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291 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
from what embryonic tissue is GI tract derived?
endoderm
what are the 4 concentric layers of the GI tract?
Mucosa
Submucosa
Muscularis externa
Serosa (adventitia)
what are the three layers of the mucosa of the GI tract?
epithelium
lamina propia
muscularis mucosa
what lines the lumen of the digestive tract?
mucosal epithelium
what type of tissue makes up the mucosal epithelium of the GI tract?
simple columnar epithelium
or
stratified squamous epithelium
what makes up the lamina propia of the GI tract mucosa?
loose connective tissue
(part of diffuse lymphatic system)
how many layers of smooth muscle are in the muscularis mucosa of the GI tract?
1-3
what is the function of the muscularis mucosa?
motility of mucosa
forces lymph from lacteal into lymphatic vessels

(causes villi to contract and shorten)
what type of epithelium lines the large intestine?
simple columnar
what composes the submucosa of the GI tract?
dense, irregular connective tissue
blood vessels
lymphatic vessels
submucosal nerve plexus
what is present in the submucosa of only the esophagus and duodenum?
glands
what are the two layers of smooth muscle in the muscularis externa layer of the GI tract?
inner is circular
outer is longitudinal

(stomach has third layer)
what is the outer layer of muscularis externa called in the colon?
taenia coli

smooth muscles of muscularis externa gathered into 3 bands
where in the GI tract is the muscularis externa composed of striated muscle?
upper esophagus
where is the myenteric (Auerbach's) nerve plexus?
between layers of muscularis externa
what is the function of the muscularis externa?
motility of gut wall
what controls peristalsis?
nerve stimulation
stretching of muscle
paracrine hormones
what is serosa in the external layer of the GI tract?
mesothelium (simple epithelium) over a layer of loose connective tissue
what is adventitia in the external layer of the GI tract?
connective tissue layer
how does the esophagus move food to the stomach?
peristaltic activity of muscularis externa
what type of epithelium lines the esophagus?
non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
how many layers of smooth muscle are contained in the muscularis mucosae of the esophagus?
one
what are the two sets of esophageal glands?
esophageal glands proper
esophageal cardiac glands
wha is secreted by both sets of esophageal glands?
mucus
where are the esophageal glands proper?
scattered along the length of the esophagus

in submucosa
what is the purpose of the esophageal glands proper?
lubricate the lumen of the esophagus
where are the esophageal cardiac glands?
near cardiac portion of stomach

in lamina propia of esophagus
what is the purpose of the esophageal cardiac glands?
protect esophagus from gastric reflux
what is contained in the muscularis externa of the esophagus?
skeletal muscle in upper third
combination of skeletal and smooth muscle in middle third
smooth muscle in lower third
what is another name for Barrett's esophagus?
gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)
what is an early symptom of Barrett's esophagus?
heartburn
what is known as Barrett's esophagus?
metaplasic changes of the esophageal lining due to chronic acid reflux
what does an esophagus with GERD resemble histologically?
simple columnar epithelium of small intestine

(has abundant goblet cells to protect lining from stomach acid)
what disorder is prevalent in patients with Barrett's esophagus? (what are they at increased risk of developing?)
esophageal adenocarcinoma
what are the two physiologic sphincters of the gastroesophageal junction?
pharyngoesophageal
gastroesophageal
what is the purpose of the two physiologic sphincters?
prevent reflex of gastric contents
how are physiologic sphincters different from anatomical sphincters?
physiologic sphincters - no thickening of muscle layers
anatomical sphincters - thickening of muscle layers
what causes the closure of the lumen in physiologic sphincters?
nerve innervation
what acidifies and converts food from esophagus into a thick, viscous fluid called chyme?
stomach
what are the three histologically distinct regions of the stomach?
cardia
fundus (body)
pylorus
what is the name for longitudinal folds in the mucosa and submucosa of the stomach? when do they disappear?
rugae

disappear with stomach distention
what are the three layers of smooth muscle in the muscularis externa of the stomach?
oblique
circular
longitudinal
what type of epithelium lines the stomach?
simple columnar epithelium
what is the name for epithelial invaginations of the stomach?
gastric pits
where do gastric pits extend?
into lamina propia
what is the purpose of the gastric pits of the stomach?
serve as ducts for the branched, tubular gastric glands
how many layers of smooth muscle are in the muscularis mucosae of the stomach?
2-3 layers
where are surface mucous cells?
lining the gastric pits of the stomach
what do surface mucous cells secrete?
alkaline mucus to coat the stomach lumen
what is the purpose of the mucus secreted by the surface mucus cells in the stomach?
protects epithelial surface from acid and abrasion
how do surface mucous cells stain?
darkly
where are mucous neck cells located?
in the neck of the gastric glands
what is secreted by the mucous neck cells?
acidic mucous

