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100 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What does the outer layer of the capsule consist of?
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Fibroblasts and collagen
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What does the inner layer of the capsule consist of?
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Myofibroblasts
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What does urine consist of?
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H2O, electrolytes, urea, uric acid, creatinine
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What are the 3 endocrine secretions/functions from the kidney?
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Erythropoietin
Renin Hydroxylation |
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What does the kidney secrete when there is low O2 concentration?
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Erythropoietin
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What hormone secreted from the kidney acts on specific receptors on teh surface of CFU-E in bone marrow?
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Erythropoietin
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What hormone secreted from the kidney increases the rate of production of red blood cells in response to falling levels of O2 in blood?
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Erythropoietin
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What hormone; secreted from the kidney; controls BP and cleves Angiotensinogen to angiotensin-1
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Renin
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What does the kidney hydrolyze?
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25-OH Vit D3 into hormonally active 1,25-(OH)2 Vit D3
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What regulates kidney hydroxylation of vit D3?
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PTH; Parathyroid
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Where are the renal corpuscles and associated tubules located?
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in the Cortex
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What does the medullary rays consist of?
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Straight tubules and collecting ducts
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Where are the straight tubules; collecting ducts and vasa recta located?
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Medulla
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What does the apexes of the pyramids open up into?
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minor calyx; note: as base faces cortex
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What is the apex of the pyramids called?
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Renal Papilla (tip of papilla)
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What is the area called; on the renal papilla; that is perforated by openings of collecting ducts?
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area cribrosa
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What can drug induced damage to the renal papilla cause?
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papillary necrosis
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Cortical tissue within the medulla; on either side of the pyramid
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Renal columns of bertin
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4 lobes = #? pyramids
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# of lobes = # of pyramids
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What is unique about fetal kidneys?
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exhibit surface lobulation
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What does a collecting duct and all the nephrons that it drain makes?
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Lobule (small lobe)
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what does a medullary ray (straight tube and collecting duct) with all the nephrons that drain to it make?
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Renal Secretory Unit
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What is a Nephron
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The functional unit of the kidney; consisting of a glomerlus and its associated tubule; through which the glomerular filtrate passes before emerging as uring?
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What does a renal corpuscle and its tubule system make?
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the Nephron
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What is the filtration apparatus of the kidney?
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Glomerulus
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What are the three types of nephrons?
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Subcapsular
Juxtamedullary Nephrons Intermediate |
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What is another name for Cortical Nephrons at the short loops of henle?
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Subcapsular
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What structure has golmeruli that are close to the base of a pyramid; having long loops of henle and long ascending thing segments?
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Juxtamedullary Nephrons
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Whats another name for midcortical nephrons?
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intermediate
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What makes up the filtration apparatus?
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-Turf of capillaries (10-20 loops)
- Bowmans capsule surrounds - Afferent/Efferent Arteriole - Vascular/Urinary Pole |
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What does a collecting duct and all the nephrons that it drain makes?
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Lobule (small lobe)
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what does a medullary ray (straight tube and collecting duct) with all the nephrons that drain to it make?
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Renal Secretory Unit
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What is a Nephron
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The functional unit of the kidney; consisting of a glomerlus and its associated tubule; through which the glomerular filtrate passes before emerging as uring?
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What does a renal corpuscle and its tubule system make?
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the Nephron
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What is the filtration apparatus of the kidney?
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Glomerulus
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What are the three types of nephrons?
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Subcapsular
Juxtamedullary Nephrons Intermediate |
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What is another name for Cortical Nephrons at the short loops of henle?
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Subcapsular
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What structure has golmeruli that are close to the base of a pyramid; having long loops of henle and long ascending thing segments?
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Juxtamedullary Nephrons
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Whats another name for midcortical nephrons?
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intermediate
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What makes up the filtration apparatus?
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- Glomerular Turf of capillaries (10-20 loops)
- Bowmans capsule surrounds - Afferent/Efferent Arteriole - Vascular/Urinary Pole |
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What type of endothelium does the glomerular capillaries have?
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Fenstrated endothelium
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What does the endothelium of the glomerular capillaries have numerous amounts of?
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AQP-1; fast movement of water
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how would you describe the glomerulat basement membrane of the filtration apparatus?
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Thick GBM; PAS +
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What dose the GBM of the filtration apparatus do?
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It is thick; restricting the filtration of proteins (ie Albumin and Hb)
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What are visceral epithelial cells of the bowmans capsule called?
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Podocytes
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What is the function of podocytes?
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contributing to size selection and maintaining a massive filtration surface
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What are the secondary processes of podocytes that intermingle with neighboring secondary processes called?
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Pedicles/Foot Processes
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What is the space between the interdigitating foot processes?
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Filtration slits
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In the filtration apparatus; what is applied to either side of the continuous extracellular layer?
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the continuous extracellular layer is the basal lamina and the filtration apparatus has a semipermeable barrier having 2 discontinous cellular layers applied to either side of it
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Where are the few proteins that passes through the GBM reabsorbed via endosytosis?
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PCT
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What is a sign that there is damage to the GBM?
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Proteninuria or Hematuria
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What diseases can occur due to damage to the GBM?
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Diabetes Mellitus and SLE
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What creates the physical barriers of the filtration apparatus?
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Narrow slit pores formed by the pedicles and filtration silt membrane
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What is the mesangium?
