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183 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the Functions of the Ovaries
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Gametogenesis
Production of Steroid Hormones |
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What are the Hormones produced by the ovaries?
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Estrogen
Progestrone |
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What are developing gametes in the ovary called?
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Oocytes
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What are mature gametes in the ovary called?
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Ova
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What does the cortex of the ovary contain?
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Ovarian Follicles
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What are ovarian follicles embedded in?
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Stroma (CT)
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what type of cells cover the medulla of the ovary?
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the Germinal Epithelium; single layer of cuboidal or squamous
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What is located in between the Germinal epithelium and the cortex of the ovary?
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a dense tunica albuginea
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In the ovary; what cells contain Reinke Crystalloids and are related to the Leydig Cells of the testis?
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Hilar Cells
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What do Hilar Cells secrete?
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Androgens
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What does hyperplasia of Hilar Cells of the ovary lead to?
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Masculinisation
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What are the 3 Follicle Development Stages?
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Primoridal Follicle
Growing Follicle Mature aka Graafian Follicle |
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What are the 3 Substeps of the Growing Follicle?
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Primary Follicle
Late Primary Follicle Seconday/Antral Follicle |
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Cycling ovaries maintain follicles at all stages of development; but what stage is predominate?
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Primoridal Follicles
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When does Primoridal Follicles appear?
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During 3rd month of Fetal Development
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What structure in the ovary grows early and independent of Gonadotropin stimulation?
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Follicles
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What is a Follicle?
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Small secretory cavity, sac, or gland, (like a hair follicle); the sheath of cells and CT that surrounds the root of a hair
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What defines the primordial follicle?
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A single layer of squamous follicle cells that surrounds the oocyte with a basal lamina; closely apposed (close) to one another
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what surrounds the oocyte in the primordial follicle?
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Stromal (supportive tissue of an epithelial organ, tumor, gonad, consisting of CT and BV) Cells
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What does Stromal Cells later divide into?
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Theca Cells
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What is the first stage of the development of a Growing Follicle?
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Primary Follicle
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What occurs in the primary follicle?
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Oocyle enlarges
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What happens to the cells surrounding the primary follicle during development?
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Become cuboidal; become follicle cells
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What are Zona Pellucida found in?
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Primary Follicles
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What is secreted by the oocyte during the primary follicle phase?
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Zona pellucida
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What does zona pellucida look like?
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pink; refractile, gel-like layer
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What are Zona Pellucida rich in?
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GAGs adn Glycoproteins
(PAS+) |
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Where does the Zona Pellucida appear between; in the primary follicle?
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The oocyte and the follicle cells
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What transformation process does the follicle cells of the late primary follicle undergo?
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Undergo stratification (rapid mitosis)
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What does the stratification of the follicle cells in the late primary follicle form?
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A Granulosa Layer of primary follicle
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What does the formed granulosa layer of the primary follicle; formed in the late primary follicle develop between cells?
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Extensive Gap Junctions
--> There are no tight junctions as seen in testis; therefore there are no blood-follicle barriers |
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During the late primary follicle phase; what does the surrounding connective tissue form?
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Theca Folliculi
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What are the two layers of the Theca Folliculi?
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Theca Interna; rich vascular network; like an endocrine organ
Theca Externa |
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Where dose Maturation of the Oocyte occur?
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In the Primary Follicle
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As the Zona Pellucida is deposited by the oocyte; what else occurs?
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Numerous irregular microvilli projects from the oocyte into the perivitelline space and slender process project toward the oocyte from the granulosa cells
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Where is the preivitelline space located?
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Between the oocyte and the surrounding granulosa cells
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What happens to the projected microvilli from the oocyte; projected into the perivitelline space; and the processes from the granulosa cells toward the oocyte? What happens to the cytoplasm?
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Processes intermingle with microvilli and invaginate into the oocyte plasma membrane
No Cytoplasmic continuity between the cells |
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What does Theca Interna posses receptors for?
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LH-Luteinising Hormone
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What happens to Theca Interna in responce to LH stimulation?
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Synthesize and secrete Androgens
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What are Androngens precursors of?
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Estrogens
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What type of cells are the Theca externa made of?
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Mainly Smooth Muscle and collagen bundles
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What are the boundaries between the 2 Theca layers and the surrounding stroma?
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Indistinct
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Where can a distinct boundary be defined in the theca layers?
