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137 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What type of tissue is blood?
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blood is a specialized type of connective tissue (has a liquid extracellular matrix)
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What percent of blood volume is cells? Plasma?
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cells-45%, plasma-55%
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What is a hematocrit?
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the volume of blood cells, expressed as a percentage
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How is a hematocrit obtained?
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It is obtained by centrifuging blood treated with anticoagulant
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What percent of blood are leukocytes (white blood cells)?
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1%
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What is used to manually make blood smears?
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a glass slide
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What automated machine is used to make blood smears?
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slide spinner
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What stains are typically used to stain blood smears?
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Wright's or Giemsa Stain
--eosin and methylene blue |
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What color to basophilia cells stain with Wright's Stain?
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purple to black
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Nexium
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Esomeprazole
proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) which block the production of acid by the stomach |
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What color do azurophillia cells stain with Wright's Stain?
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reddish purple
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What color do neutrophilia cells stain with Wright's Stain?
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light pink to lilac
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What percent of plasma does water account for?
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91-92%
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What percent of plasma do proteins account for?
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7-8%
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What percent of plasma do solutes other than proteins account for?
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1-2%
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what proteins are found in plasma?
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albumin, globulins (alpha, beta, and gamma), fibrinogen, & complement proteins
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where is albumin synthesized?
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liver
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what are the functions of albumin?
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maintaining osmotic pressure and trasnporting lipophillic substances
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what type of globulin are immunoglobulins?
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gamma-globulins
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where are non-immune globulins synthesized?
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liver
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where is fibrinogen synthesized?
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liver
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what is the main purpose of fibrinogen?
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blood clotting
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what molecule do blood-borne enzymes convert fibrinogen into?
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fibrin, which forms structural framework for blood clots
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where are complement proteins synthesized?
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liver
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what percent of leukocytes do neutrophils account for?
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60-70%
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what percent of leukocytes do eosinophils account for?
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2-4%
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what percent of leukocytes do basophils account for?
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0-1%
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Which are the most common leukocytes?
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neutrophils
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Which are the least common leukocytes?
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basophils
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Which leukocytes are considered granulocytes?
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neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils
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which leukocytes are considered agranulocytes?
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lymphocytes and monocytes
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how big are erythrocytes?
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7.8um x 2.8um
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which cellular organelles remain in mature erythrocytes?
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none
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what remains in a mature erythrocyte?
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plasma membrane
hemoglobin cytoskeleton glycolytic enzymes |
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how long is the lifespan of an erythrocyte?
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120 days
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what proteins make up the cytoskeleton of an erythrocyte?
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spectrin, actin, ankyrin, tropomyosin and other proteins
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what is the function of spectrin?
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to maintain the biconcave shape of red blood cells
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what protein has the A and B antigens attached?
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glycophorin
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Where are the antigens for blood groups A, B, AB, and O located?
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in the plasma membrane of red blood cells
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What are the three major causes of anemia?
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Excessive blood loss
Increased RBC destruction (Hemolysis) Decreased RBC production |
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What is the definition of anisocytosis?
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red blood cells of unequal size
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What are two examples of microcytic, hypochromic anemias?
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iron deficiency anemia and thalassemias
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what is the cause of sickle cell disease?
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single point mutation in HbA
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What ccauses hereditary spherocytosis?
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defect in spectrin gene expression
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what is the result of spherocytosis?
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spherical red blood cells, resulting in a dark center rather than the typical light center
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What does ovalocytosis mean?
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oval-shaped red blood cells
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what is the cause of pernicious anemia?
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vitamin B12 deficiency attributed to an autoimmune condition with antibodies against intrinsic factor
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where is intrinsic factor synthesized?
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parietal cells in the stomach
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what is intrinsic factor important for?
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vitamin B12 absorption
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What is an example of a megaloblastic (macrocytic) anemia?
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pernicious anemia
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what is another name for platelets?
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thrombocytes
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what is the smallest element in the blood?
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platelets
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what are the major roles of thrombocytes?
