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236 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Sensory Nerve Fibers that receive and transmit information from the environment to the CNS.
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Afferent Nerve Fibers
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Motor Nerve Fibers that transmit information generated in the CNS to the periphery.
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Efferent Nerve Fibers
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A Neuron is composed of ______
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Dendrite, Cell body, and one axon
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Where are cell bodies found?
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Brain, Spinal cord, and Ganglion of PNS
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The CNS is composed of ____?
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Brain and Spinal Cord
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The PNS is composed of ____ and ___.
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Nerves and Ganglion
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The 2 types of PNS nerves are____.
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(31) Spinal nerves and (12) Cranial Nerves
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What are the 2 types of Spinal motor nerves?
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Somatic and Autonomic
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The brain and spinal cord develope from the ____
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neural tube
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Neural crest cells develope into _____
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Sensory nerve fibers, sensory neurons (dorsal root ganglia), autonomic ganglia, and schwann cells
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What substances are transported anterograde?
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Mitochondria, Neurotransmitters, structural proteins
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What substances are transported retrograde?
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degraded molecules andproteins, subunits of microtubules, building blocks of neurofilaments, some viruses
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The MAP associated with anterograde is _________ , and retrograde is _______.
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Kinesin, Dynein
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Axon terminal ends dilate to form ____.
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terminal boutons
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Axons can branch off to form ____.
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collateral branches
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Major organelles of the dendrites.
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Microtubules, neurofilaments, microfilaments, mitochondria;
Proximal may contain nissl bodies and parts of the Golgi |
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Major organelles of the soma.
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Nucleus, Golgi, nissl substance, cytoskeleton, mitochondria
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Major organelles of the axon
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cytoskeleton (microtubules and neurofilaments), mitochondria, SER, transport vessicles
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Major organelles of the axon terminal
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synaptic vesicles, mitochondria, neurotransmitters
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nissl bodies are composed of ______ and _____, and are stained with ____ dye.
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RER and ribosomes; basic
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The preferred dendrite site for some synaptic contacts.
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Dendrite Spine
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dendrite tree
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The total array of dendrites
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Kinesis transports toward the ______ or _______ end, and is known as _______.
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axon; plus end; anterograde
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Dynein transports toward the ______ or ______ end, and is known as _______.
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soma; minus end; retrograde
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The 3 speeds of axonal transport are _____ for _______, ______ for _______, and _______ for _______.
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slow, soluable proteins such as cytoskeletal proteins and enzymes
intermediate for mitochondria fast; vesicles of NT precursors and membrane comppnents |
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The ______ ending of axons contain _______, membrane packets of NT molecules.
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presynaptic; synaptic vesicles
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The action potential is generated at the ______.
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axon hillock initial segment, spike trigger zone
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A _____ neuron has one dendrite.
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bipolar
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A _____ neuron has no dendrite.
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Pseudounipolar
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A _____ neuron has more than one dendrite.
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Multipolar
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The specialized functions of bipolar neurons are ______, ______, and ________.
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smell in the olfactory mucousa;
light and color in the retina; sound asociated with cranial nerve 8 in the ear |
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The darkest neuroglial cell is the _______.
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oligodendrocytes
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The _____ produces myelin in the _______, while the PNS myelin is produced by the _______.
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oligodendrocytes; CNS; schwann cells
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The largest neuroglial cells are ______, which are found in the _______.
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Astrocytes; CNS
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A unique protein to the astrocyteis the _____.
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Glial fibrillar acidic protein (GFAP)
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Astrocytes bind neurons to _____ and ______.
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capillaries and pia matter
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Astrocytes in grey matter are known as _______ and, while those in white matter are known as _____.
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protoplasmic astrocytes; fibrous astrocytes
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Protoplasmic astrocytes have ______.
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short branched processes
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Fibrouis astrocytes have ______.
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Few long processes
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The function of astrocytes is to ________, through their _______.
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transfer molecules and ions from the blood to the neuron; end feet
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When the CNS is damaged, _____ proliferate to form scar tissue.
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astrocytes
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Astrocytes form ____ between each other.
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Gap junctions
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Ependymal cells are low ____ epithelial cells lining the ______ and the ________.
