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133 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Cells |
Smallest structures and functionally self-contained units in the body |
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What are the common physiologic properties that cells permit? |
Excitability- a response to adapt change Synthesis- ability to form substances Membrane transport- fluids, elements,and compounds move in and out of cells Reproduction- giving rise to an offspring |
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The building blocks of tissues in the body are attached to each other and to non-cellular surfaces by? |
cell junctions |
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Desmosomes |
cell-to-cell attachments ex- ameloblasts and stratified squamous epithelium cells |
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Tight junctions |
cells attach to each other by fusion of their cell membranes ex- adjacent odontoblasts (dentin forming cells) form tight junctions that prevent substances in the pulp to the dentin |
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Gap junctions |
contain a channel that runs between cells for communication of cell electrical impulses and passage of molecules ex- present between some odontoblasts, allowing them to coordinate their activity |
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Hemidesmosome |
attachment of a cell to a noncellular surface ex- basal layer of cells attached to the basement membrane |
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Cells are surrounded by a? |
cell membrane |
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what do cell membranes do? |
separate the cell from the extracellular environment |
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cell membranes enclose all components of the cell which include: |
cytoplasm organelles inclusions nucleus |
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T or F: cells that recognize one another will group together. |
true |
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T or F: cancer cells DO NOT recognize each other. |
true |
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what is the organizational order from smallest to largest? |
cells, tissues, organs, organ systems |
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surrounds the cell and is semi-permeable, allowing some substances to pass through it and others to be excluded; trilaminar structure with a bipolar membrane of lipids and proteins |
cell membrane |
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Translucent, aqueous, homogeneous gel enclosed in the cell by the cell membrane; organelles and inclusions are suspended in the cytoplasmic gel; all metabolic activities occur here. |
cytoplasm |
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Controls the two major functions of the cell; chemical reactions and stores genetic info |
nucleus |
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genetic info is stored in what? |
chromosomes, chromosomal deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) |
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The human nucleus contains how many chromosomes? |
46 |
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Each nucleus contains one or more round, dense structures referred to as the? |
nucleolus |
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What does the nucleolus produce? |
ribosomal ribonucleic acid (RNA) |
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How many types of RNA are necessary for protein synthesis? |
3: mRNA, tRNA, and rRNA |
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Copies of short segments of DNA, contains all the genetic info of proteins but must pass through the ribosomes attached to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) |
messenger RNA (mRNA) |
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As the mRNA passes through the ribosomes, ____ adds the exact amino acids to the newly forming proteins (carrier of specific amino acids) |
transfer RNA (tRNA) |
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Found free floating in the cytoplasm (polyribsomes) or attached to the ER. |
ribosomal RNA (rRNA) |
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Protein synthesis can also occur on ______ floating freely in the cytoplasm and are used in cellular metabolic processes |
polyribosomes |
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What are transitory, nonliving metabolic byproducts found in the cytoplasm of the cell called? |
Inclusions |
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membrane-bound organelles responsible for the breakdown of foreign substances that are engulfed by the cell by the process of phagocytosis or pinocytosis |
Lysosomes |
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Which vitamins/mineral are important stabilizers for the lysosome's membraine? |
Vitamin A and E and zinc |
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Consists of stacks of closely spaced membranous sacs, in which newly formed proteins are concentrated and prepared for export out of the cell. Is the major site for membrane formation and recycling. |
Golgi complex |
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This structure provides the chief source of energy for the cell "powerhouse" by oxidation of nutrients through enzymatic breakdown of fats, amino acids, and carbs. |
Mitochondria |
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The mitochondria transforms the chemical energy bond of nutrients into the high-energy phosphate bonds of? |
adenosine triphosphate (ATP) |
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A single cell may contain 50 to 2500 mitochondria depending on the cell's? |
energy needs |
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Extensive membranous system found throughout the cytoplasm of the cell; composed of lipoproteins membranes existing in the form of connecting tubules and broad flattened sacs (cisternae) |
endoplasmic reticulum (ER) |
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what are the two types of ER? |
granular or rough-surfaced endoplasmic reticulum (RER) agranular or smooth-surfaced endoplasmic reticulum (SER) |
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contains ribosomes that are attached to the cytoplasmic side of the membrane; site of protein synthesis |
RER |
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no ribosomes are present and is the site of steroid synthesis |
SER |
