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153 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Classes of CT
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Connective tissure proper, cartilage, bone tissue, blood
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Characteristics of CT
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1. Relatively few cells, lots of EM
2. EM consists of ground substance (gel-like substance) and protein fibers (collagen, reticular, and elastic). 3. Embryonic origin - mesenchyme |
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Areolar CT
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CT proper -Loose connective tissue --> model.
Most widespread use of CT proper Has structures shared by other CT Functions: Wraps and cushions organs, holds and conveys tissue fluid, and important role in inflammation. Locations: Widely distributed under epithelial Package organs Surrounds capillaries |
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CT Proper
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Fibrblasts, Defense Cells, Fat Cell.
Six different type Functions as a binding tissue Resists mechanical stress, particularly tension. |
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Cartilage
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Chondrocytes, Condroblasts found in growing cartilage.
Resist scompression b/c of large amount of water held in matrix Functions to cushion and support |
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Structural functions of areolar tissue
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Fibers provide support
Ground substance holds fluid. Defense cells fight infection. Fat cells store nutrients (adipose and adipocytes) Adipose Tissue Reticular CT |
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Fibroblast
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Produces all fibers of alveolar connective tissue, most abundunt cell type in CT rp[er
They secrete protein subunits of fibers. Their products are called fibrocytes |
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Adipose
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CT proper --> martix as in areolar, but very sparse. Packed adipocytes or fat cells. Nucleus pushed to the side.
Provides reserve food fuel; insulates against heat loss; supports and portects organs. Locations: Under skin in the hypodermis, kidneys, eyeballs, within abdomen, in breasts |
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Reticular
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CT Proper; Network of reticular fibers in a typical loose ground substance.
Fibers form a soft internal skeletion that supports other cell types Location: lymphoid organs )lymph nodes, bone marrow, spleen) |
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Dense CT
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Contains more collagen than areolar CT does. REsists extremely strong pulling forces
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Dense Regular CT
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Collagen fibers run in the same direction. Collagen fibers is the major one, few elastic fiber
Tendons, Ligaments Attaches muscles to bones or to muscles; attaches bones to bones; withstands great tensile stress when pulling force is applied in one direction. Forms fascia - fibrous membrane that wraps around muscles, |
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Dense Irregular CT
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Irregularly arranged CT, major cell is fibroblast
Function: Withstand tension, provides structural strength Location: dermis, submucosa of digestive tract; fibrous capsules of organs and of joint. |
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Cartilage
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80% water --> Firm but flexible tissue, Made up of condrocytes --> condroblasts are immature form
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Tight Junctions
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Close off intercellular space --> found at APICAL region of most ET, some are fused into the plasma membrane of neighboring cell; prevent molecules from passing between cells
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Aherens junctions
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Just below the tight junctions; transmembrane proteins attach to microfilaments and bind adjcent cells.
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Simple squamous ET
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Diffusion, filtration and lubracting
Kidney glomuruli, corpuscles, air scas of lungs, lining of heart, blood vessels, lymph vessels |
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Simple cuboidal ET
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Secretion and absorption
Kdney tubules, ducts of small glands |
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Simple columnar ET
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Absorption; secretion of mucus, ciliated type propels mucus
Nonciliated - digestive tract, gallblader ciliated - bronchi, uterine tubes |
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Pseudostraified ET
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Secretion - especially mucus - and propulsion of mucus
Nonciliated - spermcarrying ducts Ciliated - trachaea, upper respiratory tract |
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stratified squamous
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protects underlying tissues
unkeratinized = linings of esophagus and mouth keratinzed = epidermizs |
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Stratified cubodial ET
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Protection ducts of sweat, mammary, and salivary glands
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Straified columnar ET
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Protection;secertion
rare in body, small amount in male urethera |
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Transitional ET
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Stretches readily and permits distension of urinary organ
Lines ureter, bladder, urethra |
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Exocrine gland
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Release externally
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Endocrine
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internal secretion
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Goblet cell
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Produces mucin
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Tubular
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If secretory cells form tubes
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Aveolar
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If secretory cells form sacs
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Epidermis
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4 distinct types of cell
keratinocytes melanocytes, merkel cells, langerhans cells |
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Keratinocytes
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most abundant epidermal cells, produces keratin.
