Histology 1

Front 1

The 3 ways used to visualize tissues that do not require staining are:

Back 1

1- Ultrasound
2-Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
3- X-Rays

Front 2

The 4 ways to visualize cells are:

Back 2

1- Light microscope
2-Histochemistry
3-Transmission electron microscope (TEM)
4- Scanning electron microscope

Front 3

The 2 ways to visualize cells and tissues that uses antibodies are:

Back 3

1- Immunohistochemistry
2- Fluorescence microscopy

Front 4

DNA and RNA are stained with the dye...

Back 4

hematoxylin. Which is a purple-blue _____ dye that binds _______ groups.

Hint 4

Basic.
Acidic

Front 5

Hematoxylin causes the ______ and ______ of RNA to turn purple-blue.

Back 5

Ribosomes and RER.
Hematoxylin causes the ____ to turn purple-blue because of the DNA in it.

Hint 5

Nucleus.

Front 6

Proteins are stained with _____

Back 6

eosin. It is a pink-orange ______ dye that binds ______ groups.

Hint 6

Acidic.
Basic.

Front 7

The _____ in the cytoplasm are mostly basic, which causes it to turn pink-orange.

Back 7

Proteins.

Front 8

Carbohydrates are revealed with the __________ staining.

Back 8

periodic acid-Schiff. An example of this is the ______ at the surface of intestinal cells.

Hint 8

glycocalyx

Front 9

Name the 8 different cell shapes.

Back 9

1- Round
2-Stellate
3- Pyramidal
4- Polyhedral

Hint 9

5- Spindle-shaped
6- Squamous
7- Cuboidal
8- Columnar

Front 10

The _______ is typically the cell used to measure other cells against to determine size.

Back 10

erythrocyte (RBC). The canine RBC is ___ to ____ um in size.

Hint 10

5
7

Front 11

Light microscopy is measured in _______. While transmission electron microscopy is measured in _______.

Back 11

Microns
Nanometers.
This means that TEM has a ______ resolution.

Hint 11

higher

Front 12

What are the 7 functions of the cell?

Back 12

1- Genetic Coding
2- Energy Supply
3- Protein synthesis and packaging

Hint 12

4- Membrane limits
5- Metabolic process
6- Movements and cytoskeleton
7- Cell division

Front 13

Genetic coding occurs in the _______

Back 13

Nucleus. It is the site of DNA and RNA synthesis, and is the ______ and _______ of cell activity.

Hint 13

Control
Mediation

Front 14

Nuclei are typically _______.

Back 14

Spherical
But they can also be _____ to flat, ______, and ______.

Hint 14

Oval
indented
lobulated

Front 15

Most cells contain _______ nuclei.

Back 15

1.
But some have 2 nuclei, which is called _______.

Hint 15

Binucleate.
Multinucleated cells can also be found.

Front 16

The membranes of the nuclear envelope are _______.

Back 16

Parallel.
The nuclear envelope is also continuous with ______

Hint 16

the RER.

Front 17

_____ attach to the outer membrane of the nuclear envelope.

Back 17

Ribosomes.

Front 18

_________ in the nuclear envelope selectively pass molecules (hormones/receptor) and mRNA.

Back 18

Nuclear pores.

Front 19

___________ is unwound chromatin.

Back 19

Euchromatin. In microscopy, this is revealed as a _______ colored nucleus.

Hint 19

light

Front 20

________ is condensed, inactive chromatin.

Back 20

Heterochromatin. This is revealed as a _______ colored nucleus in microscopy.

Hint 20

Dark.

Front 21

The _________ is a dense spherical body within the nucleus

Back 21

nucleolus. It is the site of _____ and _______ synthesis.

Hint 21

mRNA
rRNA

Front 22

There is ______ membrane(s) around the nucleolus.

Back 22

no.
The nucleolus stains _______

Hint 22

basophilic (blue)

Front 23

A major site of energy supply in the cell is the _________

Back 23

mitochondria. It is ____ um in diameter.

Hint 23

.22

Front 24

The mitochondria has 2 parallel _______

Back 24

membranes. The inner membrane has projected folds called _____

Hint 24

cristae.

Front 25

The main role of the mitochondria is ________ for metabolism

Back 25

ATP production.
When many mitochondria are present, this indicates _______ metabolic activity.

Hint 25

intense

Front 26

Releasing cytochrome C from mitochondria leads to _________

Back 26

apoptosis, the self-destruction of a cell.

Front 27

A source of energy in the cytosol are _______ (granules or insoluble substances, not membrane bound).