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columnar; ventricles of the brain ; central canal of the spinal cord
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_____ cells facilitate movement of the CSF.
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ependymal
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One oligodendrocyte can wrap _____ axons.
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several
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Microglial cells originate from _______.
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bone marrow
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______ nueroglial cells function as phagocytes clearing debris and damaged structures in CNS.
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microglial cells
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Microglial have a _____ nucleus, compared to the ______ nucleus of other glial cells.
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elongated; spherical
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In nervous tissue _____ cells, when activated become antigen- presenting cells.
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Microglial
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In MS, _____ cells phagocytose and degrade _____ by receptor mediated phagocytosis and lysomal activity.
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microglial; myelin
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The _____ is the layer of astrocyte end feet that protect the brain.
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glia limitants
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The only neuroglial cell that resides in the PNS
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schwann cells
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In a mylenated fiber, the innermost and outermost lips are known as the ____.
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inner and outer mesaxon
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Each schwann cell can only myelinate _____ internode of a single axon.
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one
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Each schwann cell can envelope ______ unmylinated axons.
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several
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_____ is known as the AP jumping from node to node.
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saltatory conduction
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Flattened out schwann cells that surround neuronal cell bodies in the PNS
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satellite cells
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The myelin between 2 nodes
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internode
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Major dense lines are formed from the _______ leaflet.
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inner
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intraperiod lines are formed from the _____.
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outer leaflet
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Impulse propagation is _____ and requires ______ energy than saltatory conduction.
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slower; more
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The external fibrous CT of nerves which also fills the the spaces between bundles of fibers.
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epineureum
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Bundles of nerve fibers are surrounded by ______
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perineurium
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Perineurium cell layers are joined at their edges by ______.
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tight junction
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The thin layer of reticular fibers produced by the schwann cells.
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endoneurium
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Sensory ganglia receive _____ impulses and relay information to the _____ matter of the _____ via synapses with local neurons.
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afferent; gray; spinal cord
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_____ is formed from cytoplasm that is not displaced during myelin formation.
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schmidt langerman cleft
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The two types of sensory ganglia
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spinal and cranial
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______ ganglia have large neuronal cell bodies with prominent fine nissl bodies surrounded by abundant satellite cells.
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spinal
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_____ gangli appear as bulbous dilations in autonomic nerves.
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autonomic
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The neurons of sensory ganglia are ______.
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pseudounipolar
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Autonomic ganglia usually have ______ neurons.
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multipolar
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Sensory ganglia of the spinal nerves are called _____.
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dorsal root ganglia
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Sensory ganglia house cell bodies of _____ neurons, while autonomic ganglia house cell bodies of _______ nerves.
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sensory; postganglionic
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In the ANS the first neuron is contained in the ______ and its fibers are known as ______.
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CNS preganglionic
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The second neuron in the ANS is contained in the ______ with fibers known as _______.
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autonomic ganglion; postganglionic
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The somatic nervous system has _____ neurons involved, while the ANS has ____.
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1; 2
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The Sympathetic nervous system ______ respiration, BP, HR, and blood flow to the skeletal muscles, _____ the pupils and _____ visceral function.
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increases; dilates; slows down
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The parasympathetic nervous system ______ respiration, BP, HR, and blood flow to the skeletal muscles, _____ the pupils and _____ visceral function.
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decreases; constricts; increases
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The chemical mediator present in the synaptic vesicles of all preganglionic endings and at anatomically parasympathetic post ganglionic endings.
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acetylcholine
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The only organ that receives preganglionic fibers is the _____ , which releases ________.
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Adrenal medulla; norepinephrine and epinephrine
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The sympathetic nervous system is also called the _____, because its nuclei are located ______.
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thoracolumbar division; T1 to L3
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The preganglionic fibers of the thoracolumbar division leave the CNS through the ______ roots and the white communicating rami of the ______.
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ventral; thoracic and lumbar nerves
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The chemical mediator of the postganglionic fibers of the sympathetic system is ______.
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norepinephrin
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Nerve fibers that release Ach are known as _____, while fibers that release norepinephrine are _____.
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cholinergic; adreneric
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Sweat glands and blood vessels of the skeletal muscle are innervated by ______ fibers.
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adregenic
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Parasympathetic system nuclei are located in the ______, ______, and _____.