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basal lamina between the granulosa and theca layers
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What does the Theca Externa separate?
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The rich capillary bed of theca interna from the granulosa layer which is avascular during period of follicular growth.
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Whats another name for the Secondary Follicle?
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Antral Follicle
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What characterizes a secondary/antral follicle?
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Fluid containing Antum (Liquor Folliculi)
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What happens to the oocyte during the seconday/antral follicle phase?
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undergoes no further growth
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What inhibits the growth of the oocyte during the seconday/antral follicle stage?
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A peptide; OMI- Oocyte Maturation Inhibitor
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What is OMI secreted by?
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Granulosa Cells
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What are 3 factors for Oocyte and Follicular Growth?
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FSH
GFs - Epidermal GF; Insulin-like GF Ca+ Ions |
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What is a Graafian Follicle?
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A fluid-filled structure in the mammalian ovary within which an ovum develops before ovulation; aka Mature Follicle
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What are thickened mounds of Granulosa cells that projects into the antrum?
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Cumulus Oophorus
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What are cells of cumulus oophorus immediately surrounding the oocyte and remain with the oocyte during ovylation?
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Corna Radiata
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What do Graafian follicle cells do?
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Send microvilli through the Zona Pellucida to communicate with teh oocyte
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How does the graafian follicle microvilli communicate with the oocyte?
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Via Gap Junctions
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What does the Mature Follicle contain?
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aka Graafian Follicle; the mature seconday Oocyte
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During what period does the Thecal Cells become more prominent?
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Mature/Graafian Follicle Phase
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What follicle type secretes Androgens?
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Mature/Graafian Follicle cells
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What are Androgens converted into?
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Estrogens
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What cells convert androgens into estrogen?
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Granulosa Cells
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Granulosa Cells convert androgens into estrogen in response to what?
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FSH
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Postmenopausal increase in facial hair is due to a lack of what ?
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Conversion of androgens to estrogens
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Low estrogen production can be due to low levels of what hormone?
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Low FSH
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Where does the primary oocyte begin its 1st meiotic division of the embryo?
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In the Primordial Follicle
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What follicle phase is the 1st meiotic division in the embryo arrested?
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Primoridal Follicle
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What meiotic phase is the 1st meiotic division arrested in; in the primary oocyte, located in the primoridal folicle? how long?
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Dipotene stage of prophase; for 12-50 years
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When and where is the 1st meiotic prophase completed?
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Just before ovulation
In the ovary |
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Long period of meiotic arrest; may contribute to errors in meiotic division; ie non-disjunction; resulting in trisomies. for example presenting with?
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Trisomy 21
Down Syndroms |
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What main structures are within the mature follicle?
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One secondary oocyte and 1st polar body
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What follicle is the 1st polar body found in?
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The mature follicle
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How is the Chromatin and the Cytoplasma divided up between the oocyte and the 1st polar body?
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Equal amount of chromatin
but Secondary Oocyte receives most cytoplasm |
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what happens as soon as the 1st meiotic division is complete?
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Secondary oocyte begins the 2nd meiotic division (equatorial division)
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What stage is the 2nd meiotic division arrested in?
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at metaphase
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What is the state of the oocyte just before ovulation?
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2nd Meiotic division is in progress; but arrested in metaphase just before ovulation
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When is the 2nd meiotic division completed?
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Only if the secondary oocyte is penetrated by a spermatozoon; and thus fertilized
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What does penetrating of the spermatozoon cause to occur to the secondary oovyte?
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Secondary oocyte completes the 2nd meiotic division and forms a Mature Ovum with a set of 23 maternal chromosomes
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When is the 2nd polar body produced?
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Right after fertilization; as the secondary oocyte completes its 2nd meiotic division
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When does the 1st meiotic division begin and where is it completed? When is it completed?
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Begins in embroyonic life and is completed in the ovary
Just before ovulation |
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When does the 2nd meiotic division start and where is it completed?
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Starts in the ovary and completed in the Uterine Tube
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What happens to the 1st polar body?
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In humans; undergoes apoptosis
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What are Follicular Atresia?
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Remaining follicles in the ovary which do not attain maturation
They degenerate and disappear via this process |
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What mediates the Follicular Atresia process?
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Apoptosis of Granulosa cells
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Where are Atertic Follicles?
