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186 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the three layers of blood vessels? From inside to outside
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Tunica intima
tunica media tunica externa (adventica) |
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what are the three layers of tunica intima?
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endothelium
subendothelium internal elastic membrane |
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what is the endothelium of the tunica intima composed of?
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simple squamous epithelium
cells have characteristic pinocytotic vesicles |
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what is the subendothelium of the tunica interna composed of?
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fibrous connective tissue
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what is the internal elastic membrane of the tunica interna composed of?
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condensation of elastic fibers
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what is the tunica media composed of?
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mixture of smooth muscle and ct.
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what are the three things that may be in tunica media if the vessel is large enough?
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vasa vasorum
nervi vasorum and external elastic membrane |
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where is the vasa vasorum located?
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in the tunica media and tunica externa
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what is the tunica externa composed of?
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connective tissue which blends into surrounding ct.
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what are the general characteristics of arteries?
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tunica media predominates, and elastic membranes are present in larger arteries
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what are the 3 types arteries?
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elastic
muscular arteriole |
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what are characteristics of elastic arteries?
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largest arteries
tunica media contains large amount of elastic fibers |
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what are characteristics of muscular arteries?
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internal elastic membrane is well defined and smooth muscle predominates in the media
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what are characteristics of arterioles?
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1-2 layers of smooth muscle
metaarteriole and precapillary sphincter best observed in the living animal |
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what is the metarteriole?
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branch of arteriole with discontinuous smooth m.
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what does the metarteriole act as?
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a central canal through capillary bed
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what does the metarteriole control?
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blood flow through the capillary bed
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what is the precapillary sphincter composed of?
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capillary with a single layer of smooth m.
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what does the precapillary sphincter control?
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flow of blood from metarteriole into capillary bed
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what is the arteriovenous anastomosis?
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shunt around a capillary bed
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What is the purpose of capillaries?
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means by which metabolites enter and waste products leave the connective tissue space.
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what is the general structure of capillaries?
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endotheliallly lined tubes with 7-9 um diameter
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what are the three layers of capillaries?
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endothelium, basement membrane, and thin adventicia
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what are pericytes?
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undifferentiated cells scattered along capillary surrounded by basal lamina.
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what are continous capillaries like?
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no interuptions or pores; tight junctions between cells
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where are continuous capillaries found?
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muscle, lung, and nervous tissue
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what is mural organization?
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wall of blood vessels may have several layers; depends on the size of the vessel. SO- layers of blood vessels
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what are fenestrated capillaries?
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pores scattered throughout walls, may or may not have diaphragm
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what are porous capillaries?
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fenestrated capillaries without diaphragms
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where are porous capillaries found?
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kidney- pores lack diaphragm
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what is a sinusoid lumen like?
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larger lumen than in other capillaries
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what are the gaps like in sinusoids?
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large gaps between cells and pores through cells
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what kind of basement membrane do sinusoids have?
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incomplete
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what type of cells are associated with the endothelium of sinusoids?
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phagocytic cells
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what is the blood flow like in sinusoids?
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very slow
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where are sinusoids located?
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liver and bone marrow
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What are capillary sinuses like in terms of size?
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largest lumen of the capillaries
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In the sinuses, endothelial cells are arranged ______ with _____ gaps.
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longitudinally with intercellular gaps
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what is the basement membrane like in sinuses?
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incomplete
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where are sinus capillaries found?
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spleen and lymph node
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what are the three general characteristics of veins?
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large lumen
wall thinner than corresponding artery t. adventica predominates |
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what are the 4 classifications by size of veins?
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venules
small veins medium veins large veins |
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what are venules composed of?
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endothelial tube surrounded by ct
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what are small veins composed of?
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acquire smooth muscle in wall
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what are medium veins composed of?
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thin tunica media; well developed t. adventica
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what are large veins composed of?
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circular smooth muscle in media
longitudinal smooth muscle in adventica |
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what are vein valves?
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extensions of the intima (endothelial and ct)
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where are valves not present?
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vena cava and hepatic portal v.
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What are the three layers of the heart?
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endocardium
myocardium epicardium |
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what is the location of endocardium?
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the glistening layers covering the inner surface, continous with the tunica intima of vessels that empty into and leave the heart
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what are the three layers of endocardium?
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endothelium
subendothelium myoelastic layer |
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what does the endothelium consist of in the endocardium ?
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irregulary shaped cells
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what is subendothelium of the endocardium consist of?
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dense ct
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what does the myoelastic layer of the endocardium consist of?
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elastic fibers
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what is the subendocardium?
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loose ct which contains cardiac conduction fibers in some areas
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where is endocardium thicker?
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thicker in atria than ventricles
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what is the structure of myocardium?
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cardiac muscle and connective tissue
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where are myocardium cells smaller and larger
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smaller in the atrium; larger in the ventricles
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atrial cells contain?
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atrial granules
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what are atrial granules?
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atrial natriuretic peptide which regulates fluid balance
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where are myocardia cells thicker, thinner?