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medulla; midbrain; sacral spinal cord
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Preganglionic fibers of the Parasympathetic system leave through the ______.
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cranial nerves III,VII,IX and X
and the 2nd,3rd, and 4th sacral spinal nerves. |
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The parasympathetic system is also called the _______.
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cranialsacral division
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In the brain the ____ matter forms the cortex and the _____ matter forms the medulla.
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gray; white
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The gray matter of the cerebral cortex has ____ layers.
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6
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The outer layer of the cerebellar cortex that has a sparseness of nuceli and dendrites
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Molecular layer
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The central layer cells of the cerebellar cortex with conspicous cell bodies and highly developed dendrites.
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purkinje cells
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The inner layer cells of the cerebellar cortex with very small neurons and is compactly disposed.
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granule layer
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In the spinal cord ____ matter is peripheral and _____ matter is central.
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White; gray
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_____ is remanants of the lumen of the embryonic neural tube.
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central canal
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The gray matter in the legs of the spinal cord H form the anterior horns and contain _____ neurons whose axons make up the ____ roots.
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motor; ventral
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The gray matter in the arms of the spinal cord H form the posterior horns which receive _____ fibers from the ____ ganglia.
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sensory; spinal
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____ neurons convey impulses from receptors to the CNS, _____ neurons convey impulses from the CNS or from ganglia to effector cells, and _____ neurons form an integrating network between them both.
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sensory; motor; interneurons
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The most abundant neuron is _____ and it is ____ polar
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interneuron; multi
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The outer most CT that is continuous with the peristoneum of the skull.
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dura mater
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The delicate CT loosely joined to the dura matter
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arachnoid matter
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The arachnoid matter has _____ that extend to the pia mater.
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arachnoid trabeculae
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The space bridged by the arachnoid trabeculae is the ______ space, which contains ____.
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subarachnoid; CSF and large blood vessels
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The ____ mater lies on the brain and spinal cord and is continuous with the perivascular CT of the blood vessels of the brain and spinal cord.
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pia
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Both surfaces of the arachnoid, the inner surface of the pia mater, and the trabeculae are covered with a thin ______ epthelial layer.
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squamous
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The dura mater is seperated from the arachnoid by the thin _____.
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subdural space
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The BBB is contributed by the ______ cells of the capillaries through ______ junction which are also continuous with the end feet of ________.
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endothelial; tight; astrocytes
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_____ can easily enter the BBB, while _____ passes through active transport
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oxygen, carbon dioxide, water and small lipid soulable material;
glucose, AA, certain vitamins |
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Within the ventricles of the brain, the ____ composed of folds of _____ mater produce CSF.
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choroid process; pia
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CSF fills the ____, ____, and _______.
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ventricles, central canal, subarachnoid space
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CSF is important for _____ and _____.
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metabolism of the CNS; mechanical shock
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Decreased absorption of CSF back to the venous system leads to _____
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hydrocephalus
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In muscle tissue, the cell is known as a ______, the cytoplasm as _______, cell membrane as ______, the SER as _______, and occasionally mitochondria as _______.
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Muscle fiber; sarcoplasm; sarcolemma; sarcoplasmic reticulum; sarcosomes
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All three muscle types are derived from the ______, except for the smooth muscle of the eyeball which is derived from the ______.
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Mesoderm; ectoderm
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The functions of skeletal muscle are ______,______, and ________.
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Movement of bones; posture; heat production
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Skeletal muscle is known as a _____, because it is multinucleated.
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Syncytium
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Skeletal muscle cells are formed from the fusion of precursor cells known as ______.
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Myoblasts
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Each skeletal muscle cell is _______ and the strength of each fiber is directly dependent on its _______.
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Cylindrical; diameter
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In adult muscle the precursor cell that can form new muscle when tissue is damaged.
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Satellite cells
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Red: type I skeletal muscles are naturally red colored, are ____ twitch but repetitive, _____ fatigued, _____ in diameter, ______ in myoglobin, _____ in density for mitochondria, and perform _______ for energy.
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Slow; not easily; smallest; rich; largest; oxidative phosphorylation
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______ skeletal muscles are naturally pale colored, are ____ twitch, _____ fatigued, _____ in diameter, ______ in myoglobin, _____ in density for mitochondria, and perform _______ for energy.
