Histology Cell Cycle

Front 1

What do you call a cancer cell that arises from connective tissue

Back 1

Sarcoma

Front 2

What do you call cancer arising from the blood or bone marrow

Back 2

Leukemia

Front 3

What do you call those proteins that are involved in apoptosis

Back 3

Caspases

Front 4

what are the 2 types of caspases

Back 4

initiator and effector

Front 5

In extrinsic apoptosis a ligand binds to what kind of receptor?

what kind of proteins are activated

Back 5

a death receptor

death domain adaptor proteins

Front 6

whats the first big event of intrinsic apoptosis

Back 6

puncturing of mitochondria and release of cytochrome C from mitochondria

Front 7

the two components of nucleosomes

Back 7

DNA and histones

Front 8

what is the diameter of a nucleosome

Back 8

10 nm in diameter

Front 9

how many histones in a nucleosome

Back 9

8

Front 10

where do you find telomeres

Back 10

at the ends of chromosomes

Front 11

In a medical battalion, how many surgical companies and shock trauma platoons are there?

Back 11

Three Surgical Companies and Eight Shock Trauma Platoon.

Front 12

what are the four phases of the cell cycle in order

Back 12

m (mitotic), G1 (gap 1), S (DNA synthesis), G2 (gap 2)

Front 13

interphase consists of what parts of the cycle

Back 13

G1, S, G2

Front 14

the 2 checkpoints of G1

Back 14

DNA damage

Restriction (evaluation of cell size and environment)

Front 15

what happens in the S phase

S phase checkpoint

Back 15

replication of DNA (including centromeres)

DNA damage checkpoint

Front 16

what happens in G2

G2 checkpoints

Back 16

cell prepared for replication

Checkpoints for unreplicated DNA, DNA damage

Front 17

M phase checkpoints

Back 17

Spindle assemble (prevents premature anaphase)

chromosome segregation (no cytokinesis until they are)

Front 18

what do you call the proteins that regulate the cell cycle

what do you call the proteins that regulate THEM

Back 18

cyclins

cyclin dependent kinase (Cdk)

Front 19

what part of the cell cycle is the Retinoblastoma protein (Rb) associated with

Back 19

G1

Front 20

what is the main cyclin for the M phase

Back 20

Cyclin B

Front 21

Does Rb inhibit or activate the cell cycle

Back 21

inhibit

Front 22

Is Rb active when phosphorylated or dephosphorylated?

Back 22

Rb active when dephosphorylated

Front 23

Active Rb protein does what to what?

Back 23

binds E2F protein, which wants to initiate the S phase and DNA synthesis

Front 24

There are DNA damage checkpoints at G1, S and G2. Does DNA damage activate or inhibit P53

Back 24

Activates P53

Front 25

What does unreplicated DNA at the G2 checkpoint do?

Back 25

inactivates the M cyclin and Cdk until replication is complete

Front 26

What protein product does activated p53 cause to be translated?

Back 26

Cdk inhibitory proteins (CKI's)

Front 27

what does APC stand for?

What cell phase do you it?

Back 27

Anaphase Promoting Complex

M phase

Front 28

How does APC function?

Back 28

APC causes the dissocciation of Securin, a regulatory protein, from Separase, which wants to get in and disrupt the Cohesin complexes between sister chromatids

Front 29

how would you describe telomerase

Back 29

its an enzyme not usually found in humans that elongates the telomeres, prolonging cell life

Front 30

what happens when the telomeres are used up?

Back 30

p53 is activated and the cell is shut down

Front 31

can some cancer cells reactivate telomorase?

Back 31

yes, and genetic instability continues to cascade, resulting in accelerated mutations

Front 32

name the 5 stages of mitosis in order

Back 32

prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

Front 33

what do you call that region of heterochromatin that holds sister chromatids together?

Back 33

centromere

Front 34

what do you call the organelle that is a the microtubule organizing center

Back 34

centrosome

Front 35

what do you call that complex of 80 proteins that attaches the chromosome to the mitotic spindle

Back 35

kinetochore

Front 36

how many centrosomes in a microtubule organizing complex?

Back 36

2, at right angles to each other, inside this spherical MTOC

Front 37

what are the 3 types of microtubules (by function) in mitosis

Back 37

Astral (just out there)
Kinetochore (to the centromere/kinetochore apparatus)
Overlap

Front 38

what are the two motor proteins of mitosis

Back 38

dynein

kinesin

Front 39

at what phase do the centrosomes replicate?

Back 39

S

Front 40

3 things that occur during prophase

Back 40

chromosomes condense
mitotic spindle assembly forms
kinetochores form

Front 41

2 things of prometaphase

Back 41

breakdown of nuclear envelope

chromosomes attach to mitotic spindle via kinetochores

Front 42

1 thing that identifies metaphase

Back 42

chromosomes aligned at the equatorial, metaphase plate

Front 43

what are the two phases of anaphase

Back 43

the kinetochore microtubules get shorter

the centrosomes move further apart

Front 44

3 things that occur in telophase

Back 44

the separated sister chromatids decondense

reassembly of nuclear envelope

assembly of the contractile ring

Front 45

the constricting of the contractile ring causes what?

Back 45

cytokinesis, division of the cytoplasm