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67 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Define Histology.
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The microscopic study of tissues.
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What is a tissue?
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A group of structurally similar cells which perform a specific function.
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When was the first cell discovered?
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1665
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Who discovered the first cell?
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Robert Hooke
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Who created the cell theory and in what year(s)?
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Schleiden and Schwann in 1838-39
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Who added to the cell theory and in what year?
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Virchow in 1858
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What is the cell theory?
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All cells arise from other living cells.
All living things are made up of cells. Cells containg the genetic material necessary for life. The cell is the fundamental and structural unit of life. |
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What are the four basic types of tissues?
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Epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous.
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Where is epithelial tissue found?
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Covering body surfaces and lining body cavities. Also found in the tissue of glands.
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What are the 5 functions of epithelia?
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1.) Protection
2.) Secretion 3.) Absorption 4.) Filtration 5.) Excretion |
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What embryonic layer does the epithelia derive from?
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endoderm, ectoderm and mesoderm
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What are the 5 basic characteristics of all epithelia?
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1.) almost entirely cellular with little non living matrix.
2.) Rapid regeneration rate. 3.) Polarity 4.) Avascular 5.) Always overlie connective tissues. |
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Where do epithelia get their nutrients from?
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The underlying connective tissues which are highly vascular and nutrients and oxygen reach the cells attached to them.
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How are epithelia classified?
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By the number of cell layers and the shape of the cells.
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What are the two groups of epithelia based on number of layers present?
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Simple and stratified
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What are the three basic cell shapes?
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1.) Squamous- thin, flat cells. Have a nucleus that is round and flat. Cells are transparent.
2.) Cuboidal- Cube shaped 3.) Columnar-Taller than wide |
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Simple Squamous
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1.) capillaries
2.) blood vessels 3.) air sacs of lungs Function: absorption and exchange. |
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Simple Cuboidal
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1.) Tubules of kidneys
2.) Thyroid gland Function: absorption and secretion. |
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Simple Columnar
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1.) Lines Gi tract from stomach to anus
Function: absorption and secretion |
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Stratified Squamous
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1.) Lines mouth, esophagus, vagina, anus
2.) Skin Function: Protection against friction |
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Pseudostratified Columnar and Cuboidal
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1.) Lines upper respiratory tract.
Usually ciliated and rich with goblet cells that secrete mucous |
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What are the types of Connective tissue?
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Blood, bone, cartilage, adipose
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What embryonic area do connective tissues arise from?
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Mesoderm
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What are the functions of conncetive tissues?
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1.) Binding
2.) Support 3.) Transport 4.) Energy Storage 5.) Protection |
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Where does matrix come from?
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It is secreted by the cells.
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What is matrix composed of?
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1.) Ground substance
2.) Protein fibers 3.) Cells |
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What is ground substance?
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glycoproteins, proteoglycans, and other substances. It ranges from a gel-like material to the hardness of bone.
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What are the three types of protein fibers?
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1.) Collagen- high tensile strength
2.) Elastin- Stron but have the capability of elasticity 3.) Reticular- chemically distinct type of collagen with thinner fibers abundant in lymphatic organs. |
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What are the types of cells found in blood?
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Hemocytoblasts, leukocytes, erythrocytes
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What cells are found in connective tissue proper?
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Fibroblasts, adipocytes
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What are the 2 types of connective tissue proper?
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loose and dense connective tissue
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Which of the three types of connective tissue proper is the most abundant animals?
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Areolar
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Give a brief description of areolar tissue.
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1.) Has a gel-like matrix
2.) Large numbers of white blood cells are present 3.) Abundant under the skin and packs many small blood vessels. |
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Give a description of adipose tissue.
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cells are bubble like and contais large clear spaces called vacuoles which are used for energy storage in many animals.
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What is reticular tissue?
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Important tissue in the framework of lymphatic organs like the spleen, lymph nodes, and bone marrow.
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What are the two types of dense connective tissues?
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dense regular and dense irregular.
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Where is dense regular tissue generally found?
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Composes ligaments and is rich in collagen.
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What is dense irregular tissue and where is it found?
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Tissue rich in collagen and elastin and is found in the dermis of the skin.
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Where do the living cells or cartilage reside.
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lacunae
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Hyaline cartilage
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framework of nose, c-rings of trachea, costal cartilage of ribs, covering the ends of long bones embryonic skeleton.
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Elastic Cartilage
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epiglottis and the external framework of ears, avascular
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Fibrocartilage
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very strong, intervertebral discs of spine and some in the knee
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what is the most abundant type of cartilage?
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hyaline
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How is bone arranged?
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in Haversian systems
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What components are located in the haversian canal?
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blood vessels and nerves.
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what is the most vascular tissue of the body?
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bone
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Where are osteocytes found?
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the lacunae around the canal
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What are canaliculi
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tiny grooves connecting the lacunae to each other and to the haversian canal.
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How is blood composed by percentage?
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55% plasma, 45% formed elements and less than 1% platelets.
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Red Blood Cells
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Erythrocytes, anucleate, full of hemoglobin, biconcave, oxygen transport
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White blood cells
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Leukocytes, have a nucleus, function in immunity
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Platelets
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thrombocytes, function in clotting
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Where does muscle derive from?
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Mesoderm
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Give a description of smooth muscle and where it is found.
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involuntary, found in the walls of hollow organs, cells are uninucleate, lacks striations, only type of muscle that is mitotic.
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Give a description of skeletal muscle.
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Striated, voluntary, amitotic, cells are large, multinucleate, contain contractile proteins (actin and myosin)
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Give a description of cardiac muscle.
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amitotic, has intercalated discs, involuntary, uninucleate, or binucleate,
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What is the function of intercalated discs?
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Provide strength and allow instantaneous flow of ions from cell to cell.
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What type of cells do smooth muscle have?
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uninucleate
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What type of cells do skeletal muscle have?
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multinucleate
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What type of cells do cardiac muscle have?
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bi or uninucleate
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What is nervous tissue?
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tissue that receives stimuli and transmits impulses.
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Where does nervous tissue develop?
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ectoderm
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What are the two types of cells found in nervous tissue?
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neuroglia and neurons
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What are neuroglia?
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Supporting cells that perform various functions.
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What are neurons?
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cells that transmit impulses
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Are neurons a/mitotic?
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amitotic
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Where are neurotransmitters released?
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in the synapse between two cells
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