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White: type IIB; fast; easily; largest; poor; smallest; glycolysis
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Skeletal muscle is responsible for _____ movement, and is innervated by _____ neurons.
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Voluntary; somatic motor
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Fibers that share qualities between the 2 extremes of red and white fibers.
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Intermediate: Type IIA
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Red fibers generate _____ muscle tension than white fibers.
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less
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Red: Type I fibers make up _____ motor units, which are typically found in the ______ and the ______.
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Slow twitch; limbs; long muscles of the back.
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White: Type ___ fibers make up _____ motor units, which are the principle fibers in the ______ and the ______.
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IIA; fast-twitch; extraocular muscles; muscles of the digits
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_____ is the sheath of dense CT that surrounds the entire muscle, and has ____ and _____ penetrate through it.
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Epimysium; major vascular; nerve supplies
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_____ is the sheath of CT that surrounds the entire fasicle, and has ____ and _____ travel through it.
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Perimysium; blood vessels; nerves
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_____ is the delicate sheath of CT that surrounds the entire muscle, and has ____ and _____ present, running parallel with the muscle fibers.
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Endomysium; small diameter capillaries; the finest neuronal branches
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A muscle is made of bundles of _______
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Fascicle
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A fasciculus is made of _______
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Muscle fibers
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A muscle fiber contains ______, which are composed of bundles of myofilaments, that are repeating assemblies of thick and thin filaments
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Myofibril
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Thin and thick filaments are ________.
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Myofilaments
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The functional unit of each myofibril, composed of accessory proteins, myosin, and actin.
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sarcomere
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Under a light microscope, the light bands are _____, and have a thin visible center called the _______,while the dark bands are _____.
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I bands; z line; A bands
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The H band only contains ______, while the I band only contains _____.
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Myosin; actin filaments
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The center of the sarcomere.
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M line
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During shortening of the sarcomere, the _____ and _____ shorten, while the ____ stays constant.
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I band; H band; A band
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Thin filaments are _____, polymer formed from _____ actin molecules.
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F- actin; G- Actin
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Thick filaments are ______ molecules that aggregate in parallel but ______ array, with heads pointing _____ from the center of the sarcomere at a ____ angle.
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Myosin II; staggered; away; 60 degrees
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The ____ end of the thin filament is attached to the Z disk.
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Plus
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Each G- actin site has a binding site for _____.
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Myosin
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_____ blocks the active site on actin.
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Tropomyosin
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_____ and ____ mask the myosin binding sites on actin molecules.
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Troponin and tropomyosin
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_____ consists of a double helix of 2 polypeptides to form filaments that run in the groove of the F filament.
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Tropomyosin
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One troponin complex contains 3 globular subunits with _____ binding to _____ anchoring the troponin complex, _____ binding to ____ in the initiation of contraction, and _____ that usually inhibits the actin myosin interaction.
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TnT; tropomyosin; TnC; calcium ions; TnI
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Calcium binds on ____ causing its configuration to change, causing _____ to move away from the actin- myosin binding sites.
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Troponin; tropomyosin
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The myosin II molecule is composed of 2 ___ chains and 2 pairs of ___ chains.
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heavy; light
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The myosin head has 2 binding sites, binding ___ and _____, as well as _____ activity.
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Actin; ATP; ATPase
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When myosin binds to the actin filament, ______ is released and the head bends toward the ___.
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ADP and P; H zone
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When the myosin head bends toward the H zone, ___ binds to the ____, releasing the myosin head from the actin.
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ATP; ATPase
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____ is split, in order for myosin to resume its original position.
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ATP
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As long as there is ____ and ____ present, the sarcomere will continue to shorten, but if no ____ is present, the binding will not release, which is the basis for ______.
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Calcium ions; ATP; ATP; Rigor Mortis
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Myosin can be cut into a heavy and light _____ with ______.
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Meromyosin; trypsin
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The _____ can be cut with ____ to form the S1 and ___ pieces.
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Heavy meromyosin; papain; S2
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Thin filaments are helped to be anchored and bundled into parallel arrays with ____ at the z disc.
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Alpha actinin
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______ constitutes the M line where _____ is held.