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Thread-like structures approx. 7-10nm thick |
filaments and tubules |
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Delicate tubes 20 to 27nm wide, found in cells that are undergoing mitosis and alterations in cell shape (cell morphology) |
microtubules |
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Cylindrical structures composed of microtubule-like components; function in cell replication and the formation of cellular extensions |
centrioles |
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What is extracellular fluid? |
fluid mass that circulates outside and between cells; must be regulated exactly |
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What is intracellular fluid? |
fluid located inside the cells of the body; must also be regulated exactly |
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Define homeostasis |
the delicate balance maintained between the two fluid compositions |
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Transport through cell membranes happens through which processes? |
diffusion osmosis active transport phagocytosis pinocytosis |
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diffusion |
continuous movement of molecules among one another in liquids or gases; direction is from high concentration to low concentration (diffusion gradient) |
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osmosis |
process of net diffusion of water through a semi-permeable membrane caused by a concentration difference |
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osmotic pressure |
pressure that develops in a solution as a result of the net osmosis into that solution; pressure is affected by the number of dissolved particles per unit volume of fluid |
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isotonic solution |
when placed on the outside of a cell, will not cause osmosis |
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hypertonic solution |
when placed on the outside of a cell, will cause osmosis into the cell |
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active transport |
process used by a cell when large quantities of a substance are needed inside the cell and only a small amount of the substance is present in the extracellular fluid; pumps the substance against its concentration gradient |
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phagocytosis |
movement of a solid particle into the cell; cell wall invaginates around the particle; pinches off from the rest of the membrane and floats inward |
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pinocytosis |
movement of fluid into a cell; the cell invaginates around the fluid |
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the process of cell replication is called? |
mitosis |
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what are the 5 stages of mitosis? |
interphase prophase metaphase anaphase telophase (IPMAT) |
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interphase |
the genetic material of each chromosome replicates; chromosomes are dispersed as chromatin material in the nucleus |
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prophase |
chromosomes coil and contract; each chromosome consists of a pair of strands called chromatids, which are held together by a centromere; the nunclear envelope disappears; the centriole divides, and the two centrioles move to oppoiste sides of the poles; spindle fibers develop |
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metaphase |
chromatids line up at the center; spindle fibers attach at the centromere; the centromere replicates, allowing the separation of chromatids |
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anaphase |
spindle fibers pull the new chromosomes to opposite poles of the cell |
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telophase |
a nuclear membrane forms around each set of chromosomes; centrioles replicate each other |
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What are the four types of tissue in the human body? |
epithelial connective nerve muscle |
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epithelial tissue functions: |
protection absorption secretion |
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what are the 3 types of epithelium cells? |
squamous cuboidal columnar |
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what type of epithelium lines the oral cavity? |
stratified squamous epithelium |
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What other types of cells are found in epithelium? |
melanocytes- produce melanin inflammatory cells- transient cells langerhans cells- antigen-presenting cells merkel cells- mechano-receptors |
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connective tissue proper |
develops from the embryonic mesenchyme; contains large amounts and various types of intercelluar material and few cells, highly vascular |
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what are the two main functions of connective tissue proper? |
1. provides mechanical and biological support 2. provides pathways for metabolic substances and thus aids in the distribution of nutrients |
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what are the different types of connective tissue? |
bone- hard and calcified cartilage- firm but flexible reticular- network of branching fibers; provides a connection between structures bone marrow- where blood cells are made lymphoid tissue- tonsils and lymph nodes fat or adipose tissue- provides insulation dental tissues- pulp, dentin, cementum |
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Dense connective tissue |
heavy, tightly packed collagen fibers; main function is to resist tension; present in the gingiva |
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Loose connective tissue |
collagen and reticulin fibers extending in all directions; main function is to provide biologic support and fill the spaces between organs and tissues |
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What are the different types of connective tissue cells? |
fibroblast- produce fibrous matrix and ground substance macrophages- capable of digestive activity mast cells- contain vesicles filled with heparin and histamine mesenchymal cells- primitive cells; can differentiate into various connective tissue cells for lost or diseased tissue |
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cells that are normally in the bloodstream but move in and out of the blood vessels into connective tissue include? |
monocytes PMN (polymorphonuclear leukocytes) lymphocytes plasma cells |