Also produces antiobiotics |
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Stratum Basale
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Deepest epidermal dermis,
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Merkel Cell
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serves as a receptor of touch - shaped like a disc
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Melanocytes
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produces melanin, made in wallled granules
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Stratum spinosum
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Mitosis occurs here
Langerhans cells - dendritic cells |
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Langerhans cells
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polices outer body surface using receptor mediated endocytosis
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Stratum Granulosum
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One to five layers of flattened keratinocytes.
Slows water loss Dead cells |
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Stratum Lucidum
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Only occurs in thick skin
Transition zone Dead Keratinocytes |
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Stratum Corneum
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External part of epidermis.
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Dermis
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Consists of all connective tissue proper
Richly innervated and vascularited Two vascular plexuses - cutaneous plexus and subpapillary plexus two layers papillary reicular |
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Paipillary layer
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superficial layer of dermis. 20% of ermis
Areolar CT Derma papillae - insretions that extend to the epidermis to facilitate exchange |
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Reticular layer
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Deep layer of dermis
80% of thickness ECM with lots of collagen and elastic fibers Cleavage lines |
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Hypodermis
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insulator
storing fat also known as superficial fascia |
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Superficial fascia
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Hypodermis
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Reticular fiberes
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Bunches of a special type of collagen unit fibril.
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Elastic fiber
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Long and thin, these fibers bracn to from wide network iwthin the ECM
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What is the matrix in cartilage ET?
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Collagen, ground substnce, elastic fibers
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Two types of hair
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Vellus (fine) or Terminal
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Parts of a hair
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Medulla - central part
Cortex - surronds the medulla Cuticle - single cell layer (heavily keratnized) Melanocyte - base of hair follicles Hair follice receptor Connective tissue papilla - nipple like bit of each dermis |
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Sebaceous glands
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Skin's oil glands (NOT TO BE CONFUSED WITH SWEAT GLANDS)
Secretes sebum Holocrine secretion |
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Holocrine secretion
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whole cell breaks apart to form the substance
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Hypodermis consists mainly of what cells?
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Adipose
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Sudoriferous glands
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Sweat glands
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Eccrine glands
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More numerous type, abundant on palms, soles, and forehead.
coiled simple tubular glands |
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Apocrne glands
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Confined to axillary, anal, and genital areas. Larger than eccrine, and their ducts open into hair follicles.
Musky order Puberty |
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First degree burn
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Only epidermis is damaged
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2nd degree
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Upper part of dermis too
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4rd degree
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Consume entire thickness of the skin
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Rules of NIne
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Divides body into 11 region. How much surface is damaged by burn
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Basal Cell Carcinoma
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Least malignant
Cells of Basale stratum proliferate and take over dermis and hypodermis |
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Squamous cell carincoma
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2nd least malignant
Keratinocytes of stratum spinosum go crazy |
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Melanoma
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Cancer of melanocytes - most dangerous cand
ABCD rule |
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Articular cartilage
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Covers ends of bones at moveable joints
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Coastal cartilages
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connects ribs to sternum
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3 types of cartilage
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Hyaline, Elastic, Fibrocartilage
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Hyaline cartilage
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Frosted glass
Provides flexibility and resilience. Makes up articular cartilage |
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Elastic Cartilage
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More elastic than hyaline, more able to tolerate repeated bending.
Outer ear |
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Fibrocartilage
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Resists both strong compression and tension.