(unlike alkaline mucous of surface mucous cells)
where are undifferentiated stem cells found in the stomach?
in the neck of gastric glands
where does cell division occur in the stomach?
in the neck of gastric glands

where there are undifferentiated stem cells
what is another name for parietal cells of the stomach?
oxyntic cells
in PAS/alcian blue stain, what color do surface mucous cells stain? mucous neck cells?
dark purple

medium purple
what are parietal cells of the stomach?
large eosinophilic cells with round, centrally placed nucleus
where are parietal cells of the stomach most numerous?
neck and body of gastric glands
what is secreted by parietal cells of the stomach?
HCl

Intrinsic factor
what is the purpose of HCl secreted by gastric parietal cells?
promotes hydrolysis of food substrates
acidic environment converts pepsinogen to pepsin
what is the purpose of intrinsic factor?
complexes with vitamin B12, to facilitate its absorption in intestine
what is apparent in gastric parietal cells at EM level?
abundant mitochondria
abundant intracellular canaliculi
what happens within gastric parietal cells when they are stimulated?
tubulovesicles in the apical cytoplasm fuse to form intracellular canaliculi which empty into the lumen of the gland and increase surface area for HCl secretion
what stimulates the production of HCl in gastric parietal cells?
hormones (e.g. gastrin)
cholinergic nerve endings
what is released by gastric parietal cells as a byproduct of HCl production?
bicarbonate
what causes an increase of blood pH following meals?
absorption by blood of bicarbonate (produced by gastric parietal cells as byproduct of HCl production)
where are chief cells located?
base of gastric glands
how do chief cells appear when stained?
basophilic with abundant RER
what is secreted by chief cells?
pepsinogen
what is pepsinogen?
inactive precursor for pepsin, a proteolytic enzyme
where do enteroendocrine cells mainly occur?
in the base of gastric glands
what are enteroendocrine cells?
small cells with many small secretory granules found throughout GI tract

"clear" cells in H&E stained sections
what is secreted by enteroendocrine cells?
endocrine hormones
paracrine hormones

(serotonin, gastrin)
what structures are in the cardia of the stomach?
shallow pits
what is mainly secreted by the glands in the cardia of the stomach?
mucus
lysozyme
what structures are in the fundus of the stomach?
shallow pits
long glands
what cells are abundant in the fundus of the stomach?
parietal cells
chief cells
what hormones are secreted by fundus portion of stomach?
serotonin
glucagon
what hormones are secreted by pylorus portion of stomach?
gastrine
what structures are found in the pylorus region of the stomach?
deep pits
short glands
what type of cells predominate pylorus region of the stomach?
mucus cells
what bacteria is strongly associated with peptic ulcers, chronic gastritis, duodenitis, and stomach cancer?
helicobacter pylori
where do most peptic ulcers occur?
duodenum
what causes mucosa to become eroded away in the center of ulcers?
inflammation
necrosis
what is a common system of gastric ulcers?
vomiting with blood
what examination is performed on patients who vomit blood?
gastroscopy
what is ordered for gastric ulcers as the result of a small percentage of them being cancerous?
biopsy
what is used in cytopathology of an ulcer?
tiny nylong brush scraped over ulcer, collecting cells for analysis
what is the distinguishing feature of the duodenum?
Brunner's glands
what is the purpose of the small intestine?
hydrolyze food particles
absorb via epithelium then transferring them to blood and lymphatic capillaries in lamina propia
what are the three luminal surface modifications of the small intestine, designed to enhance absorption?
plicae circulares (valves of Kerckring)
villi
microvilli
what are plicae circulares?
valves of Kerckring

permanent spiral folds of submucosa and mucosa
how much do plicae circulares increase surface area of the lumen of the small intestine?
3-fold
what are villi?
epithelium-covered finger-like projections of mucosa into the lumen
how much do the villi increase the surface area of the lumen of the small intestine?
ten-fold
what does the lamina propia core of villi consist of?
loose connective tissue
what is contained in villi?
central, blind-ending lymphatic capillary (lacteal)
where do smooth muscle fibers run in villi?
lengthwise in villus core
what are microvilli?
membrane specializations of the intestinal absorptive cells
how much do microvilli increase the surface area of the lumen of the small intestine?
20-fold
what are the two cell types in simple columnar epithelium of intestinal villi?
enterocytes
goblet cells
what are enterocytes?
intestinal absorptive cells
primary absorptive cells of the small intestine

