation, epithelialization and wound contraction
proliferative phase
new blood vessels grow from endothelial cells (proliferative phase)
angiogenesis
fibroblasts grow and form a new, provisional ECM by excreting collagen and fibronectin (proliferative phase)
fibroplasia and granulation tissue formation
epithelial cells crawl across wound bed to cover it (proliferative phase)
epithelialization
the wound is made smaller by action of myofibroblasts; contract and apoptose (proliferative phase)
contraction
the phase in wound healing in which collagen is remodeled and realigned along tension lines and cells that are no longer needed are removed by apoptosis
maturation and remodeling phase
CT cells that originate from bone marrow as monocytes
macrophages
phagocytic CT cells; constitute mononuclear phagocyte system
macrophages
Macrophage characteristics
1. irregular surface protrusions and indentations (due to pinocytotic/phagocytic function)
2. well-defined Golgi and ER
3. Multiple lysosomes
4. Oval or kidney shaped nucleus located eccentrically
Where are macrophages located?
CT, lymphoid organs, lungs, bone marrow, adipose
What CT cells produce cytokines, chemotactic factors, and several other molecules that participate in inflammation (defense), antigen processing and presentation?
macrophages
Characteristics of mast cells?
1. oval to round shape
2. contain basophilic secretory granules (scroll-like structure)
3. small, centrally located nucleus, obscured by granules
What CT cell stores chemical mediators of the inflammatory response and secretes molecules that act locally in paracrine secretion?
mast cells
Mast cells granules contain what three things?
1. histamine-increases vascular permeability
2. heparin
3. eosinophil chemotactic factor of anaphylaxis (ECF-A)
the ability to change color of basic dyes
metachromasia
what CT cell exhibits metachromasia due to structure containing granules?
mast cells
Why are mast cells metachromatic?
Due to highly acidic heparin glycosaminoglycans; basic dyes bind to these and lead to color change by changing wavelength of light emitted
What are the two populations of mast cells?
1. connective tissue mast cell
2. mucosal mast cell
Where are CT mast cells located vs. mucosal mast cells?
CT: skin and peritoneal cavity (belly)
Mucosal: intestinal mucosa and lungs
Which is smaller, CT or mucosal mast cells?
mucosal mast cells
What is the difference in composition between CT and mucosal mast cells?
CT: heparin (anticoagulant) in granules
mucosal: chondroitin sulfate in granules (gives cartilage elasticity)
anticoagulant
heparin
gives cartilage elasticity
chondroitin sulfate
CT cells derived from B lymphocytes and form antibodies
plasma cells
What are characteristics of nuclei in plasma cells?
1. clock-faced appearance
2. spherical and eccentrically placed nucleus
Characteristics of plasma cells?
1. large, ovoid cells
2. basophilic cytoplasm due to richness of rER
3. Large Golgi-stains lighter than nucleus
4. Few in most CT
5. short lived
fat cells
adipose cells
CT cells specialized for storage of fats or heat production
adipose cells
wandering cells of CT
leukocytes
WBCs
leukocytes
migration of leukocytes through capillary walls (from blood) into Ct: greatly increased during inflammation
diapedesis
When is diapedesis increased?
during inflammation
Guide cells on the move
cell adhesion molecules
type of CAM that allows WBCs to anchor
selectin
type of CAM that guides WBCs through capillary walls to go to site of injury
integrin
fat cells
adipose cells
in CAM all except which molecule undergo apoptosis
lymphocytes
CT cells specialized for storage of fats or heat production
adipose cells
wandering cells of CT
leukocytes
WBCs
leukocytes
migration of leukocytes through capillary walls (from blood) into Ct: greatly increased during inflammation
diapedesis
When is diapedesis increased?
during inflammation
Guide cells on the move
cell adhesion molecules
type of CAM that allows WBCs to anchor
selectin
type of CAM that guides WBCs through capillary walls to go to site of injury
integrin
in CAM all except which molecule undergo apoptosis
lymphocytes