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The matrix of connective tissue is composed of some or all of the following fibers: |
collagen fibers- most abundant reticulin fibers elastic fibers oxytalan fibers |
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Ground substance |
amorphous substance that consists of many large, highly organized carbohydrate chains attached to long protein cores |
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what are the 3 types of cartilage? |
hyaline cartilage- most abundant type fibrous cartilage elastic cartilage |
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Bone |
a specialized vascular connective tissue composed of a mineralized organic matrix; the inorganic component of bone is hydroxyapatite |
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What are the two main functions of bone? |
1. provides skeletal support and protection of soft tissues 2. Reservoir for calcium and phosphorous ions |
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What are the critical levels of calcium and phosphorous in the blood? |
100mg of calcium per 100mL of blood 600mg of phosphorus per 100mL of blood **when these two ions drop below these levels they CAN be withdrawn from bone |
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what are the two types of bone? |
Compact bone- dense bone that continues as a solid mass Trabecular (spongy or cancellous bone)- composed of a central medullary cavity filled with either red or yellow bone marrow and with intervening spicules of bone |
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bone forming cells are known as? |
osteoblast- produced from undifferentiated mesenchymal cells of the periosteum, endosteum, and periodontal ligament |
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periosteum |
connective tissue that covers the outer aspects of bone |
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endosteum
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more delicate layer connective tissue lining the inner aspect of bone, contains the trabeculae and Volkmann's canal
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PDL
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a specialized periosteum because it covers the outer aspects of alveolar bone; is capable of forming bone and cementum
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When do osteoblast become incorporated into bone?
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during their formation, they occupy a space called a lacuna
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Lacunae are connected to each other by means of a system of canals called?
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canaliculi
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Both compact and trabecular mature bone are formed in layers called what?
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lamellae
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what are the 3 distinct types of lamellae arrangements in all mature human bone?
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1. concentric or haversian system- arranged in ciricles around a blood vessel (haversian canal) 2. interstitial lamellae- fill the space between the concentric circles of the haversian bone system 3. lamellar bone- is not arranged in circles and is found on the surface of most bones ex- subperiosteal and sub-endosteal |
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Bone resorbing cells are known as?
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osteoclast
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osteoblast that are embedded in the lacunae of bone matric and that maintain bone tissue are known as?
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osteocytes (mature bone cells)
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What are the three main components of bone?
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cells fibrous matrix- collagen fibers ground substance- proteoglycans |
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What are the two ways that bone is formed?
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intramembranous ossification endochondral ossification |
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intramembranous ossification
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mesenchymal cells move closer together (condensation), differentiate into osteoblast, and begin to deposit bone matrix, this is how the maxilla and mandible are formed
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endochondral ossification
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future bone is preformed in a cartilage model that is eventually resorbed and replaced by new bone formed by osteoblast. This is the process by which all long bones form in the human body.
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endochondral ossification process
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1. original hyaline cartilage is calcified in the center of the diaphysis 2. blood vessels invade the center of the shaft 3. the marrow space appears in the center of the shaft, and bone formed around the diaphysis 4. bone formation continues in the shaft, secondary ossification sites appear in the heads of the bones 5. a disc of cartilage remains between bone forming the head and the shaft |
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What are the structures of long bones?
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Diaphysis (shaft)- thick compact bone Epiphysis (ends)- spongy bone covered by a thin layer of compact bone Metaphysis- transitional region between the epiphyses and the diaphysis |
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while active, the epiphyseal growth plate usually has 4 zones, proceeding from first to last, what are they?
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1. primary spongiosa with resorption 2. hypertrophy and provisional calcification 3. proliferation 4. resting zone
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The vascular system develops from what cells embryonically?
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mesenchymal cells that come together to form tubular structures composed of endothelial cells
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exchanges of gases and substances occur in the?
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capillary beds
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what are the functions of the vascular system?
