Histology

Front 1

How many levels of structural organisation are there and what are they?

Back 1

There are six levels of structural organisation in the body and they are:

1) Chemical Level.

2) Cellular Level.

3) Tissue Level.

4) Organ Level.

5) Organ System Level.

6) Organism Level.

Front 2

Describe the chemical level of structural organisation and provide examples.

Back 2

- The chemical level of structural organisation is the most basic level.

- It consists of atoms.

- When two or more of the same atoms bind, they form a molecule.

- Examples of substances found in the chemical level are DNA and glucose.

Front 3

What is a cell?

Back 3

- A cell is defined to be an organisation of molecules and they are basic living units of an organism.

- An example of cells are, muscle cells; bone cells; muscle cells and etc.

Front 4

Describe the structure and function of a cell?

Back 4

A cell is structurally and functionally involved with ensuring the survival of an organism.

Front 5

Describe the tissue level of structural organisation and provide examples.

Back 5

The tissue level refers to a group of cells that have similar structure and perform to carry out similar functions.

Examples of tissues are: Epithelial Tissue; Connective Tissue; Muscular Tissue and Nervous Tissue.

Front 6

Describe the organ level of structural organisation and provide examples.

Back 6

The organ level refers to a structure comprised of at least two or more different tissues. The tissues will carry out their own respective function and they will have a distinctive structure.

Examples of organs are the pancreas; stomach; intestines; gallbladder and etc.

Front 7

Describe the organ system level of structural organisation and provide an example.

Back 7

The organ system level refers to a system of related organs that work together to carry out a common function.

An example of an organ system is the digestive system. It functions break down food and absorb nutrients. The digestive system is made up of the stomach; oesophagus; pancreas; small intestine; large intestine and gallbladder.

Front 8

Describe the organism level of structural organisation and provide an example.

Back 8

The organism level refers to when all the organ systems are structurally integrated and function cooperatively.

An example is a human being.

Front 9

What is histology?

Back 9

There are two definitions of histology:

1) Histology is defined as the study of microscopic tissues.

2) Histology is defined to be a process of determining the function of tissues and organs.

Front 10

What is histopathology?

Back 10

Histopathology is defined to be the process of studying the changes in tissues caused by diseases.

Front 11

What is a tissue?

Back 11

A tissue is defined to be a group of cells that have similar structure and that carry out related functions.

Front 12

How many basic types of tissues are there?

Back 12

There are four basic types of tissues and they are:

1) Epithelial Tissue.

2) Connective Tissue.

3) Muscular Tissue.

4) Nervous Tissue.

Front 13

What is the basic function of epithelial tissue?

Back 13

Epithelial tissue has two basic functions:

1) Cover and line the surface of internal organs.

2) Compose glands.

Front 14

Define epithelial tissue.

Back 14

Epithelial tissue is defined a sheet of cells that line and cover surfaces of internal organs and cavities. Epithelial tissue also make glands.

Front 15

State the properties of epithelial tissues: Property 1.

Back 15

There are 8 properties of epithelial tissues:

- As by definition, they will always line or cover a "space" i.e. surface/ cavity.

Front 16

State the properties of epithelial tissues: Property 2.

Back 16

- The consist of cells that are tightly packed. This means that there are no spaces between individual cells

- Note this contrasts to connective tissue which consists of cells with spaces between them.

Front 17

State the properties of epithelial tissues: Property 3.

Back 17

- They are avascular but innervated. Essentially this means that they have no blood flow within them but they do have nerves.

- The primary function of blood is to transport nutrients and remove waste from cells. Due to epithelial cells being avascular, the waste and nutrients diffuses out and into the blood stream.

- Blood stream found beneath the basement membrane.

Front 18

State the properties of epithelial tissues: Property 4.

Back 18

- Epithelial cells have a basement membrane beneath them.

Front 19

State the properties of epithelial tissues: Property 5.

Back 19

- Epithelial cells are highly regenerative, meaning that they undergo mitosis rapidly and continuously to replace old and damaged cells.

Front 20

State the properties of epithelial tissues: Property 6.

Back 20

- Epithelial cells are polar, meaning that they are directional.

- The basement membrane is found on the basolateral edge, whilst the cells are found on the apical edge.

- The apical edge is more superficial, whereas the basolateral edge is more deep.