Histology Chapter 5

Front 1

Histology

Back 1

The study of tissues

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Epithelium

Back 2

The simplest type of tissue, form the working surface of skin and all body cavities, including glands, ducts, and vessels. Epithelium tissues generally exist as one layer (simple) or more (stratified). The lowest layer of the epithelia is bound to the underlying connective tissue by a basement membrane.

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Basement Membrane

Back 3

Made up of two separate membranes: Basal Lamina and Reticularis Lamina

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Basal Lamina

Back 4

Sheet at the base
- Made up of proteins secreted by the epithelia cells.

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Reticularis Lamina

Back 5

Network
-The connective tissues secretes the lamina reticularis

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Lamina

Back 6

Means sheets

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Charateristics of Epithelia

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- Cellularity
- Directionality
- Apical Surface
- Basal Surface
- Lateral Surface
- Avascular
- Innervated

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Cellularity of Epithelia

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All epithelia will be cellular

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Directionality of Epithelia

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All epithelia have direction. There is a basement membrane.

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Apical Surface of Epithelia

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Apex means top/crown of the layer. The surface is the furthest away from the basement membrane.

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Basal Surface of Epithelia

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Attached to the basement membrane.

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Lateral Surface of Epithelia

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To the side - Where the cells are in contact with each other.

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Avascular

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Do not have an arteries or veins inside them.

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Innervated

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There are nerve endings present.

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Mesothelium

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Specialized epithelium that contains cells of the nervous system (not neurons). Neuron like cells that can sense.

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Classification of Epithelia

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Shape and Number of layers of cells: Simple or Compound

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Simple

Back 17

Only one single layer of cells

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Simple Squamous

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Cell Shape: Polygonal cells (many sides), flattened, large central nucleus. The function in diffusion. They line the heart and all the blood vessels, air cells, body cavities, etc.
Function: Exchange of gases, absorption, and secretion.

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Simple Columnar

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Cell Shape: Columnar - They are longer than they are wide.
The nuclei are at the basement membrane and will line up with adjacent cells nuclei. The apical surface may be covered with fingerlike projections of cell membrane called microvilli, increasing the cell's surface area for secretion/absorption.
There are two types: Cilliated and Non-Cilliated

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Basal Surface of Epithelia

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Attached to the basement membrane.

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Simple Columnar: Cilliated

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Motility - Small, hairlike structures that are on the apical surface.
Present in: Respiratory System, The ovary/fallopian tubes.

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Lateral Surface of Epithelia

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To the side - Where the cells are in contact with each other.

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Avascular

Back 23

Do not have an arteries or veins inside them.

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Innervated

Back 24

There are nerve endings present.

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Mesothelium

Back 25

Specialized epithelium that contains cells of the nervous system (not neurons). Neuron like cells that can sense.

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Classification of Epithelia

Back 26

Shape and Number of layers of cells: Simple or Compound

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Simple

Back 27

Only one single layer of cells

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Simple Squamous

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Cell Shape: Polygonal cells (many sides), flattened, large central nucleus.
Present: alveloi- Sacs in the lungs.
Function: Exchange of gases, absorption, and secretion.

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Simple Columnar

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Cell Shape: Columnar - They are longer than they are wide.
The nuclei are at the basement membrane and will line up with adjacent cells nuclei.
There are two types: Cilliated and Non-Cilliated

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Simple Columnar: Cilliated

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Motility - Small, hairlike structures that are on the apical surface.
Present in: Respiratory System, The ovary/fallopian tubes.

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Simple Columnar: Non-Cilliated

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Has no cillia. Has fingerlike projections called microvilli. They are projections of the cytoplasm. Microvillus/Microvilli are also called brushwater epithelium. It increases the surface area. Present in: The intestine where it allows absorption.

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Simple Cuboidal

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Cell Shape: Looks like cubes. Has a large central nucleus.
Found in: Ducts of large organs. A duct is a structure where the organ will secrete something.

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Simple Transitional

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The shape changes. One that stretches, however, when not stretched they are cuboidal or columnar. They change during normal body functioning.
Found in: Urinary bladder and parts of the ureter (attaches the kidney to the bladder), urethra (passes urine out of the body).

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Compound Epithelium

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Stratified - Means containing layers.

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Stratified Squamous Cells

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Many layers of squamous cells. There are two types: keratinized and non-keratinized.

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Keratinized (Squamous)

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All of the top layers are dead because they are full of keratin. This makes for protection against injury or abrasion.
Found in: The skin is entirely keratinized.

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Non-Keratinized (Squamous)

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The bottom layers are alive. Many layers. Does not contain keratin. It has constant turn over, the cells need to be shed constantly.
Found in: The mouth (bucosal), esophagus, anus, and vagina.

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Stratified Columnar

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The top most layer (apical surface) is columnar and the rest could be cuboidal or squamous. They are usually non-cilliated
Found in: The Trachea

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Stratified Cuboidal

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The apical surface is cuboidal.
Found in: Very large ducts

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Pseudo Stratified Epithelia

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One single cell layer thick. Not stratified but appears stratified. Usually columnar: The nuclei doesn't line up so it appears as if they are multi layered.
Found in: Male reproductive system

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Psudo-Stratified Non-Cilliated

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Found in: Epididymis - Part of the testes above the vas deferens.