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follicles that degrade and disappear via a process called Follicular Atresia; shirk and disappear from stroma of ovary
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What is located between the follicle cells and the theca interna?
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A basement membrane
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What happens to the basement membrane of the Atretic Follicle?
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Separates and becomes thicker; forming a wavy; hyaline layer
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What is the Glassy Membrane?
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The basement membrane (located bw the theca interna and the follicle cells) of the Atretic Follicle forms this separated, thicker, wavy, hyaline layer
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Generally; what is Ovulation?
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combination of hormonal changes & enzymatic effects which are responsible for the actual release of the secondary oocyte
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When does Ovulation occur during the menstrual cycle?
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In the middle of the cycle
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When does the expulsion of the oocyte occur?
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At ovulation
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What occurs just before ovulation; facilitating the expulsion of the oocyte?
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blood flow stops to the small area of cortex overlying the bulging follicle. This area undergoes necrosis; facilitating the expulsion of the oocyte
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What is activation of spermatoza within the female Genital Tract known as?
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Capacitation
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Where does fertilization normally occur?
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Ampulla of Uterine Tube
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What must the spermatoza penetrate?
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Corona Radiata
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After a spermatoza penetrates the corona radiata; what does it gain access to?
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The Zona Pellucida
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How many sperms attach to the receptors of the Zona Pellucida? What occurs next?
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Many sperm may attach to the receptors of the Zona Pellucida; but only ONE penetrates it and completes fertilization
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When does fertilization occur; relative to the Zona Pellucida?
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After one sperm; of the many which are attached to Zona Pellucida; penetrates the Zona Pellucida
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What space does the sperm reach after piercing the Zona Pellucida?
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The Perivitelline Space
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What occurs when a sperm is in the periviteline space?
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Fusion of the plasma membrane of the sperm and the oocyte; and its male pronucleus (containing 23 chromosomes) is incorporated into the oocyte
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What does fusion of the two pronucleli result in?
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A Zygote; with Dipolid 2n and 46 chromosomes
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When does a Zygote under go its first cleavage? What does this mark?
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1st mitotic division; 1st cleavage; right after two pronucleus fuse
this is now a 2 cell stage and marks the Beginning of Embryonic Development |
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What is Corpus Luteum?
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Hormone-secreting structure that develops in an ovary after an ovum had been discharged, but degenerates after a few days unless pregnancy had begun
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What is the fate of a Follicle after the Ovum is discharged? (After ovulation)
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develops into Corpus Luteum; collapsed follicle becomes a Corpus Luteum ovulation
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In the development of Corpus Luteum; what is the first thing that happens to the follicle after ovulation?
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Corpus Hemorrhagicum;
bleeding into the cavity from vessels in the Theca interna |
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In the development of Corpus Luteum; what happens after Corpus Hemmorrhagicum?
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CT from stroma invades cavity
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What happens to granulosa and theca cells after ovulation?
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Dramatic morphological changes;
Luteal Cells increase in size - Fill with lipid droplets => Called Granulosa Lutein Cells and Theca Lutein Cells |
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What gives Granulosa Lutein Cells and Theca Lutein Cells a yellow color grossly?
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Lipochrome; a soluble, lipid pigment
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What does Corpus Luteum secrete?
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Progestrone and Estrogens
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What visual features do Corpus Luteum exhibit?
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Features of steriod secreting cells
-> Abundant sER & Mitochandria |
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What does withdraw of Progestrone and Estrogen cause?
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shedding of the endometrium => Menstruation
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What is the degenerated form of the Corpus Luteum called?
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Corpus Albicans; white scar
Disappears over a few months |
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If fertilization occurs; what does the Corpus Luteum develop into?
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Corpus Luteum of Pregnacy
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What keeps the Corpus Leteum from degenerating and where does it come from?
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hCG; via the chorion (outermost membrane surrounding an embryo; contributes to the formation of the placenta)
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During what week of pregnancy does the placenta produce sufficient progesterone and estrogen; and at this point, what is the function of Corpus Leteum?
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6 Weeks and although the placenta produces enough progesterone and estrogen; the Corpus Leteum still persists
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What is the first half of the menstrual cycle called?
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Follicular Phase
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What is the hormone of the Follicular Phase?
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Estrogen
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What is the 2nd half of the menstrual cycle called?