Back 27

Inclusions. These include _____ (which are extracted and need special stains to be visible) and _______ (sugars that stain with PAS)

Hint 27

lipids
Glycogen
(PAS stands for Periodic acid-Schiff's staining)

Front 28

The Rough Endoplasmic reticulum contains ribosomes for ________ synthesis

Back 28

protein

Front 29

The Smooth ER has no ribosomes and is used for _______ biosynthesis and ________ repair

Back 29

lipid
membrane

Front 30

Ribosomes are small (20x30 nm) particles made of _____ and ______

Back 30

proteins
RNA.
They are the site of ______ synthesis

Hint 30

protein

Front 31

The free ribosomes in the cytoplasm produce cytoplasmic proteins such as _______

Back 31

actin.

Front 32

Ribosomes attached to the RER are for proteins packaged in ______

Back 32

vesicles.
For secretion, _______
For insertion into the plasma ______

Hint 32

enzymes
membrane

Front 33

________ is when a secretory granule is used to carry something out of the cell.

Back 33

Exocytosis.

Front 34

The ________ is associated with vesicles that move proteins from the RER to this.

Back 34

Golgi Apparatus.
It is made of stacked and flattened smooth membranes (cisternae).

Front 35

The _________ modifies, concentrates, and packages proteins.

Back 35

Golgi Apparatus.
The proteins are destined for _______

Hint 35

Cell membranes.
The Golgi also attaches sugars and lipids.

Front 36

The ______ stains poorly and is located as the clear zone near the nucleus.

Back 36

Golgi Apparatus

Front 37

The _________ are visible near the cell membrane in large accumulations.

Back 37

Secretory Vesicles

Front 38

__________ is the intake of proteins from outside the cell.

Back 38

Endocytosis.

Front 39

The membrane-bound vesicles that take in proteins from endocytosis become _____

Back 39

endosomes

Front 40

Endosomes deliver proteins to _________

Back 40

lysosomes.

Front 41

______ are electron dense (TEM), and packed with hydrolytic enzyme proteins

Back 41

lysosomes.

Front 42

Because they are packed with proteins, lysosomes appear _______ in light microscopy.

Back 42

eosinophilic (pink-orange)

Front 43

Membrane limits include the _________, a lipid bilayer with embedded proteins.

Back 43

plasma membrane

Front 44

Membrane limits involve these _______, which are when carbohydrates are attached to the outside part of plasma membrane proteins

Back 44

Glycoproteins

Front 45

Glycoproteins have 4 roles:

Back 45

1- Cell recognition
2-Cell signaling

Hint 45

3- Mechanical protection
4- Antigenicity (RBC blood group antigens)

Front 46

Carbohydrates often make a "sugar coat" around cells, called the ________

Back 46

glycocalyx

Front 47

The ______ is responsible for cell shape and movements.

Back 47

cytoskeleton.

Front 48

The cytoskeleton is made up of these 3 things:

Back 48

1- Microfilaments
2- Intermediate filaments
3- Microtubules

Front 49

Microfilaments (actin: 5 nm) are responsible for...

Back 49

cell shape

Front 50

Intermediate filaments (keratin: 10 nm) are responsible for....

Back 50

cell shape

Front 51

Microtubules (25 nm) are responsible for...

Back 51

cell movement

Front 52

______ filaments are also found in microvilli.

Back 52

Actin

Front 53

Microvilli greatly increase the ______ of a cell, which is important for _______

Back 53

surface area
absorption

Front 54

An example where ________ are important is the intestinal epithelium.

Back 54

microvilli

Front 55

The __________ is thousands of microvilli at the cell surface.

Back 55

Brush border.

Front 56

Microvilli contain actin for _____

Back 56

support

Front 57

The _______ is a web of actin and other proteins at the base of the brush border.

Back 57

Terminal web.
It is used as ________ for the plasma membrane

Hint 57

support

Front 58

Microtubules permit movements of _______

Back 58

vesicles

Front 59

Vesicles travel cellular _________

Back 59

highways.
________ are the highways.

Hint 59

Microtubules.

Front 60

_______ permit movements of chromosomes during mitosis (mitotic spindle)

Back 60

Microtubules.

Front 61

The ________ is the microtubule organizing center (important for ciliogenesis)

Back 61

Centrosome

Front 62

_______ are inside cilia and flagellae.

Back 62

Microtubules

Front 63

The _______ permit movements of cilia (tracheal epithelium) and flagellae (spermatozoa).