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Myomesin; myosin
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____, a very elastic, spring like protein that connects the thick filament to the z disc
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titin
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An elongated non elastic protein that connects to the z disc and the tip of the thin filament.
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nebulin
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A myosin binding protein that serves the same function as myomesin.
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C protein
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Actin capping protein.
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tropomodulin
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One thick filament is surrounded by ___ thin filaments.
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6
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_____ is an invagination of the plasma membrane extend deep into the interior of the fiber and facilitate the conduction of waves of depolarization along the sarcolemma.
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t- tubules
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The rapid delivery and removal of calcium is done by the _____ and _____ derived from the plasma membrane.
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sarcoplasmic reticulum; T system
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Under a LM a myofibril is recognized by its _____ outer covering.
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sarcoplasmic reticulum
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At the junction of A and I bands the sarcoplasmic reticulum form ______.
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terminal cisterna
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The complex of T- tubule and 2 _____ form the ____.
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terminal ciserna; triad
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In the triad, the ____ release and reaccumulate calcium, while the _____ provides for their excitation.
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terminal cisterna; t- tubule
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As Calcium interacts with troponin, _____ simultaneously returns calcium into the ____.
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calcium ion activated ATPase in the sarcoplasmic reticulum; terminal cisterna
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The muscle- nerve junction is known as the _____ or ____.
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myoneural junction; motor end plate
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_______ are folds of muscle cells in the synaptic cleft.
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secondary synaptic cleft
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Individual muscle fibers do not show _____ contraction, but rather have a _____ response.
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graded; all or none
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Growth of skeletal muscle is increase in the ____ of a fiber, known as _____.
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volume; hypertrophy
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Skeletal muscle can be regenerated as long as the ____ and ____ are intact.
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external lamina; satellite cells
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___ is a toxin produced by clostridium botulinum that interferes with the release of ____ and leads to _____
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botulism; ACH; paralysis
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_____ is an autoimmune disease characterized by muscle weakness, where autoantibodies attach to ____ receptors.
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Myasthenia gravis; ACH
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_____ is the receptor in the stretch reflex.
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Muscle spindle
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The 4 major components of blood are ____,____,____, and _____.
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RBC; WBC; platelets; plasma`
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____ are cell fragments, important for blood clotting.
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platelets
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The prteinacious solution that imparts blood its fluid property.
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plasma
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The clear yellow fluid that remains after blood coagulates.
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serum
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Formed elements in plasma are ____ and ___.
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erythrocytes; leukocytes
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When centrifugation and anticoagulants are added to blood the supernatant is the _____, and under it are the _____, ______, and _______.
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plasma; platelets; WBC; RBC
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A ___ is an estimation of total RBC levels, which should read _______.
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hematocrit; 35-45%
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After centrifugation and anticoagulation of a blood sample, the ____ is the upper part of packed cells that is about ___ % of the entire sample, and contains the ____ and ____.
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buffy coat; 1%; leukocytes; platelets
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RBCs in circulation is regulated to meet ____, and is adjusted by the main hormone ____ that is secreted by the ______.
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oxygen carrying needs; erythropoeitin; kidneys and liver in fetus
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RBC is in a ____ shape to maximize their ___ and to ____.
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biconcave; SA/V ratio; fit through small capillaries
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____ is fragile different sized blood cells.
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anisocytosis
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During formation RBC lose their ______ and only keep their ____.
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nucleus and organelles; cytoskeleton
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RBC get energy through _____, using glucose in the _____.
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glycolisis; plasma
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The enzyme that allows RBC to carry carbon dioxide.
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carbonic anhydrase
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RBC cell membranes eventually rupture or they are ______ in the ________.
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phagocytosed; spleen, liver or bone marrow.
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Immature erythrocytes that have a slight basophilia.
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reticulocytes
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Hb results in RBC's ____ staining property
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acidophilic
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Blood smears use _____ stains under the LM.
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Wrights
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Eosin is ____ dye that appears _____, while methylene blue is a _____ dye.
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acidic; red; basic
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The peripheral proteins in which ____ is predominant form a cytoskeleton lattice on the ____ surface of the RBC cell membrane.
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spectrin; interior
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The lattice in RBC is anchored to the cell membrane by _____ to Band 3 and short actin pieces to ___ and ____.