tall, columnar cells with dense layer of microvilli
what binds the enterocytes of the small intestine?
tight junctions
zonula adherens
what are goblet cells?
unicellular glands that secret mucus
what is the purpose of goblet cells in the intestinal lining?
to protect intestinal lining from pancreatic enzymes and bacteria
what is contained in the apex of goblet cells?
numerous mucinogen granules
where is the number of goblet cells increased?
ileum, from that of duodenum
what is the other name for intestinal glands?
crypts of Lieberkuhn
what are intestinal glands composed of?
goblet cells
columnar cells
enteroendocrine cells
stem cells
Panteh cells
where are Paneth cells located?
at base of crypts in the small intestine
what are Paneth cells?
large cells with many apical, acidophilic secretory granules
what is secreted by Paneth cells?
lysozyme
(antibacterial enzyme)
what is secreted by enteroendocrine cells?
various hormones

(GIP, secretin, CCK)
what does GIP do?
inhibits gastric HCl secretion
what does secretin do?
stimulates bicarb secretion by pancreas
what does CCK do?
stimulates the release of pancreatic enzymes and gallbladder contraction
where are the small secretory granules of enteroendocrine cells located?
in the base of the cells
where are stem cells located in the small intestine?
in intestinal glands
what is the purpose of the intestinal stem cells?
divide to replace themselves and all intestinal epithelial cells
what are the common characteristics of lymphoid nodules in the duodenum and jejunum?
small
solitary
what are the common characteristics of lymphoid nodules in the ileum?
increased in number from duodenum and jejunum

in large aggregates which extend through muscularis mucosae into submucosae
what are Peyer's patches?
large aggregates of lymphoid nodules in the ileum
what do lymphoid nodules of the small intestine consist of?
M cells
B lymphocytes
plasma cells
what are M (microfold) cells?
flat epithelial cells overlying lymphoid nodules

antigen presenting cells
what is present on the apical surface of M cells, rather than microvilli?
small folds
what happens after antigens are presented to B cells in the intestinal lumen?
form more B cells
enter lymph
enter blood
travel to lamina propia
differentiate into plasma cells
produce IgA
IgA is transported across cytoplasm of enterocytes
IgA neutralizes bacteria and antigents in intestinal lumen
what is contained in the duodenum?
brunner's glands in submucosa
few goblet cells
what is the purpose of Brunner's cells in the duodenum?
produce alkaline mucus
creates optimal pH for pancreatic enzyme activity
protects intestinal epithelium from acid
what is contained in the jejunum?
plica circulares
intermediate number of goblet cells