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blood clots
clot contraction clot removal |
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what shape are the nuclei of platelets?
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platelets don't have nuclei
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how are platelets formed?
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they are formed by budding from large cells in the bone marrow, called megakaryocytes
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what is contained in the alpha granules of a platelet?
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fibrinogen, von Willebrand's factor VIII, and thromboplastin
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what is contained in delta granules of a thrombocyte?
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serotonin, and adenosine diphosphate (ADP)
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what is contained in lambda granules of a thrombocyte?
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lysosomal enzymes
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what is a platelet granulomere?
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central organelle zone of a platelet
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what is a platelet hyalomere?
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outer structural zone of a platelet
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what is contained in the platelet hyalomere?
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microtubules
microfilaments canaliculi |
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what is contained in the platelet granulomere?
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alpha, delta, and lambda granules
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what is hemostasis?
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blood clotting
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what are the three mechanisms that work together to stop bleeding?
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vasoconstriction
platelet plug formation clotting of blood |
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what are two vasoconstrictors released at the sites of injury?
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thromboxane
serotonin |
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what inhibits platelet aggregation in healthy blood vessels?
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prostacyclin released by healthy epithelial cells
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what enzyme stimulates cleavage of fibrinogen to fibrin monomers?
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thrombin
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what stimulates the polymerization of fibrin monomers?
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calcium
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what causes fibers of fibrin polymers to crosslink and catch red blood cells forming a clot?
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Factor XIII
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what are the two types of granules possessed by granulocytes?
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azurophilic granules
specific granules |
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what is contained in azurophilic granules?
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lysosomes and lysosomal enzymes
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what type of granules are contained by agranulocytes?
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azurophilic granules
(they have no specific granules) |
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how big are neutrophils?
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12 um diameter
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what is the shape of neutrophil nuclei?
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multi-lobed with 3-5 segments
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what is another name for neutrophils?
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polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) or segs
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what is a barr body?
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a small heterochromatic body which extends from one of the nuclear lobes of neutrophils in females
(inactive x chromosome) |
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what is the first line of defense against bacteria?
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neutrophils
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when do neutrophils become phagocytic?
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when they leave blood
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what slows down neutrophils in postcapillary venules?
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selectin/selectin receptor interactions
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what effect do chemokines have on neutrophils?
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signal neutrophils to express integrins
signal neutrophils to leave blood vessel |
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when are eosinophils increased?
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allergic responses
parasitic infections chronic inflammation |
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what is the size of eosinophils?
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9 um diameter
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how many lobes do the nuclei of eosinophils have?
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two
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what type of specific granules are contained by eosinophils?
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eosinophilic granules (which give the eosinophils a pink color when stained with eosin)
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what unique appearance do the specific granules of eosinophils have?
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cat's eye (at EM level)
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what is contained in the eosinophilic granules of eosinophils?
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major basic protein and other proteins (ECP, EPO) which are strongly cytotoxic to protozoans and helminthic parasites
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how big are basophils?
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10-12 um in diameter
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what does the nucleus of a basophil look like?
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three lobes, but they are obscured by the specific granules
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what is contained in the specific granules of a basophil? what are these cells similar to?
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heparin and histamine
similar to mast cells (come from same stem cell) |
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where are basophils generally found?
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sites of inflammation
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what is special about the appearance of the granules of basophils?
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they appear to be on the surface or popping out of the cell
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which are the most predominant (small, medium or large) of the lymphocytes circulating in the blood? how big are they?
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small lymphocytes
7-8 um |
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how do lymphocytes appear?
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very little cytoplasm and a darkly staining heterochromatic nucleus which is round and slightly indented
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what are the three functionally distinct types of lymphocytes?
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B lymphocytes (20-30%)
T lymphocytes (60-80%) NK cells |
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what do perforins cause?
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lysis of infected or neoplastic cells
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what do lymphokines do?
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stimulate other immune cells
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which lymphocytes are involved in humoral immunity? cell-mediated immunity?