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thinnest in the atria and thickest in the left ventricle
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what is epicardium also known as?
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visceral pericardium
visceral serous pericardium |
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where is epicardium located?
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external layer of the heart
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what type of cells does the epicardium contain?
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single layer of mesothelial cells, flat to cuboidal depending on the contractile state of the heart
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what is subepicardium?
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ct that has blood vessels, nerves, and varying amount of fat depending on location.
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what are the three endocardial-myocardial projections?
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pectinate mm.
papillary mm. trabeculae carnae |
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where are pectinate muscles found?
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ridges in atria (auricles)
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where are papillary muscles found?
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in ventricles, anchor AV valve chordae tendenae
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where are trabeculae carnae found?
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ridges in the ventricles
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what is the cardiac skeleton composed of?
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dense fibrous connective tissue
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what does the cardiac skeleton consist of?
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annuli fibrosi, trigone, i.v. septum
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what is the annulus and trigone around AV orifice for a dog?
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fibrocartilage
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what is the annulus and trigone around AV orifice for a horse?
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hyaline cartilage
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what is the annulus and trigone around AV orifice in ruminat?
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bone
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what are valves composed of?
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folds of endocardium covering a core of dense ct.
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where is the endocardium thicker on valves?
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on the blood flow side of the AV valve
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where is the collagen thicker on valves?
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back pressure side
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are lymphatics or nerves present in the valves?
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no
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what are chordae tendinae?
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collagen fibers which anchor av valves to pectinate mm.
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what are the 3 cardiac conduction system nodes we need to know for histo?
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sinoatrial node
atrioventricular node atrioventricular bundle |
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what does the SA and AV node consist of?
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smaller cardiac m. fibers w/ fewer myofibils called nodal fibers.
Nerve fibers |
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what does the atrioventricular bundle consist of?
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cardiac conduction fibers (purkinje fibers)
few myofibrils acetylcholinerstaerase + rich in glycogen |
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where are purkinje fibers?
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large specialized cardiac m. cells in the outer subendothelial layer and myocardium
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coronary arteries branch into ?
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a dense capillary network
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how do capillaries drain?
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venules to veins to coronary sinus to right atrium
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how do small cardiac veins drain?
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directly to chamber
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what are the three layers of the pericardial sac? from inside out
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parietal serous pericardium
fibrous pericardium pericardial mediastinal pleura |
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what is blood composed of?
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plasma, cells, and platelets
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what is plasma?
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fluid containing electrolytes, proteins, peptides and hormones
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what is the difference between plasma and serum?
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plasma contains the protein fibrinogen, serum is the result of blood clot formation and does NOT contain fibrinogen
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blood cells include?
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erythrocytes and leukocytes
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what are platelets a fragment of?
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megakaryocyte
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what are the 2 components that can cross intact blood vessel walls?
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plasma and cells
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how does plasma cross blood vessel walls?
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can cross vessel wall of capillaries and lymphatics
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how do cells cross blood vessel walls?
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only white blood cells can move across intact blood vessel walls
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how much RBC's are found in blood?
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millions/microliter of blood
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what is the shape of RBC?
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generally round cell shaped as a biconcave disc
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what is the difference between mammalian RBC and avian RBC?
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mammalian RBC no organelles
avian RBC contain organelles |
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what is the common size of RBC in the goat and sheep?
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4-5 micrometers
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what is the size of RBC of horse, ox, cat, and pig?
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5-6 micrometers
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what is the size of RBC of the dog?
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6-7 micrometers
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what is the function of erythrocytes?
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carry oxygen to the tissues of the body
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define anisocytosis
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variation in size
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define poikilocytosis
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variation in shape
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define rouleau formation
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cells adhere to each other and resemble a stack of coins- common in horse
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define crenation
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cell shrinkage with multiple membrane projections, usually an artifact, common in pig
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what is the normal counts of WBC?
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1000s/ microliter of blood
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what is the shape of WBC's
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round, nucleated blood cell
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what are the two nuclear shapes of leukocytes?
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mononuclear and polymorphonuculear
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what is the shape of mononuclear leukocytes?
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round nucleus
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what is the shape of polymorphonuclear leukocytes?
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several lobes or segments
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how many nuclei do leukocytes contain?
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only one
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what are the two types of cytoplasmic granules of leukocytes?
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granulocyte and agranulocyte
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define granulocyte
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contains granules
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define agranulocyte
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lacks visible granules
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what are the three types of polymophonuclear granulocytes?
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neutrophil
eosinophil basophil |
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what is the most common leukocyte in dogs, cats, and horses?
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neutrophil
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which polymorphonuclear granulocytes have segmented nuclei?
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all of them
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what polymorphonuclear granulocytes are involved in the regulation of inflammation?
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eosinphil and basophil
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which polymophonuclear granulocytes are phagocytic?
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neutrophil
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which type of WBC is seen commonly with a parasite infection?
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eosinophil
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what WBC is similar to mast cells?
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basophil
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how do basophils stain?
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basophilic-staining granules (can obsure nucleus)
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how to neutophils stain?