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Luteal Plase
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What is the hormone of the 2nd half of the Menstrual cycle?
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Progesterone
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What phase is the endometrium in during the Luteal Phase?
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Secretory Phase
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Relative to hormones; when does menstruation occur?
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when both hormones are withdrawn from circulation
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What is Stein-Leventhal Syndrome also known as?
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PCOD; Polycystic Ovarian Disease
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Generally; How does PCOD present?
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Bilaterally enlarged ovarties with numerous follicular cysts
associated with Oligomenorrhea (infrequent uterine bleeding) sometimes Menorrhagia (abnormal; heavy bleeding at menstration) Infertility Thick Tunica Albuginea |
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What does Oyster Ovaries describe?
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In PCOD the tunica albuginea becomes thick and the ovary looks like a small white balloon filled with marbles
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What composes the mucosa of the Uterine Tube?
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Simple columnar epithelium; with thin longitudinal folds which project into the lumen
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Where are the longitudinal folds of the uterine tube more numerous?
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More numerous and complex at the Ampulla
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What are the two types of cells int eh uterine tube?
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Ciliated Cells
Non-Cilliated Cells |
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Where dose the cillia of the ciliated cells of the uterine tube wave toward?
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The uterus
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What are "Peg" Cells of the uterine tube?
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non-cilliated cells of the uterine tube; secretory cells; responsible for nutrition for the ovum
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The epithelium of the uterine tube reacts to hormones in the cycle; but how does the ratio of the ciliated to the "peg" cells change during the hormone changes?
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Estrogen - Stimulates cilogenesis
Progestrogen - Increases number of secretory cells |
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What are the sublayers of muscle layer of the uterine tube?
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Inner thick Circular
Outer thin Longitudinal |
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After normal fertilization in the Ampulla; what does the Ovum do?
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remains in the tube for 3 days before it enters the uterine cavity
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What factors can affect the integrity of the tubal transport system; lead to an Ectopic Pregnancy?
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Inflammation
Use of IUCDs Surgical Manipulation Tubal Ligation |
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What are the layers of the Uterus?
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Body & Cervix
Endometrium Myometrium Perimetrum |
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What does the Uterine Artery supply in the Uterus?
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Stratum Functionale
Stratum Basale |
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Where are Spiral Arterioles located?
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Located at the interface between the Stratum Functionale and the Stratum Basale
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What happens to the Spiral Arteries during the menstruation cycle?
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Degenerate and regenerate as it is under the influence of Estrogen and Progesterone
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In the Uterus; what layer proliferated and degenerated during the menstrual cycle?
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Stratum Funtionale
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In the Uterus; what layer is retained during menstruation and serves as the source for the regeneration of the Stratum Functionale?
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Stratum Basale
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What hormone regulates the proliferative phase?
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Estrogens
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In the proliferative phase of the uterus; regulated by estrogens; 1. What is the thickness of the endometrium, 2. What type of cells line the narrow tubular glands, 3. and what features does the stroma exhibit?
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In the proliferative phase of the uterus
-Endometrium is ~3mm -The narrow tubular glands are lined by stratified columnar epithelium with mitosis -Stroma is compact and shows proliferative features |
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What phase of the Uterus does progesterone regulate?
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Secretory phase
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When does the secretory phase occur?
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a day or two after ovulation
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What is the thickness of the uterus during the secretory phase
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5-6mm
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What happens to the glands during the secretory phase of the uterus?
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Enlarge; corkscrew shape; lumina filled with secretions - Mucoid (rich in nutrients like Glycogens)
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What happens to the Storma during the secretory phase?
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Increased vasculariry and edma of stroma
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During the secretory phase of the Uterus; if implantation of the stromal cells occurs what is it converted into?
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Decidual Cells (large, pale cells rich in glycogen
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What phase of the Uterus does mitosis occur?
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Proliferative phase; rare in secretory phase
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What hormone regulates the Proliferative phase of the uterus?
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Estrogens
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What is the thickness of the Endometrium during the proliferative phase?
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3mm
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How are the glands described during the proliferative phase of the uterus?
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Narrow tubular glands; lined by stratified columnar epithelium
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What is the state of the Stroma during the Proliferative phase of the uterus?
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Compact and shows proliferative features
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What happens when both hormones are withdrawn?
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Menstruation
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Generally; what is menstruation?