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B lymphocytes involved in humoral immunity
T lymphocytes involved in cell-mediated immunity |
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what is the function of NK cells?
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kill certain virus-infected cells and some tumor cells
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what lymphocytes are described as "large granular lymphyocytes"? why?
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NK cells
they are larger than T or B cells and have cytoplasmic granules |
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How big are monocytes?
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12-20 um
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what is the appearance of monocytes?
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large cells with blue-gray cytoplasm and reddish-purple, kidney-shaped nuclei
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where are monocytes found?
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only in blood
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what is the precursor for macrophages?
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monocytes
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when do monocytes become phagocytic?
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after leaving circulation
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where does hematopoiesis take place during the beginning of fetal life? Later in fetal life? during the last trimester and postnatal life?
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blood islands surrounding yolk sac
liver (and spleen) bone marrow & other lymphatic organs |
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what are the two types of bone marrow?
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red (active in hematopoiesis)
yellow (fat laden and inactive) |
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where is the red marrow located in the adult?
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vertebral bodies
ribs sternum pelvic ilia proximal humerus proximal tibia |
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what is the purpose of adventitial (reticular) cells in the red marrow?
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to produce reticular fibers
to secrete cytokines which stimulate the development of blood cells |
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what type of cells line red marrow sinusoids?
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endothelial cells
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what do pluripotential stem cells do?
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form all types of blood cells
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what are CFUs?
where do they come from? what do they do? |
Colony Forming Units
differentiate from stem cells differentiate into particular cell types |
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How does a stem cell appear?
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euchromatic nucleus and a "simple" cytoplasm
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what is the first stage in erythropoiesis?
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proerythroblast
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What is the second stage in erythropoiesis?
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basophilic erythroblast
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what is the third stage in erythropoiesis?
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polychromatophilic erythroblast
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what is the fourth stage in erythropoiesis?
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orthochromatic erythroblast
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what is the fifth stage in erythropoiesis?
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reticulocyte
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what is the final stage of erythropoiesis?
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erythrocyte (mature red blood cell)
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what happens to an erythrocyte during development?
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cell becomes smaller
nucleus becomes pyknotic and is extruded Chromatin condenses RNA is reduced as hemoglobin increases Organelles disappear |
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What remains in a reticulocyte?
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mitochondria
golgi complex polyribosomes (impart slight basophilia) NO nucleus |
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what percentage of erythrocytes in normal blood are reticulocytes?
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1-2%
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when do reticulocytes increase?
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as a result of blood loss
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what cells are formed via granulopoiesis?
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neutrophils
basophils eosinophils |
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what are the developmental stages of granulopoiesis?
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myeloblast
promyelocyte metamyelocyte mature granulocyte |
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what developmental stage of granulopoiesis is called a band form?
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late metamyelocyte
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what changes happen in the cell during granulopoiesis?
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nucleus becomes progressively indented and heterochromatic
specific granules increase in number |
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what type of granules develop first in granulopoiesis?
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azurophilic granules
specific granules develop later |
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what is thrombopoiesis?
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platelet formation
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how big are megakaryocytes?
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100 um
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how many nuclei are in a megakaryocyte?
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one, though it is multilobed and can contain up to 64n of DNA
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where to the cytoplasmic processes of a megakaryocyte extend to?
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into the bone marrow sinusoids
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what is the name for the site on the plasma membrane where the megakaryocyte invaginates and fragments to form platelets?
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demarcation membranes
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where are the microtubules of platelets?
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on the outside of the platelet
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what is the process of chromosome division withough cytoplasmic division?
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endomitosis (produces a polyploid nucleus)
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what structure is of note in MATURE megakaryocytes?
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platelet demarcation channels
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what is included in the marginating compartment of time of a cell (e.g. neutrophil)?
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time attached to walls of blood vessels
time in connective tissues |
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what are the 4 compartments of time in the life cycle of a cell (e.g. neutrophil)?
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medullary formation compartment (7 days)
medullary reserve compartment (4 days) circulation compartment (a few hours) marginating compartment (6-7 hours) |