no Brunner's glands
no Peyer's patches
what is contained in the ileum?
abundant goblet cells
many lymphoid nodules or Peyer's patches
what enzymes hydrolyze carbohydrates to disaccharides?
salivary amylase
pancreatic amylase
what cleaves disaccharides to monosaccharides?
disaccharides in glycocalyx of small intestine
how are monosaccharides absorbed?
actively transported into enterocytes
discharged into lamina propia
enter blood vessels
what protein in the stomach partially hydrolyzes proteins?
pepsin
what finishes hydrolyzing proteins into small peptides and amino acids?
pancreatic proteases
how are proteins absorbed?
actively transported into enterocytes
further degraded
discharged into lamina propia
taken up into blood vessels
what degrades fats into monoglycerides, free fatty acids, and glycerol?
pancreatic lipases
bile acids
what substances, derived from fats, are absorbed by enterocytes?
monoglycerides
free fatty acids
glycerol
where are triglycerides resynthesized and coated with lipoprotein?
smooth endoplasmic reticulum of enterocytes
what do triglycerides become when coated with lipoprotein?
chylomicrons
what happens to chylomicrons from enterocytes?
released into lamina propia
taken up by lacteals
what are the alternative names for gluten enteropathy?
nontropical sprue
celiac disease
what is gluten enteropathy?
autoimmune disorder of small intestine, caused by reaction to gliadin
what is gliadin?
a gluten protein found in wheat and rye
what happens histologically in gluten enteropathy?
shortening of intestinal villi
decreased absorption of nutrients
what are the first presentations of gluten enteropathy?
folic acid deficiency
vitamin B12 deficiency
vitamin K deficiency
vitamin D deficiency
what can a patient with gluten enteropathy do to return the villus morphology to normal over several months?
eat a gluten-free diet
what is crypt hyperplasia?
complete flattening of the mucosal surface of the intestine
what are the parts of the large intestine?
cecum
appendix
colon
rectum
what is the function of the large intestine?
convert undigested food into feces by removing water and adding mucus
how is the muscularis externa arranged in the large intestine?
discontinuous, gathered into 3 bands (called teniae coli)
what is the only part of the large intestine with permanent folds (plicae)?
rectum
how many villi are in the large intestine? glands? lymphoid nodules?
no villi
numerous glands
some lymphoid nodules
are there lymphatic vessels in the lamina propia of the large intestine?
no
what type of epithelium lines the large intestine?
simple columnar epithelium
how many goblet cells are in the large intestine?
numerous
describe the absorptive cells of the large intestine.
short, irregular microvilli
how many enteroendocrine cells are in the large intestine?
occasional
where is a collagen table contained in the GI tract?
large intestine
what is the collagen table?
thick layer of collagen and proteoglycans adjacent to the basal lamina of the epithelium of the large intestine
what is the function of the collagen table?
participates in water and electrolyte transport
what do the cecum and appendix histologically resemble?
colon
what is the cecum?
blind pouch distal to the ileocecal valve
what is the appendix?
thin, fingerlike extension of cecum with numerous lymphoid nodules and no teniae coli
what is acute appendicitis?
an inflammation of the appendix, and a medical emergency
what are the main causes of mortality in appendicitis patients?
peritonitis
shock
what can cause a primary obstruction of the appendix leading to appendicitis?
fecaliths
intestinal worms
trauma
lymphadenitis
foreign bodies
what are the surgical procedures to treat appendicitis?
removal via laparoscopic procedure

open laparotomy in cases with rupture or abscess
what type of epithelium lines the anal canal?
simple columnar epithelium in top half
stratified squamous epithelium in bottom half
what is located in the submucosa of the anal canal?
hemorrhoidal venous plexus
many sebaceous glands
large apocrine sweat glands
what are the other names for the apocrine sweat glands of the anal canal?
circumanal glands
scent glands
what forms the internal anal sphincter? what type of muscle is this?
muscularis externa of anal canal

involuntary muscle
what is the exocrine function of the pancreas?
secrete enzyme-rich fluid for digestion of dietary fats, carbohydrates, and proteins
what is the endocrine function of the pancreas?
secrete hormones that control carbohydrate metabolism
where does the endocrine function of the pancreas take place?
islets of Langerhans
what subdivides the gland into ill-defined lobules?
septa formed from the surrounding thin layer of connective tissue
what is contained within the septa of the pancreas?
blood vessels
lymph vessels
interlobular ducts
how is the pancreas classified?
serous, compound acinar gland
what does the pancreas resemble microscopically?
parotid gland
in what three ways does the pancreas differ from the parotid gland?
contains the islets of Langerhans
has centroacinar cells
lacks striated ducts
what are pancreatic acinar cells?
serous cells arranged around a central lumen, involved in exocrine function of pancreas
what is abundant in pancreatic acinar cells?
zymogen granules
rough endoplasmic reticulum
what is secreated by the pancreatic acinar cells?
digestive enzymes
proenzymes

(trypsinogen)
what converts trypsinogen to trypsin?
enterokinase
where is trypsinogen converted to trypsin?
in the lumen of the small intestine
what cells secrete enterokinase? what is its function?
enterocytes