Certain ligaments and cartilages. Articular discs of joints and some of the discs betweeen vertebrae. |
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Appositional growth
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Growth from the outside
The surrounding cells actively secrete new matrix |
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Interstitial growth
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Growth from within
Chondrocytes within cartilage secrete new matrix |
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Is calcified cartilage bone?
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NO
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Functions of bone
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Support, Movement, Protection, Mineral Storage, Blood cell formation and energy storage.
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Long bones
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Elongated shape
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Short bones
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cube shaped - seasmoid bones (i.e patella)
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Flat bones
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Cranial bones i.e sternum, scapula
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IRregular bones
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Hip bone
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Compact bone
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External layer of the bone (smooth)
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Spongy bone
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Trabecular bone - honeycomb of small need like trabeculae --> red or yellow marrow
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Diaphysis
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The shafts of the long axis of a bone
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Epiphysis
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Bone ends
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Epiphyseal line
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remanent of the epiphyseal plate
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Medullary cavity
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Cavity filled with yellow bone marrow
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Periosteum
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CT membrane covers the bone except of the ends of the epiphyses.
Two layers - irregular CT, and an osteogenic (bone producing, contains osteoblasts and osteoclasts) bones --> produces circumfererential lamellae |
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Perforating fibers
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Thick bundles of collagen that run from periosteum into the bone matrix
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Endosteum
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INterial of the bones are covered to --> coveres trabeculae and central canals of osteons. Shares many characteristics with periosteum --> osteogenic.
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Diploe
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Unlike long bones, other bones have no diaphysis. Internal spongy bone is named diploe.
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Osteon
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Or Haversian system
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Three types of bone markings
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projections for muscle attachement
surfaces that form joints depressions and openings |
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Perforating canal
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side canals
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Mature bone cell
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osteocytes
spider legs ==> canaliculi Lacunae - solid matrix |
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Interstitial lamellae
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Old osteon that have been cut through by bone remodeling
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Composition of bone
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35% organic
65% minearl |
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Two types Ossification
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Intramembranous ossification --> no moedling, directly formed from mesenchyme
Endochondral --> first modeled in hyaline cartilage then gradually replaced |
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Steps of intramembraneous
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1. Mesenchyme cluster into osteoblasts
2. Secrets organic bone matrix called osteoid 3. once suroounded, becomes osteocytes. |
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Steps of endochondral ossification
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2nd month of development
1. Bone collar froms around diaphysis (cartilage model, surrounded by perichondrium) 2. Cartilage califies in the center of the diaphysis --> the condrocytes in the center enlarge. 3. Periosteal bud (nutrients and veins --> bone marrow) invades the diaphysis, and the first bone trabeculae forms 4. Secondary ossification centers form in the epiphyses. |
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Epiphyseal plates
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Responsible for lenghtening of bones
Hyaline cartilage Cartilage forms tall stacks --> lengthens faster |
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Steps of bone repair
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1) Hematoma formation (clot)
2) Fibrocartilaginous callus formation --> new blood vessels --> soft callus 3) Bony callus formation --> new trabeculae 4) Bone remodeling --> |
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Compound fracture
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When bone protrudes from the skin
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Osteoporosis
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lone bone mass --> porous and light
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Functions of muscle
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Movement
Maintenance of posture JOint stabilization Heat Generation |
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Functional characteristic of muscle
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Contractility
Excitability Extensibility Elasticity |
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3 types of muscle cells
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Skeletal
Cardiac Smooth |
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3 types of CTs on the Skeletal muscle?
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1. Epimysium - overcoat
2. Perimysium - ties a group together --> fascicle 3. Endomysium - withn the muscle All 3 are contnuous with tendons |
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Attachment of muscles
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More movable bone - inserton
less movable bone - orgn |
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Sacrolemma
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PLasma membrane of a muslce cell
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Sacroplasm
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Cytoplasm of a muscle cell
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Z-discs/lines
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outer boundries of a sacromere,
think actin filaments attach here |
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Myofibrils
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Thin, long, rod-shaped organelles (unbranched cylinder)
Different from fibers and smaller myofilaments |
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Thick myosin filaments
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in center of each sacromere - largely of myosin molecules (heads).