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a. carries nutrients, oxygen, and hormones to all parts of the body b. carries metabolic waste products to the kidneys c. transports inflammatory cells and antibodies d. maintains a constant body temp |
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lymph vessels
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empty into filtering organs (nodes) and generally flow toward larger lymph vessels (thoracic duct and right lymphatic duct) lymph then enters the venous branches of the circulatory system
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arteries
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largest of the blood vessels carry blood AWAY from the heart |
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veins
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usually accompany arteries by carry blood TO the heart, contain 70% of total blood volume at any given time
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capillaries
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simplest of the blood vessels, form a barrier between blood and tissues, transport of substances occurs here; blood passes through the capillary bed from the arterial side to the venous side
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what are the three types of blood cells?
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red blood cells (erythrocytes)- most numerous white blood cells (leukocytes)- granular and nongranular platelets- cell fragments, no nuclei |
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what is plasma?
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liquid portion of blood
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what are the functions of RBC?
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contain hemoglobin, which carries oxygen from lungs to tissues
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what are the functions of WBC?
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fight off infections, to scavenge foreign invaders, and to repair tissue
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what are the granular leukocytes?
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PMNs- first line of defense Eosinophil's- involvement in allergic reactions Basophils- antigen involvment |
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what are the non-granular leukocytes?
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Monocytes- can becomes macrophages in connective tissue Lymphocytes- produce ANTIBODIES |
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what are the functions of platelets?
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promote blood clotting
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what is the function of the lymphatic system?
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protect and maintain the INTERNAL fluid environment of the body
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what are the main functions of the nervous system?
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1. direct and maintains the complex internal environment of the body 2. integrates and interprets incoming stimuli and directs appropriate responses at a conscious or unconscious level |
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What are the 3 parts of the nervous system?
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Central nervous system (CNS)- brain and spinal cord Peripheral nervous system (PNS)- composed of 31 pairs of spinal nerves and 12 pairs of cranial nerves Autonomic nervous system (ANS)- controls and regulates visceral activities such as digestion at an unconscious level |
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Afferent nerves
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transmit impulses (sensations) from the periphery to the CNS (sensory input)
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Efferent nerves
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transmit impulses (commands) from the CNS to muscles and other organs (motor output)
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What are the two divisions of the ANS?
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sympathetic parasympathetic |
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sympathetic division
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fight or flight, dilated pupils
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parasympathetic division
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rest and digest, constricted pupils
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neurons
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structural components of nerve tissue; receive and transmit info; consists of cell body, dendrites, and axon
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cell body
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contains the nucleus and organelles; located in the ganglia in the CNS and the PNS
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dendrites
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conduct impulses TOWARD the cell body
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axons
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conduct impulses AWAY from the cell body
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what are the 3 types of neurons?
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multipolar bipolar unipolar |
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glial cells
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provide structural support and nourishment for the neurons; Schwann cells in the PNS and satellite cells in the ganglia
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synapse
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an area that occurs between two neurons or between a neuron and its effector (muscle or gland)
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neurotransmitters
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chemicals released from the neuron as electrical impulses travel along the axon and reach the terminal end
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what are the two types of neurotransmitters?
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acetylcholine- secreted by cholinergic fibers (PNS) norepinephrine- secreted by adrenergic fibers (SNS) |
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myelin sheath
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fatty layer surrounding the axon of the nerve
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neurilemma
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continuous sheath that encloses the segmented myelin sheath of some nerves
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neuroglia
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extremely soft tissue that supports the nervous tissue of the brain and spinal cord
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free nerve endings
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end portions of afferent (sensory) axons no longer covered by a supportive Schwann cell; found in DENTAL PULP and ORAL EPITHELIUM
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encapsulated nerve endings
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composed of several portions of afferent axons surrounded by a capsule of several Schwann cells without a myelin sheath and some connective tissue; associated with touch perceptions found in the LAMINA PROPRIA of the ORAL MUCOSA and the PERIODONTAL LIGAMENT
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muscle tissue
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composed of mainly cells called muscle fibers, from embryonic mesenchyme cells; contracting ability is a result of actin and myosin (contractile protein filaments)
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What are the 3 types of muscle tissues?
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skeletal (striated)- conscious control smooth- ANS control cardiac- both skeletal and smooth characteristics; involuntary; purkinje fibers- conduct messages through heart; bundle of his- band of specialized cardiac muscle fibers |
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muscle contraction
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stimulated by one or many nerves; actin and myosin filaments slide past each other, shorten the length of the individual sarcomere (sliding mechanism), and cause total shortening of the muscle fiber
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