Back 63

Microtubules

Front 64

The organizing center that grow microtubules are called ________

Back 64

basal bodies

Front 65

Cilia are cell surface ________

Back 65

modifications.
An example is the trachea epithelium, where cilia are important because they clear away ______

Hint 65

mucus

Front 66

______ is a layer or group of cells that collectively perform a specific function.

Back 66

Tissue

Front 67

5 types of tissue are:

Back 67

1- Epithelium
2- Connective tissue
3- Muscular tissue
4- Nervous tissue
5- Blood

Front 68

______ is a sheet of attached cells.

Back 68

Epithelium.

Front 69

The 7 functions of the epithelium are:

Back 69

1- Protection
2- Secretion
3- Absorption
4- Excretion
5- Sensation
6- Transportation
7- Reproduction

Front 70

The 4 types of epithelia are:

Back 70

1- Simple
2- Simple pseudo-stratified
3- Stratified
4- Transitional

Front 71

Epithelium with only 1 layer of cells is called _____

Back 71

simple

Front 72

Flat cells are called _______

Back 72

Squamous

Front 73

________ cells line the body cavity.

Back 73

Mesothelium.

Front 74

________ cells line the blood vessels.

Back 74

Endothelium

Front 75

________ cells are like cubes.

Back 75

Cuboidal.

Front 76

Cuboidal cells are small ducts or tubules that function for ________ and _________

Back 76

secretion
absorption

Front 77

______ cells usually have microvilli or cilia.

Back 77

Columnar

Front 78

_________ are all cells that touch the basement membrane, but do not necessarily reach the free surface.

Back 78

Pseudostratified

Front 79

________ epithelium have has 2 or more layers and is classified by the top layer.

Back 79

Stratified

Front 80

An example of stratified squamous is _______

Back 80

skin.

Front 81

Stratified _______ or ________ are nearly always two cell layers and are found in larger excretory ducts of glands (salivary).

Back 81

cuboidal
columnar

Front 82

_________ epithelium is special; it is adaptable but similar to stratified squamous, the top layer of cells may vary in shape, shapes range from a bulge to complete flattening.

Back 82

Transitional

Front 83

____________ is synthesized and serves as a scaffold and filtration barrier, has type IV collagen, proteins, and sugar, and Basal lamina.

Back 83

Basement membrane

Front 84

__________ attach the plasma membrane to the basement membrane. Intermediate filaments extend into the cytoplasm.

Back 84

Hemidesmosomes.

Front 85

4 types of cell junctions are:

Back 85

1- Tight junction
2- Gap junction
3- Desmosome
4- Adherens junction

Front 86

_________ spot junctions with pores, they facilitate intercellular exchange of ions and other molecules, and allow the transmission electrical impulses among cells.

Back 86

Gap junctions

Front 87

___________ are cytoplasmic finger extensions that form a "brush border".

Back 87

Microvilli

Front 88

_______ have actin filament cores and expand the cell surface.

Back 88

Microvilli

Front 89

________ coats the microvilli

Back 89

Glycocalyx

Front 90

Cilia have _______, which are microtubules organizing centers.

Back 90

Basal bodies

Front 91

_________ cells are less likely to divide.

Back 91

Differentiated

Front 92

________ cells are primary sources of new cells.

Back 92

Stem

Front 93

__________ stem cells are usually located closest to the basement membrane.

Back 93

Undifferentiated

Front 94

All epithelia require _________

Back 94

renewal/regeneration

Front 95

________ glands secrete hormones directly into the blood rather than through a duct.

Back 95

Endocrine

Front 96

________ glands secrete substances into a lumen/duct or onto a surface.

Back 96

Exocrine

Front 97

________ are groups of secretory cells.

Back 97

Acini

Front 98

_________ functional units that indicate several acini.

Back 98

Adenomeres

Front 99

The ________ is the tubule connecting the gland to an epithelial surface

Back 99

duct

Front 100

This mode of secretion releases by the exocytosis of granules.

Back 100

Merocrine.
Examples: salivary gland, gastric gland, sweat gland. This type of secretion occurs constantly.

Front 101

In this mode of secretion, apical cytoplasm is released, after which, the shape of the cell changes.

Back 101

Apocrine

Front 102

In this mode of secretion, the whole cell is released after it dies.

Back 102

Holocrine

Front 103

This secretion is watery, proteinaceous, often enzymes (stained by eosin).

Back 103

Serous

Front 104

This secretion is a viscous solution of glycoproteins and polysaccharides. Has a washed out look.

Back 104

Mucous

Front 105

This secretion is a combination of serous and muscous.

Back 105

Mixed

Front 106

This secretion is milk and sebum and cerumen

Back 106

Lipid

Front 107

Not all epithelial cell lineages have capacity of regeneration (they do not have stem cells). Two examples are:

Back 107

The auditory hair cells located within the inner ear, and retina.