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pale granulocytes, neutral reaction in the stain
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how to eosinophil's stain?
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large eosinophilic-staining granules (do not obsure nucleus)
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what are the two types of agranulocytes?
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lymphocytes and monocytes
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how many lobes do neutrophil nuclei usually have?
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3-4 each
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what is a heterophil?
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the neurtrophil of rabbits, birds, reptiles, and amphibians- it is big and red
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what is an easy way to differentiate eosinophils from neutrophils?
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eosinophils have bright reddish granules in their cytoplasm.
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which WBC releases heparin?
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basophil
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what is the lymphocyte nucleus like ?
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non-segmented
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what is the cytoplasmic to nuclear ratio in a lymphocyte?
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greater nuclear: cytoplasmic ratio
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what is the most common leukocyte in pigs?
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lymphocyte
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what are the principle cells of the immune response?
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lymphocytes
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what is the size of lymphocytes?
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small 8-9 um
medium 10-11 um large > 11um |
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what is the nucleus like of the monocyte?
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non-segmented but highly variable
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what is the cytoplasm like of monocytes?
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grey-blue in color and often contains vacuoles
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what is the cytoplasm like in lymphocytes?
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pale blue cytoplasm which is generally agranular
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what is the largest leukocyte ?
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monocyte >15 um
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what type of agranulocyte is phagocytic?
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monocyte
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which leukocyte is characterisic of common inflammation?
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monocyte
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do mammalian platelets have a nucleus?
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no
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what is the size of mammalian platelets?
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1-3 um smaller than an erythrocyte
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what do platelets fragment from?
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cytoplasm released from megakaryocytes into the blood, which are cells that reside in bone marrow
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what is the function of platelets?
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blood clotting
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what are thrombocytes?
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avian and lower vertebrate version of platelets
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do thrombocytes contain a nucleus?
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yes
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what is the size of thorombocytes?
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3-5um, smaller than an erythrocyte
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what is the function of thrombocytes?
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blood clot formation
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where do thrombocytes fragment from?
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they don't! they are their own cell series
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do thrombocytes occur in mammals?
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nope
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what are heterophils?
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they are the avian and lower vertebrate version of the neutorphil
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what do heterophils look like?
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they have large red rod-shaped granules
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what are the two functions of bone marrow?
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formation of blood cells and platelets and involved in the immune response
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where is bone marrow found?
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in the medullary cavity of bones
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is bone marrow vascular?
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yes, highly, this is the prominent blood supply
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what is bone marrow composed of histologically?
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reticular cell formation that contains stem cells and maturing cells plus megakaryocytes
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what is red bone marrow consist of?
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it is highly cellular
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what is the function of red bone marrow?
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active in blood cell formation
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what happens to red bone marrow as the individual ages?
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transistions into yellow marrow
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how is yellow marrow infiltrated?
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by fat cells
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is yellow marrow active?
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it is but less active than red bone marrow
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where are cells of bone marrow located?
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around blood vessels
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what are the types of cells (non-specific) of bone marrow?
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stem cells, maturing blood cells, and mature blood cells, stromal cells
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what are hematopoietic stem cells?
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cell that form blood
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what are colony forming units?
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cells identified by tissue culture studies which are thought to be precursors of specific cells lines
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what do hematopoetic stem cells form?
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colony forming units
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what are colony forming units?
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cells identified by tissue culture studies which are thought to be precursors of specific cell lines
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what are the 2 divisons of CFU's in hematopoetic stem cells?
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uncomitted stem cell
committed (unipotent stem cell) |
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what are uncomitted stem cells?
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CFU-S or pluripotent hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) cells which give rise to all committed stem cells
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what are committed stem cells?
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cells which either become RBC, WBC, or Megakaryocyte
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what are CFU-E?
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Erythrocytes
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what are CFU-GM?
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Granulocyte + Monocyte
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what are CFU-L?
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Lymphocytes
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what are CFU-Meg?
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Megakaryocyte>>platelet
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what are the two types of maturing cells of bone marrow?
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1.RBC series
2.WBC series |
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what do megakaryoctyes look like?
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large, uninucleated polyploid cell
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what are megakaryoctyes often adjacent to?
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the wall of the vascular sinusoid
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what do megakaryocytes produce?
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platelets as fragments of its cytoplasm
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what are the 5 "other" cells found in bone marrow?
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osteoclasts, osteoblasts, mast cells, macrophages, adipose cells
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what are the two sources of blood supply to bone marrow?
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nutrient artery
periosteal capillary |
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what are the three parts of the bone marrow: blood barrier?
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1. reticular cells
2. basement membrane 3 endothelial cells |
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what are the reticular cells of bone marrow blood barrier like ?
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net-like reticular cells and fibers
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what is the basement membrane of bone marrow blood barrier like?
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discontinuous productg of adventitial cell and endothelial cell
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what are the endothelial cells like in blood marrow blood barrier?
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have transient fenestrations
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where is the release of mature blood cells into blood circulation occur?
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in the bone marrow: blood barrier
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