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an inner layer of the glomerulus; within the basement membrane surrounding the gloumerular capillaries. A group of cells within the renal corpuscle
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What are the precursors of mesangial cells?
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Smooth Muscle Precursors
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What encloses the mesangium and the pericytes?
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the basal lamina of the gloumerular capillaries
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What is the function of mesangial cells?
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-major -> cleaning GBM
-Contractile -Phagosytosis -Structural support to podocytes |
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How does medangial cells act as phagocytes and what disease does this play a role it?
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Secretion of IL-1 and PDGF and plays central role in Glomerulonephritis
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What are mesangial cells called that are found outside the corpuscle; near the vascular pole?
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Lacis Cells
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What do Lacis Cells form a part of?
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JGA
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What can extreme exercise and severe dehydration cause? (relative)
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Proteinuria
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What are pathological causes for protinuria?
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renal disease; nephrotic and bephrotic syndromes (glomerulonephritis)
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What are the three parts of the JGA?
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-Macula Densa cells of DCT
-Juxtaglomerular cells modified smooth muscle cells of the Afferent arteriole - contain granules. -Extraglomerular mesangial cells |
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what is the site for renin secreting cells?
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Juxtaglomerular cells
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what is the function of the jga?
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Regulates blood pressure by activating the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system.
It plays an important role in maintaining sodium homeostasis & renal hemodynamics. |
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what synthesizes, stores, and releases renin into the blood stream,
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THE MODIFIED SMOOTH MUSCLE CELLS OF THE AFFERENT ARTERIOLE, aka the jga
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what is the action and couse of events of renin
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Angiotensinogen
Angiotensin 1 Angiotensin 2 Adrenal gland---------Aldosterone. Collecting ducts. Increase Reabsorption of Na+&H2O . Raises Blood Volume & Pressure |
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what converts ang 1 into ang 2
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ace
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where is ace located?
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ACE (Angiotensin Converting Enzyme)present in the endothelium of Lung capillaries.
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what does excessive production of ang 2 in lungs cause?
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Essential Hypertension
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what do ace inhibitors do?
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treat hypertension
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what are reninomas, how do they present
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tumors of JGA , Hypertension
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Major site of reabsorption.- Cuboidal epithelium with brush border composed of long straight microvilli
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PCT
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mitochondria vertically oriented at the base; makes up the basal strations
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pct
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how would you describe the dct; relative to the pct
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lesser microvilli than PCT. Extensive baso lateral plications & mitochondria.
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what can aqp blockers treat?
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Hypertension, CCF, Brain edema, regulation of intracranial & intraocular pressure
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what is the Initial & major site of reabsorption.
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pct
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what is the action of the Na+ / K+ ATPase pumps in the pct?
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– active exchange with increase of Na+ in the lateral intercellular compartment Na+ is followed by Cl - & then……by H2O
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what type of aqp is found in the pct?
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1
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other than h2o , what other compounds are absorbed
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Also –amino acids, sugars & polypeptides
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The countercurrent multiplier system : involves 3 structures :-
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Loop of Henle
Vasa recta Collecting duct. |
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vasa recta arise from the
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efferent arterioles of the juxtamedullary glomeruli
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Efferent arteriole from cortical glomerulus lead into
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peritubular capillary meshwork around the local uriniferous tubules.
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countercurrent multiplier system produces
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Hyperosmotic urine.
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Thin Descending Limb
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highly permeable to water Water diffuses out to the hyperosmotic interstitium .
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Thin Ascending limb
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highly permeable to NaCl –passive diffusion into interstitium. largely impermeable to water.
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ultrafiltrate that enters the thin descending limb is
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isosmotic as compared to plasma
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In the bottom of the loop (thin descending limb) it is
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hyperosmotic - as lots of water leaves the descending limb by passive diffusion . A small amount of Na+& Cl- enters it.
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The fluid that leaves the loop by the ascending limb is
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is hyposmotic ; many ions leave it making the fluid more watery.Besides, this part of the tubule is impermeable to water.
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what occurs in the dct
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increased reabsorption of Na+(into blood) & secretion of potassium K+(into the tubule) under Aldosterone regulation.
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what part of the tubule is under Aldosterone regulation.
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DCT
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what regulates and what happens in the Collecting Tubules & Duct
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Water permeability is regulated by ADH or Vasopressin (synthesised by the supraoptic & paraventricular nuclei of the Hypothalamus & stored in posterior lobe of Pituitary) & by Aquaporin regulated water channels.Lots of H2O is reabsorbed here.
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Absence of ADH
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Diabetes Insipidus
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Type of epithelium cells of the collecting tubules
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single layer epithelium with monocilia
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What are the regulated water channels within the collecting tubules and the collecting duct
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ADH (antidirettic) and AQP
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How do the cells of the collecting tubules transform as they pass from the outer to the inner medulla? and what type of cells exist in teh renal papilla?
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cells become taller and at teh renal papilla they are columnar
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What state is urine in when it is excreted?
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Hyperosmotic
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where does transitional epithelium exist in the uretha?
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from the calyces to teh initial segment of the urethra
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What is the missing layer in the ureters; bladder; and urethra's muscosa layer?
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no muscularis muscosae or submoscosa
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What arrangement is the muscles layer within the ureters; bladder; and urethra's muscosa layer?
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inner longitudinal and outer circular (opposite of GIT)
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