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78 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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mural organization of blood vesssels
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wall of blood vessels may have several layers
-depends of the size of the vessel |
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tunica intima of blood vessels
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1. endothelium: simple squamous, cells have characteristic pinocytotic vesicles
2. subendothelium: fibrous CT 3. internal elastic membrane: condensation of elastic fibers |
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tunica media layers
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-mixture of smooth muscle and CT
1.vasa vasorum 2. nervi vasorum 3. external elastic membrane |
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vasa vasorum of tunica media
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-blood supply of vessel itself
- blood supply of large vessels which cannot survive by diffusion alone - located in the tunica media |
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nervi vasorum and external elastic membrane of tunica media
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1. nervi vasorum: nerve supply of large blood vessels
2. external elastic membrane: condensation of elastic fibers |
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arteries general
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tunica media predominates
- elastic membrane or fibers are present in larger arteries |
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elastic artery
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-largest arteries
- tunica media contains large amount of elastic fibers |
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muscular (medium) artery
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-internal elastic membrane is well defined: in specimen ungulated b/c smooth m of media contracts after tissue dies
- smooth muscle predominates in media |
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arteriol
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1-2 layers of smooth muscle
- metarteriole and precapillary sphincter best observed in the living animal |
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metarteriole
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-in live animal
- branch of arteriole with discontinuous layer of smooth m - acts as a central channel through capillary bed - controls flow of blood through capillary bed |
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precapillary sphincter
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- seen in live animal
-capillary with single layer of smooth m - controls flow of blood from metarteriole into capillary bed |
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arteriovenosus anastomosis
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-seen in live animal
- shunt around a capillary bed |
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fx of capillary
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means by which metabolities enter and waste products leave the CT
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general structure of capillaries
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-endothelial lined tubes with 7-9 microm diameter
- endothelium, basement membrane and thin adventitia - pericytes |
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pericytes of capillaries
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-isolated cells scattered along the capillary surrounded by basal lamina
-penetrate at points to touch the endothelial cell - undifferentiated cells: can become several cells, including smooth m |
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continuous capillary
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-no interruptions or pores
-tight junctions between cells - in muscle, lung, nervous tissue |
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fenestrated capillary
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-pores scattered throughout walls
- pore may or may not have a diaphragm: -porous: lacking diaphragm, in kidneys - where fluid transport is important |
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sinusoid capillary structure
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-larger lumen than other capillaries
- larges gaps between cells and pores through cells: allows proteins - incomplete basement membrane |
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sinusoid capillary fx
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-phagocytic cells associated with endothelium: monitor what goes through
- blood flow is very slow - liver and bone marrow |
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sinuses (capillaries)
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-largest lumen
-endothelial cells arranged longitudinally with intecellular gaps: looks like barrel with gaps between planks - incomplete basement membrane - spleen and lymph nodes |
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veins general
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-large lumen
- wall thinner than corresponding artery - t. adventitia predominates |
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venules
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endothelial tube surrounded by CT
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small veins
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acquire smooth m in wall
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medium veins
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-thin t. media
-well developed t. adventitia |
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large veins
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-circular smooth m in media
- longitudinal smooth m in adventitia - eg vena cava |
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valves of veins
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-extensions of the t. intima ( endothelium and CT)
-valves not present in vena cava and hepatic portal v |
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location of endocardium
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- glistening layers covering the inner surface
-continuous with the tunica intima of vessels that empty into and leave the heart |
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structure of endocardium
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1. endothelium: irregularly shaped cells
2. subendothelium: dense CT 3. myoelastic layer: elastic fibers |
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subendocardium of endocardium
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loose CT which contains cardiac conduction fibers in some areas
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thickness of endocardium
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thicker in atria than in ventricles
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myocardium structure
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-cardia m and CT
-muscle cells are smaller in the atrium than ventricle - atrial cells have atrial granules: atrial natriuretic peptide which regulates fluid balance |
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myocardium thickness
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-thinnest in the atria and thickest in the left ventricle
- capillary beds add rigidity |
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synonyms of epicardium
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-visceral pericardium
- visceral serous pericardium |
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epicardium structure
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-external layer of the heart
-single layer of mesothelial cells: epithelium lining serous body cavities -cells flat or cuboidal depending on the contractile state of the heart |
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subepicardium
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-CT has blood vessels, nerves, and varying amount of fat depending upon location
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pectinate mm
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-endocardial-myocardial projections
- ridges in atria (auricles) |
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papillary mm
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-endocardial-myocardial projections
-projection into ventricular lumen -anchors AV valve chordae tendinae |
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cardiac skeleton
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-dense fibrous CT
- consists of annuli fibrosi, trigone, IV septum - annulus and trigone around AV maybe be: 1. fibrocartilage in dog 2. hyaline in horse 3. bone in ruminant |
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valves of heart
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-folds of endocardium covering a core of dense CT
- endocardium thicker on blood flow side of AV valve - collagen thicker on back pressure side - no lymphatics or nerves present |
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sinoatrial and AV node
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-consists of smaller cardiac m fibers with fewer myofibrils called nodal fibers