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ankyrin; band 4; glycophorin
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Defective ankyrin or spectrin cause problems with _____.
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biconcave shape
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____ is an integral protein that transports carbon dioxide from inside to outside of the cell.
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Band 3
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Erythroblastosis fetalis occurs in _____ newborns delivered by _____ mothers.
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Rh D +; Rh D -
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Administration of _____ will prevent Rh incompatibility reactions in future pregnancies.
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anti- D antibodies (RhoGAM)
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The A,B and O locus are on chromosome ___
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9 at a single locus
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Hereditary spherocytosis is a ____ disorder, which is characterized by defective ____ or _____ .
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somatic dominant; ankryin; spectrin
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Symptoms of Heriditary spherocytosis include
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increased anemia and billirubin
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____ is the movement of leukocytes across the endothelial lining of blood vessels to interstitial fluid.
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diapedesis
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The granulocyte cells are ______, which are acidophilic, _____ which are basophilic, and _____ which are azurophilic.
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eosiophils; basophils; neutrophils
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The agranulocytes are ____ and _____.
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lymphocytes; monocytes
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Neutrophils have nuceli that are _____.
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polymorphonuclear, having severl lobes linked with chromatin
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____ are the bodies first line of defense for infections and the major component of pus.
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neutrophils
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The primary granules of neutrophils are _____ and also contain the unique enzyme ____.
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nonspecific lysosomes; myoleperoxidases (MPO)
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The secondary granules of neutrophils are ____ and contain ______.
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specific granules; antimicrobe agents (lysozyme, lactoferrin)
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Tertiary granules of neutrophils contain _____, ___, and _____ which facilitates migration by ____.
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cathepsins; glycoproteins; gelatinase; breaking fibers of CT
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In neutrophils ____ granules are the first attackers of microbes, while ____ granules fuse with phagosome microbes if they are still alive.
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secondary granules; azurophilic granules
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____ are seen in female neutrophils.
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Drum stick chromosome (Barr body)
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____ are a younger form of neutrophil which are distinguished by their ____.
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Band form; non segmented U shaped nucleus
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WBC that have a bilobed nucleus _____, and function in respone to ____ and _____.
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eosinophils; allergic reactions; parasitic infections
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The specific granules of eosinophils are in the ______ which is very basic, and the _____, which contain histaminase, asylsulfatases, RNAase, and cathepsin.
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Internum; Externum
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The ____ with its _____ in eosinophils accounts for its major basic protein which is ____.
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Internum; cytoxin
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The externum of _____ contain histaminase asylsufatase, RNAase and Cathepsin.
|
eosinophils
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____ down regulate the release of eosinophils from the bone marrow.
|
corticosteroids
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_____ specific granulocytes stain metachromatically with basic dye because of _____.
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basophils; heparin sulfate
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Basophils compared to other granulocytes have ____ and ___ granules.
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fewer; irregular shaped
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Basophils contain ____ and _____ that cause ______, and also are capable of generating leukotrienes.
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heparin sulfate; histamine; vasodilation
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____ supplement mast cells in ______.
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basophils; immediate hypersensitivity reactions (anaphylaxis)
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Depending on different markers on cell membranes, lymphocytes can be divided into _____ and _____, and into _____ which dont have markers at all.
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B cell; T Cell; Natural Killer
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T- cells can differentiate into ____, ____, and ______.
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helper T cells; cytoxic T cells; Suppressor T cells
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B cells are involved in ____ immunity while T cells are involved in _____ immunity.
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humoral; cell mediated
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Lymphocytes do not become _____, but rather are ____ stimulated to enlarge and differentiate into ____ and ___ cells.
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phagocytotic; Antigen; effector; memory
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IgE are present on ______ WBCs.
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Basophil membranes
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____are the only leukocytes that return from the tissue to the blood during diapedesis.
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lymphocytes
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_____ have a spherical nucleus with ____ cytoplasm.
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small lymphocytes; scanty
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_____ have an eccentrical nucleus that is oval, horeshoe, or kidney shaped.
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monocytes
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_____ are precursors in the blood to macrophages.
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monocytes
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Monocytes have a ____ color in smears because of its ______ granules.
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bluish- grey; azuophilic
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