Histology Ch. 21: Endocrine And Ch. 8 Neuroanatomy

Front 1

Hormone binds to the receptors located on the cell that produces it

Back 1

Autocrine control

Front 2

Hormone is discharged from a cell into the bloodstream and is transported to effector cells

Back 2

Endocrine control

Front 3

Hormone is secreted from one cell and acts on adjacent cells that express specific receptors

Back 3

Paracrine control

Front 4

How are Steroids carried through the bloodstream?

Back 4

Via plasma proteins. These also protect the steroids from degradation

Front 5

Do peptide hormones need plasma proteins, to be transported in the blood?

Back 5

No, these hormones dissolve readily in the blood.

Front 6

Derivative of thyroid hormone. Are they bound in the blood

Back 6

Amino acid tyrosine
They are bound to thyoxine-binding protein

Front 7

Hormone types that react with cell surface receptors

Back 7

Peptide hormones and catecholamines

Front 8

Hormones that utilize Phosphatidylinositol system

Back 8

Oxytocin, GnRH, angiotensin II, and epinephrine

Front 9

Inhibitory second messenger that interrupts cAMP

Back 9

cGMP

Front 10

Receptor system for insulin and EGF

Back 10

Tyrosine Kinase

Front 11

What hormones utilize intracellular receptors? Do these hormones utilize 2nd messengers?

Back 11

Steroids and Thyroid hormones. These hormones influence gene expression directly without 2nd messengers.

Front 12

Lobe that consists of glandular epithelial tissue

Back 12

Anterior

Front 13

Lobe that contains Neural secretory tissue

Back 13

Posterior

Front 14

Origin of Anterior lobe

Back 14

Ectoderm of oropharynx (rathke's pouch)

Front 15

Origin of Posterior Lobe

Back 15

Neuroectoderm of floor of 3rd ventricle

Front 16

Parts of the Anterior Pituitary

Back 16

Pars Distalis: Comprises the bulk of the anterior pituitary
Pars intermedia
Pars tuberalis

Front 17

Parts of the Posterior Pituitary

Back 17

Pars nervosa: contains neurosecretory neurons
Infundibulum: continuous with the median eminence and contains the neurosecretory axons forming the hypothalamohypophysial tracts

Front 18

Supplies the pars tuberalis, median eminence and infundibulum. What do these arteries arise from?

Back 18

Superior Hypophysial arteries:
From the internal carotid artery and posterior communicating artery

Front 19

Supplies the pars nervosa. Where do these arteries arise?

Back 19

Inferior hypophysial artery:
Internal carotid artery

Front 20

What is unique about the anterior pituitary

Back 20

Most of it does not have a direct arterial supply

Front 21

System of vessels that carry the neuroendocrine secretions from the hypothalamus

Back 21

Hypophysial portal veins

Front 22

Most of the blood from the pituitary gland drains where?

Back 22

Cavernous sinus, which then drains into the internal jugular

Front 23

Nerves that enter the anterior pituitary

Back 23

Postsynaptic autonomic fibers with vasomotor function

Front 24

Hormones that regulate the function of cells in other endocrine glands

Back 24

Tropic hormones: ACTH, TSH, FSH, LH

Front 25

What hormones of the anterior pituitary are not tropic? Why are they not tropic?

Back 25

GH and PRL. Because these hormones act directly on the target organs that are not considered endocrine in nature.

Front 26

Most prominent cell type of the pars distalis

Back 26

Chromophobes 50%, acidophils 40%, and basophils 10%.

Front 27

Make the largest portion of anterior pituitary cells. How do they stain

Back 27

Somatotrophs:
They stain acidophilic due to eosinophilic vesicles in their cytoplasm

Front 28

What hormones control GH

Back 28

GHRH
Somatostatin
Ghrelin: Hormone of the stomach that stimulates GH secretion in response to food intake.

Front 29

What cells stain acidophilic

Back 29

Somatotrope and Lactotrope

Front 30

Regulates the release of FSH and LH

Back 30

GnRH

Front 31

Are the axons of the pars nervosa myelinated or unmyelinated

Back 31

Un-myelinated

Front 32

How are the axons of the hypothalamohypophysial tract unique?