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H zone
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Middle of a sacromere
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A-bands
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Striations within muscles.
Full length of the thick filaments plus the inner ends of thin filaments (not including the z-disc) is the A band |
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I- band
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Regions not contained in the A band
Only thin filaments and z-discs(light regions) |
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M line
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Middle middle of a sacromere
Thick filaments linked by accessory proteins. |
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Skeletal muscle contains what two tubules to facilitate contraction?
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Sacroplasmic reticulum and T-tubules
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Sacroplasmic reticulum
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Elaborate smooth ER whose interconnecting tubules surround each myofibroil .
Stores and releases Ca ions needed for contraction |
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T- tubules
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deep invaginations of the sacrolemma that runs between terminal cisternae.
Collect each impulse |
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Terminal cisternae
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End sacs of SR - occurs in pairs on each side of the t-tubules
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two main types of muscle contraction
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isotonic - eccentric and concentric
isomertric- neither lengthens nor shortens as it contracts |
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Eccentric contraction
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muscle lengthens to generate force, any activity where muscles act as “breaks”
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Concentric contraction
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muscle shortens as it contracts to do work (The rising part of a squat as your quads shorten as you stand up).
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Titin
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springlike molecule in sacromeres that resists overstretching
i)holds thick filaments in place 2) maintains elasticity |
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Types of skeletal muscle fibers
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Slow oxidative fibers
fast glycolytic fibers Fast oxidative fibers |
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Slow oxidative fibers
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Do not generate much power, and must be constantly in use, i.e back muscles to keep spine up
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Fast glycolytic fibers
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little myoglobin, mainly relies on glycolysis and glycogen to supply energy needs --> thus suited to short term activity (bicep muscles)
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Fast oxidative fibers
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middle between slow oxidative and fast glycolytic
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Duchenne muscular dystrophy
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Sexlinked recessive
Muscles cell lack dystrophin - linksk cytoskeleton to ECM |
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Myotonic dystrophy
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Muscle spasms
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Fibromyalgia
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Random pain
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Sacropenia
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flesh wasting
muscle detroriation due to aging |
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3 divisions of somites
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Sclertoome - most medial
Dermatome - most lateral Myotome - stays behind |
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CAT/CT
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computed axial tomography or computed tomography
LOTS OF XRAYS ZOMG |
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PET
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radioactive isotopes injected into the body
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Sonography
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Ultrasound
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MRI
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water content (hydrogen specifically)
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fMRI
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Measures blood oxygen ---> what parts of the brain is active
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MRS
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resonance of hydrogen or phosophorus ions
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Dorsal body cavity
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Craniacl cavity
Vertebral cavity |
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Ventral body cavity
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thoracic, abdominal, pelvic cavity
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Mediastinum
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IN the middle - contains the heart
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Pericardial cavity
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Cavity sourrounding the heart
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Preitoneal cavity
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Many organs in the abdominopelvic cavity are surrounded by this
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Serous membranes
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PLeura, Pericardium, peritoneum, parietal
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Visceral something...
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inside
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Parietal something
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Outside something...
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PLeural serosa
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surrounding the lungs
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Parietal Pleura
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thoracic cavity
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Retroperitoneal
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fully behind the peritoneum
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thoracic cavity
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Superior mediatinum, Lung and pleural cavity, Abdominal cavity, Pelvic cavity
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Visceral organ
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Lungs, hearts, intestines ect contained in the ventral body cavity .
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Serous membranes
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PLeura, Pericardium, peritoneum, parietal
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Visceral something...
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inside
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Parietal something
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Outside something...
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PLeural serosa
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surrounding the lungs
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Parietal Pleura
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thoracic cavity
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