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Pseudo-Stratified Cilliated

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Found in: Trachea and urethra

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Epithelium Characteristics: Junctions

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Three types of junctions:
-Gap
-Desmosomes
-Tight Junctions

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Gap Junctions

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Open ports/channels between the two cells. They are very small channels. They are made up of protein called connexin.

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Desmosomes Junctions

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Has two proteins. One is present on one cell and the other is located on another cell and then the proteins will interact (like a snap button) and hold the cell together.

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Tight Junctions

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They are present around the apex of the epithelial. It goes around the top of the cell.

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What are the functions of epithelia?

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-Protection
-Exchange
-Absorption
-Secretion

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Connective Tissues

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4 Types
- Connective Tissue Proper
- Blood
- Bone
- Cartilage

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What is the main substance of connective tissue?

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ground substance/matrix. The matrix is the mineral calcium phosphate.

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Bone

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Contains ground substance/ matrix.

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Osteocytes

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Bone Cells
Two types:
- Osteoblasts
- Osteoclasts

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Osteoblasts

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Make bone

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Osteoclasts

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Dissolve the bone and reabsorb calcium

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Hormonal Control of Osteocytes

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Osteoporosis: The calcium is being reabsorbed by the osteoclasts. Making bone more porous. It can happen because of two hormones: calcitoin and estrogen.

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What are the two types of bone?

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Compact and Spongy

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Compact Bone

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Dense bone in which the bony matrix is solidly filled with organic ground substance.

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Periosteum

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Outer lining of connective tissues that connects to compact bone

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If you were to make a transverse cut of a compact bone you would see?

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An arrangement of canals

- Osteon
- Haersain Canal
- Lacunae
- Canaliculi

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Osteon

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Whole structure of canals in compact bone

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The Haversian Canal

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The largest canal in compact bone that houses the main artery for that bone.

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Lacunae

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The smaller canals in the compact bone that house the osteocytes

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Canaliculi

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Even smaller canals in the compact bone that join different lacunae together

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Connective Tissue Proper

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5 types:
- Loose
- Dense
- Aerolar
- Adipose
- Reticular

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Dense Connective Tissue

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It has a lot of fibers and few cells. The fibers are parallel to each other, which is what makes it dense. It is made up of two types of fibers (proteins): Collagen and Elastin Fibers - It will have a lot of one or the other, or both.

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Collagen

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Rigid Fiber - Does not change shape

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Elastin

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The fiber stretches and it is flexible.

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Areolar Connective Tissue

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Has some scattered cells, some fibers, and a lot of empty space.
Function: holds organs in place and attaches epithelial tissue to other underlying tissues. It also serves as a reservoir of water and salts for surrounding tissues. Almost all cells obtain their nutrients from and release their wastes into areolar connective tissue.

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Adipose Connective Tissue

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Adipocytes make and store triacyleglycerols (fats). They are a really big cell with a nucleus that is peripheral. Most of the adipocytes would be made up of a lipid droplet. The function is the generation of heat, insulation, and protection (packing of organs).

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Reticular Connective Tissue

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Network of fiber and some cells - Crisscrossing fibers

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Loose Connective Tissue

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Some cells, some fibers, but they will crisscross.

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Blood

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Made up of water, formed elements (cells), and proteins.

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Red Blood Cells (Erythrocytes)

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Shape: Biconcave: Contain two concavities. The cell is disk shaped.
Enucleaded: No nucleus - A mature RBC does not contain a nucleus (or other organelles), but when they are growing they do have a nucleus. This is because all of the space is taken up by hemoglobin (HB).
Lifespan of human RBC: 120 days
Blood Count: Women: 4.2 to 5.4 million/uL; Men: 4.7 to 6.1 million/uL
They are made in the Medullary Cavity

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Medullary Cavity

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The hollow cavity in compact bone.

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Hemoglobin

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Heme is the non-protein part, the globin is the protein that is globular in shape. The heme is an inorganic molecule that is formed in the mitochondria and contains iron (Fe). To this iron oxygen binds - for each iron atom there are two molecules of oxygen. Heme is a Fe-prophyrin complex (color of heme): It contains iron in the middle of the hemoglobin.

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Function of Hemoglobin

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To carry oxygen. It is a very large protein.

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Albumin

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Protein in blood - It is free in the blood and binds to most drugs and proteins.

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Vasculature

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Means arteries and veins.

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Lumen

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Part of a tube that is empty - such as the inside of an artery

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Cillia

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9+2 micro-tubular arrangement. Short, hairlike.

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Flagella

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Long Structure - Usually one or two in number.

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Globular

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Round protein

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Fibrillar

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Fibrous protein
Ex: Keratin

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Bucosal Cavity

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Mouth

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Functions of Epithelium

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- Filtration
- Diffusion
- Secretion
- Absorption

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Simple Cubodial

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Simple cuboidal epithelia are generally secretory cells and make up glands throughout the body, tubules of the kidney, terminal bronchioles of the lungs, and duts of the reproductive tracts.