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35 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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cell function
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independent synthetic activity as a unit; typical organization; shape varies with function
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stains
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H&E, Silver, PAS, Feulgen, Congo red (amyloid), prussian blue (iron)
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microscopy
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light (resolution of 0.2 um); phase contrast (living cells, different refractive index); immunofluorescence (Ag+Ab rxn with a probe), SEM, TEM; cell fractionation (centrifuge to separate)
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plasma mem function
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selective barrier, dielectric properties, mediating ion concentration, enzyme-substrate separation, regulate cell signals
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cell mem proteins
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integral- directly embeddied into lipid bilayer (extend through-transmembrane); peripheral- loosely bound to side
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cholesterol
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thoughout mem, stabilizes by limiting mvmt of phospholipids
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carbohydrates
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to protein as glycoprotein or glycolipid; components of receptors to regonize phagocytosis, Ab response, hormone activity, cell adhesion
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categories of integral proteins
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pump (H+, Na/K), channel, receptor, linker, emzyme, structural (ex: Integrin, Cadherin, Selectin); spectrin and Mfs-RBC mem
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vesicular transport
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endocytosis (large particles, phagocytosis, ligands, actin into MFs for psuedopod) and exocytosis (in secretory cells)
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receptor-mediated endocytosis
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vesicles lined by carb cell coat and surface enclosed in clathrin; macromlcs (LDL, HDL) cluster receptors by adaptin forming coated pit; dynamin pinches off coated vesicle
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mitochondria
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chemical ENG into APT; concentrated Ca and Mg into granules; enzymes for Krebs and fatty acid oxi; urea cycle, heme syn, hormone syn, high metabolic activity (cardiac,osteoclast) or active transport mech (pareital cell); heme for hemoglobin syn
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ribosomes
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rRNA and protein; basophilia to cell; produce protein to use in the cell (hemoglobin); in cancer cells, immature RBC, developing muscle cells, keratinocytes
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rER
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segregate protein for export or intracellular (lyso) utilization, glycosylation, phospholipid syn, posttranslational mod (hydrox, glyco, sulfation, phospho); in fibroblasts, plasma, osteoblast, lyso
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sER
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steroid syn (sex); dexot; break down glycogen, release/store Ca in muscle, lipid metabolism; cytochrome P-450 proteins; glucose-6-phosphatase in inner membrane (glycogen storage)
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Golgi vesicles
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small vesicles on cis from rER; larger vescles on trans(secretory granules, membrane protein-trans granules, prim lysosomes/endosomes)
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golgi functions
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glycosylates, sulfates, phosphorylates, cleaves proteins, packages, sorts lipids; Mannose6Phospate allows hydrolases to be directed into lysosomes
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lysosomes structure
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40+ hydrolytic enzymes (most glycoproteins); in macrophages, osteoclasts, WBC; primary haven't digested; primary fuses with phagosome and digestion follows; undigested-residual body/lipofuscin pigment
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lysosome function
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cellular defense, organelle turnover, degrade glycogen, cleave hormone in thyroid, release products externally, 49 LSDs; cathespin D enzyme used for breast cancer analysis
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peroxisomes
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oxidative enzymes (catalase, peroxidase); protect cell from H2O2; enzyme for fatty acid meta; in hepatocytes, macrophages; increased with drug clofibrate
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microfilaments
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protein actin (assoc myosin, troponin, tropomyosin); dynamic in nonmuscle (globular to filamentous); ftn in motility, shape, cytokinesis, receptor/organelle mvmt, phago/pinocytosis
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intermediate filaments
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not as dynamic; cell structure, junction stability, nuclear position; keratin-epithelial, vimentin-mesenchymal, glial-astrocytes, NFs-neurons, desmin-muscle, lamin-nuclei (plectin for binding to Mf, If, Mt)
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microtubules
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dimer tubulin; MAPS-motility, shape, organelle mvmt, chrom mvmt, cilia/flag/receptor mvmt; kinesin (center to periph.) and dynein (periph to MTOC)
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Alkaloids
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drugs colchicine, colcemid, vinblastine, vincristine bind to tubulin to prevent polymerization and inhibit mitosis; in cancer treatment
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Taxol
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stabilizes Mt, prevents depolymerizing, arrests cancer in cell division stages; acts on kinetochore to prevent chrom mvmt
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centrioles, BB, cilia, flagella
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composed of MTs; centrioles in pairs-MTOCs; BB from centrioles (9 triplets); BB form cilia and flagella; cilia are 9+2
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Inclusions
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secretory granules: release by meta, hormon, neural signals; others=stored food, pigment, crystalline
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nucleus
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genetic material, manufactures 3 RNAs; nuclear pores for mRNA and proteins; sex chromatin (barr body) is visible in interphase cell
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nucleolus
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rRNA, protein, in neurons, rRNA syn, initial ribo syn; cancer cells have multiple
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chromosome
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replicated has a centromere region where there is a kinetochore for MTs to attach
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interphase
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G1-RNA and protein syn; S-syn and replication of DNA and centrioles; G2-syn tubulin and accumulation of ERG; Gtd- leave cell cycle (muscle, nerve, adipose) to become specialized/terminal differentiated; G0-cell stopped dividing, reserve stem cells, basal cell of resp epi
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apoptosis
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individual cells; turn on genes to bring death; 18 genes; apoptotic bodies, no inflammatory response; DNA frag, decrease cell volume, mem blebbing (phosphatidyl serine flips), apoptotic bodies, loss of mito ftn
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necrosis
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pathologic, swelling, lysis, groups of cells; influx of water and ions, inflammatory response (neutrophils)
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cadherin A
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structural protein; binds epi cells, transmembrane, depends on Ca
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selectin
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important in blood cells sticking to endothelium and moving out of blood; integrin does this also
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proteasome
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destroys misfolded proteins; centrally hollow cylinder formed from multiple protein subunits; tagged by ubiquitin (76 aa)
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