Back 32

Do not terminate on other neurons, but instead end near the fenestrated capillary network.
Contain secretory vesicles in all parts of the cells.

Front 33

Because of their secretory function, the pars nervosa has well developed?

Back 33

Nissle bodies

Front 34

Dilated portions of the terminal axon due to accumulation of secretory vesicles

Back 34

Herring Bodies

Front 35

Protein that is synthesized along with ADH and oxytocin, and is cleaved to form th active hormones

Back 35

Neurophysin

Front 36

Activated by ADH

Back 36

AQP-2 water channels

Front 37

Specialized glial cells of the posterior pituitary

Back 37

Pituicytes

Front 38

Function of pineal gland. Where is it developed from?

Back 38

Regulates daily body rhythm
Neurectoderm of the posterior portion of the roof of the diencephalon.

Front 39

Where does the spinal cord end in adults? What is this called?

Back 39

L1-L2
Conus Medullaris

Front 40

Below L1-L2, what is the continuation of the nerve roots called?

Back 40

cauda equina
The conus medullaris tapers into the filum terminale

Front 41

Cervical enlargement

Back 41

(C5-T1): gives rise to nerve roots of the arms

Front 42

Lumbosacral enlargement

Back 42

(L1-S3)Gives rise to the nerve roots of the legs

Front 43

What spinal cord level contains no sensory roots

Back 43

C1 and Co1 segments

Front 44

Central element of intervertebral disk

Back 44

Nucleus pulposus

Front 45

What layer of dura continues as it exits the skull at the foramen magnum

Back 45

Inner layer

Front 46

What seperates the dura from the spinal cord? Is this in the cranium also?

Back 46

Epidural Fat
NO!

Front 47

Valvless meshwork of epidural veins. What pathology is this associated with?

Back 47

Batson's plexus:
Allows for the spread metastatic cancer through the epidural space

Front 48

Can become hypertrophied and contribute to spinal cord or nerve root compression

Back 48

Ligamentum Flavum

Front 49

Most common site for disk herniations. How does the nerve root correspond to the vertebrae level

Back 49

Cervical and Lumbosacral levels
Nerve root involved corresponds to the lower of the two vertebrae

Front 50

What prevents the vertebral disk from herniating centrally toward the spinal cord?

Back 50

Posterior Longitudinal ligament:
Causes the disk to herniate laterally towards the nerve root.

Front 51

Where in the spinal cord do nerve roots exit above their corresponding vertebrae

Back 51

Cervical
The Thoracic, Lumbar, and Sacral all exit below their corresponding vertebrae

Front 52

Where are nerve roots the closest to the vertebral disks as they exit. What type of disk herniation is usually seen because of this location?

Back 52

In the later recess
Posterolateral disk herniation

Front 53

Nipple dermatome
Umbilicus dermatome

Back 53

T4
T10

Front 54

C6 dermatome
C7 dermatome

Back 54

lateral arm
Middle finger

Front 55

Innervates the perineum

Back 55

S2,S3,S4

Front 56

Far lateral disk herniation of L5-S1 affects what nerve root

Back 56

L5

Front 57

L4 dermatome
L5 dermatome

Back 57

Anteromedial shin
Anterolateral shin, dorsum of foot and big toe

Front 58

S1 dermatome

Back 58

Little toe, lateral foot, sole, and calf

Front 59

Musculocutaneous nerve

Back 59

Biceps: Flexion and Supination
Brachioradialis: Flexor
Coracobrachialis: Flexor and Adductor

Front 60

Forearm flexor innervated by radial nerve

Back 60

Brachioradialis

Front 61

Innervation of forearm extensors

Back 61

Posterior interosseus nerve (radial branch): C7(C8)

Front 62

Innervates Supinator

Back 62

Pos Interosseus Nerve: C6, C7

Front 63

Muscles affected in carpal tunnel

Back 63

Lumbricals (I,II)
Opponens Pollicis
Flexor pollicis brevis
Abductor pollicis brevis