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Changes in blood vessels; causes necrosis of endometrium and the endometrium is shed
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What is an Anovulatory Cycle?
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When ovulation does not occur
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Relative to estrogen and progesterone; what is an Anoculatory Cycle?
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Endometrium is exposed to unopposed estrogen action; no progestrone thus.. NO secretory phase
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What happens during the 2nd half of the menstrual cycle during an anovulatory cycle?
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no progestrone, uterus does not go into secretory phase; endometrium appears as Proliferative in the 2nd half of the cycle as well as in the 1st half;
Irregular bleeding may occur Patient may present as infertile |
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What are the 2 parts of the plancenta?
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Fetal portion and maternal portion
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What forms the fetal portion of the Placenta?
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Chorion
-Outermost membrane surrounding an embryo -2 Layers -Choronic Villi emerge to envade endometrium and allow transfer of nutrients from maternal blood to fetal blood |
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What forms the maternal portion of the plancenta?
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Decidua Basalis
-Decidua - Term for the uterine lining (endometrium) during a pregnacy; formed under the influence of progesterone |
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How does exchange of gases and metabolites occur from maternal to fetal blood?
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maternal blood passes over the surface of the chorionic villi
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What is the Endocervical Canal?
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another name for the Canal of the Cervix
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What "is" the endocervical canal and what does it lack?
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Large branched glands what secrete mucus; various types of mucus during different parts of the cycle
Lacks Spiral Arteriorles |
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What is a Nabothian Cyst?
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aka Nabothian Follicle; mucus-filled cyst on surface of cervix;
Most often caused when -> stratified squamous epithelium of the ectocervix (toward vagina) grows over the simple columnar epithelium of the endocervix (subdermal pockets) -Can create crypts and trap mucus inside -A type of metaplasia |
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What is the transformation zone of the Uterine Cervix?
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Junction between the stratified squamous epithelium (ectovervix) and simple columnar epithelium (endocervix)
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What characterizes the mucosal layer of the vagina?
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Stratified squamous epithelium
Rugae - numerous transverse folds Non-Keratinised |
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Generally; where are meissner's and pacinian corpuscles; and free nerve ending present in large numbers on the vagina?
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External Genitalia
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What are some examples of Ovarian surface epithelial tumors?
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Serous and Mucinous
Cystadenomas (Ovarian Cyst) Carcinomas - Cancer arising in the epithelial tissue of the skin or of the lining of the internal organs |
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What are Germ Cell tumors which can be found in the Ovary?
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Tertomas
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What is a benign smooth muscle neoplasm that is not premalignant?
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Leiomyoma
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What is a tumor of the muscular and fibrous tissues of the wall of the uterus?
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Fibroid (Leiomyoma)
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What is cancer of the epithelial tissue of the lining of the Uterus?
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Endometrial Carcinoma
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What is carcinoma of the squamous cells of the cervix?
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HPV
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What is a malignant tumor formed from the glandular structures in the epithelial tissue?
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Adenocarcinoma
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A mutation in what genes causes breast carcinoma?
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BRCA1 and BRCA2
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What are 4 non tumorous conditions the uterus can endure?
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Cervicitis
Endometriosis Ectopic Pregnancy PID (Pelvic Inflammatory Disease) |
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What are the mammary glands developed from?
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Milk Lines from axilla to inguinal region
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What type of modified glands are mammary glands and what are they under the influence of?
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-Modified apocrine sweat glands
-Under direct influence of sex hormones |
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What do the glands open up into?
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a Lactriferous duct; at nipple
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What type of cells make up the Lactiferous Sinus?
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Near the openings; it is lined with stratitfied squanous epithelium and the rest of it is cuboidal with a basal lamina
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What is located between the epithelium and the basal lamina in mammary glands?
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Myoepithelial cells
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What are the components of milk; secreted from the mammary glands?
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Merocrine (Protein Component)
Apocrine (Fatty or Lipid Compoent) |
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What are the steps of the hormonal control of lactation?
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Hypothalamus -> signal to Pituitary -> Ant Pituitary secretes Prolactin -> Oxytocin makes myoepithelial cells contract and ejects milk from acini and ducts
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Where does Oxytocin come from?
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neurohypophysis
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What does high levels of serum prolactin cause?
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Lactational Amenorrhea (a method of avoiding pregnancies)
Suppresses secretion of LH thus; no ovulation |