- nerve fibers also present - impulse for heart contraction originates in SA node in the RA |
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AV bundle (bundle of His)
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-Purkinje fibers=
- large specialized cardiac m cells in the outer subendothelial layer and myocardium - few myofibrils - acetylcholinesterase and glycogen: create halo around nucleus when dissolved |
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blood and lymphatic supply to heart
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-coronary arteries branch into a dense capillary network
- capillaries drain through: 1. venules and veins to coronary sinus to RA 2. small cardiac v directly to chamber -all layers supplied by lymphatics |
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nerve supply to heart
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- doesn't originate the heartbeat but regulates rates and stroke volume
-both sympathetic and parasympathetic innervation: slow or speed up heart rate |
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pericardial sac
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1. parietal serous pericardium: inner layer next to the pericardial cavity
2. fibrous pericardium 3. pericardial mediastinal pleura: outer layer |
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plasma
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-electrolytes, proteins, peptides and hormones
- serum= plasma- fibrinogen -platelets: fragments of megakaryocyte |
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crossing of components of blood
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-plasma: can cross vessel wall of capillaries and lymphatics
- only WBCs can move across intact blood vessel walls |
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RBCs general
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-million/ microL blood
- biconcave disc - mammals: devoid of organelles -avian + reptiles: nucleated |
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RBC sizes in micrometers
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-goat and sheep: 4-5
- horse, ox, cat, pig: 6-7 -dog: 7 |
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anisocytosis
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variation in RBC sixze
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poikilocytosis
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variations in RBC shape
-common in sheep and goats |
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rouleau formation
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cells adhere to each other and resemble a stack of coins
-common in horses |
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crenation
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-cell shrinkage with multiple membrane projections, astral
- usually an artifact of smearing - common in pigs |
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leukocytes general
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1000s/microL of blood
- generally round, nucleated blood cell |
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nuclear shape of leukocytes
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-all have only one nucleus per cell
1. mononuclear: round nucleus 2. polymorphonuclear: several lobes or segments |
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cytoplasmic granules of leukocytes
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1. granulocyte: contains granules in cytoplasm
2. agranulocyte: lacks visible granules |
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neutrophils
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-polymorphonuclear: segmented nucleus
- pale granules: neutral reaction to the stain - most common WBC in cats, dogs, horses - phagocytic cell - acute infection: 1st cell to respond to infection or inflammation |
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eosinophils
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-polymorphonuclear: segmented nucleus
- large eosinophilic-staining granules: do not obscure nucleus -involved in regulation of inflammation -often seen in parasitic infection |
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basophils
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-polymorphonuclear, segmented nucleus
- basophilic-staining granules, can obscure nucleus - involved in regulation of inflammation - similar to mast cells |
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lymphocytes
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- mononuclear, non-segmented nucleus
- greater nuclear: cytoplasmic ratio that monocytes -pale blue cytoplasm which is generally agranular -most common WBC in ruminants and pigs - principle cells of immune response |
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lymphocytes size
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1. small: 8-9 microm
2. medium: 10-11 microm 3. large: >11 microm |
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monocytes
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-mononuclear agranulocyte, with variable nucleus
- cytoplasm grey-blue and often contains vacuoles - generally largest blood WBC: >15 - phagocytic cell - characteristic of chronic inflammation |
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mammalian platelets
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-lack a nucleus
-much smaller than RBCs: 1-3 microm - small fragments of cell cytoplasm released into the blood from megakaryocytes (cells that reside in the bone marrow) -blood clot formation |
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thrombocytes
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-avian and reptile
- nucleated, small than RBC: 3-5 mic - blood clot formation, analagous to platelet -own cell series, not from megakaryocyte - do not occur in mammals |
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heterophil
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-avians, reptiles, amphibians, and rabbits
-analagous to mammalian neutrophils: phagocytic - large, red rod-shaped granules |
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bone marrow fx
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-formation of blood cells and platelets
- involved in immune response |
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macroscopic appearance of bone marrow
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-found in the medullary cavity of bones
- highly vascular tissue -reticular cell framework that contains stem cells, maturing cells, and megakaryocytes -older, more adipose cells |
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red bone marrow
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-highly cellular
- active in blood cell formation - transitions to yellow marrow as individual ages |
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yellow marrow
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-infiltrated by fat cells
- less active in blood cell formation |
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cells of bone marrow
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-surround blood vessels
- include stem cells, maturing blood cells and mature blood cells, stromal cells |
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hematopoietic stem cells
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-cells that form blood
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colony-forming units
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cells identified by tissue culture studies which are thought to be precursors of specific cell lines
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uncommited stem cell
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-CFU-S or pluripotent hematopoietic stem cell (HSC)
- cell which reproduces itself and gives rise to all commited stem cells |
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committed (unipotent) stem cells
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-cells which will become either RBCs, WBCs, or megakaryocytes
1. CFU-E: RBCs 2. CFU-GM: granulocyte + monocyte 3. CFU-L: lymphocytes 4. CFU-Meg: megakaryocyte >> platelets |
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maturing cells of bone marrow
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1. red blood cell series
2. white blood cells series |
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megarkaryocytes
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-large, uninucleated polyploid cells
- often adjacent to the wall of the vascular sinusoid -produces platelets as fragments of its cytoplasm |
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other cell types found in bone marrow
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1. osteoclasts
2. osteoblasts 3. mast cells 4. macrophages 5. adipose cells |
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sources of blood supply to bone marrow
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1. nutrient artery
2. periosteal capillaries |
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bone marrow: blood barrier
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1. reticular cells: net-like reticular cells and fibers
2. basement membrane: discontinuous product of adventitial and endothelial cells 3. endothelial cells: have transient fenestrations -release of mature blood cells into blood circulation occurs through this structure |