Front 64

Innervates Trapezius

Back 64

Spinal accessory: CNXI, C3, C4

Front 65

Suprascapular nerve

Back 65

Supraspinatus-Abduct humerus to 15 d
Infraspinatus-Ext rotate humerus

Front 66

Subscapular nerve

Back 66

Subscapularis- Int rot of humerus
Teres major- Add & Int rot of humerus

Front 67

Innervates forearm Flexors

Back 67

Median nerve

Front 68

Innervates the PADs and DABs

Back 68

Ulnar nerve T1

Front 69

Innervates Finger flexors

Back 69

Anterior interosseus nerve

Front 70

Innervates thigh adductors including obturator internus

Back 70

Obturator L2,L3

Front 71

Hip Flexors

Back 71

Iliopsoas: Femoral nerve L3

Front 72

innervates muscles of hypothenar eminence

Back 72

Ulnar nerve (C8)T1:
Opponens digiti minimi
Abductor digiti minimi
Flexor digiti minimi

Front 73

Innervates hip extensors

Back 73

Femoral: L3, L4
Quads

Front 74

Innervates Knee Flexors

Back 74

Sciatic nerve: S1
Hamstrings

Front 75

Triceps Surae Muscles

Back 75

Tibial branch of Sciatic Nerve: S1, S2
Gastrocnemius
Soleus

Front 76

Superior gluteal nerve

Back 76

L4, L5
Gluteus Medius
Gluteus Minimus
Tensor Fasciae Latae

Front 77

Inferior Gluteal Nerve

Back 77

L5, S1
Gluteus Maximus

Front 78

prestar

Back 78

to lend

prêter

Front 79

Neuropathy affecting the spinal nerve roots

Back 79

radiculopathy

Front 80

Most common pattern of diabetic neuropathy

Back 80

distal symmetrical polyneuropathy

Front 81

Acute diabetic mononeuropathy is most common where

Back 81

CN III and femoral/sciatic nerves

Front 82

Rate of axonal regeneration

Back 82

1-3mm/day

Front 83

Important form of immune-mediated demyelination of peripheral nerves

Back 83

Guillain-Barre: Acute inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy

Front 84

Pt presents with progressive weakness in the hands and feet moving up through the legs and arms. Areflexia is present. What is the pathogenesis of the disease?

Back 84

Gullion Barre:
Onset is 1-2 wks after viral infection

Front 85

Immune-mediated myopathies. What is usually elevated?

Back 85

Dermatomyositis and polymyositis

Front 86

Feature of dermatomyositis

Back 86

Violet colored rash involving the extensor surface on the knuckles and other joints

Front 87

Progressive proximal muscle wkns of male children. What protein is involved?

Back 87

Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy:
X linked inheritance of abnormal Dystrophin.

Front 88

Spondylosis

Back 88

Degenerative disorders of the spine

Front 89

Spondylolysis

Back 89

Fractures of the interarticular portion of the vertebral bone

Front 90

Why is sensory not lost in radiculopathies

Back 90

Overlap from adjacent dermatomes

Front 91

Most common levels for disc herniation

Back 91

C6,C7 and L5, S1

Front 92

Pain on percussion of the spine may indicate

Back 92

Metastases, epidural abscess, osteomyelitis

Front 93

Lumbar stenosis may lead to

Back 93

neurogenic claudication in which bilateral leg pains and weakness occur with ambulation

Front 94

Shingles is caused by?

Back 94

reactivation of latent varicella-zoster virus in dorsal root ganglia

Front 95

Pt complains of wkns of the intrinsic hand muscles and decreased sensation in the fourth and fifth digits and the medial forearm. Most likley diagnosis and cause?

Back 95

C8 radiculopathy from a disc herniation of C7-T1

Front 96

Pt presents with wkns in the triceps and loss of sensation over the third finger. What nerve root is damaged? Disk involved?

Back 96

C7
C6-C7

Front 97

Pt presents with wkns of the wrist extensors and biceps and loss of sensation over the first and second fingers. Nerve root involved? Disc?

Back 97

C6
C5-C6

Front 98

Wkns of plantar flexion and loss of sensation of the lateral foot and sole.

Back 98

S1
L5-S1

Front 99

Wkns of dorsiflexion and foot inversion

Back 99

L5
L4-L5