converts trypsinogen to trypsin
what digestive enzymes are secreted by pancreatic acinar cells?
amylases
lipases
ribonucleases
deoxyribonucleases
proteases (trypsin, chymotrypsin)
where, in pancreatic acinar cells, are zymogen granules contained?
apical cytoplasm
in response to what are zymogen granules of the pancreatic acinar cells exocytosed?
cholecystokinin
parasympathetic innervation by vagus nerve
what cells secrete cholecystokinin?
enteroendocrine cells of the small intestine
how do centroacinar cells appear?
flattened nucleus
pale-staining cytoplasm
where are centroacinar cells located?
in the lumen of each pancreatic acinus, forming the intra-acinar portion of intercalated ducts
what is the path of pancreatic ducts?
intercalated ducts (beginning with centroacinar cells) -> intralobular ducts -> interlobular ducts -> main (or accessory) pancreatic duct
how are the intralobular ducts of the pancreas different from those in the salivary glands?
don't reabsorb any fluid from the lumen, therefore they have no striations in the cytoplasm
what is secreted by the cells in the intercalated ducts (including centroacinar cells) of the pancreas?
enzyme-poor alkaline fluid
what stimulates secretion by the intercalated duct cells in the pancreas?
secretin
what cells secrete secretin?
enteroendocine cells of small intestine
how do Islets of Langerhans appear?
pale-staining, spherical clusters of endocrine cells, scattered among acini of exocrine pancreas, with rich network of fenestrated capillaries
what constitutes 70% of islet cells?
beta cells
what is secreted by beta cells of the islets of Langerhans?
insulin
what constitutes 15-20% of cells in the islets of Langerhans?
alpha cells
what is secreted by alpha cells of the islets of Langerhans?
glucagon
what type of cells constitute 5-10% of islet cells?
delta cells
what is secreted by delta cells of the islets of Langerhans?
somatostatin
when is somatostatin secreted?
in response to increases of blood glucose, amino acids, and/or fatty acids
what is the function of somatostatin?
inhibits release of insulin and glucagon, and diminishes motility of the gut

slows uptake of nutrients from ingested food and to make products of assimilation available over longer period of time
what possibly causes the destruction of pancreatic beta cells in type I diabetes?
viral infection
autoimmune disorder
what happens to pancreatic beta cells in type II diabetes?
many islet cells are hyalinized
what does the term hyalinization mean?
deposition of amyloid
what are the four major functions of the liver?
exocrine secretion
endocrine secretion
detoxification
storage site
what exocrine secretion is the liver responsible for?
bile
from what is bile synthesized?
waste products of erythrocyte destruction
where is bile secreted in the liver?
biliary tract
what is the endocrine secretion that the liver is responsible for?
plasma proteins (albumin, prothrombin, fibrinogen, lipoproteins)

urea
what aspect of detoxification is the liver responsible for?
modifying potentially dangerous chemicals and drugs and rendering them harmless
for what does the liver serve as a storage site?
glucose
fats
vitamin A
what is the single type of parenchymal cell which composes the liver?
hepatocyte
how are hepatocytes organized?
plates of cells, with sinusoidal capillaries (sinusoids) located between them
what is the name for the thin capsule of connective tissue that covers the liver?
Glisson's capsule

(also divides liver into lobes and lobules)
how many nuclei are contained in hepatocytes?
one, though some can be binucleate
what are the three ways of describing the liver, in terms of functional units?
classic lobule
portal lobule
liver acinus
how is a classic lobule described?
hexagonal mass of hepatic tissue drained by a central vein
what lines central veins?
endothelial cells

(no CT in vessel wall)
what is located at the corners of a classic liver lobule?
portal canals
what is another name for portal canals in the liver?
triads
what three structures compose a portal canal?
branch of the portal vein
branch of the hepatic artery
bile duct

(also lymphatic vessels and connective tissue)
what composes the dual blood supply of the liver?
portal vein
hepatic artery
what are the three drainage systems of the liver?
hepatic veins
lymphatic vessels
bile ducts
where is blood from hepatic arterioles and portal venules received?
sinusoids between plates of hepatocytes
what type of blood is found in hepatic arterioles?
oxygen rich
what type of blood is found in portal venules?
nutrient-rich
where do sinusoids in the liver empty?
into central vein
where does the central vein form when it merges with other veins? where does this structure empty?
hepatic veins

inferior vena cava
where do hepatic veins empty?
inferior vena cava
where is bile flow directed in the classic liver lobule?
towards periphery

(opposite direction as blood flow)
what is the path of bile through the liver?
bile canaliculi -> bile ducts -> portal canals
what is the name of the small bile ductules which receive bile from bile canaliculi and empty into bile ducts of the portal canals?
canals of Hering
how is a portal lobule (of the liver) described?
triangular mass of hepatic tissue drained by a bile duct in a portal canal
what forms the corners of a portal lobule?
central veins
what is at the center of a portal lobule?
portal canal
what is emphasized by the portal lobule approach to the liver?
exocrine function of the liver
how is a liver acinus described?
diamond-shaped region defined by blood flow into liver parenchyma
how does a liver acinus relate to the classic liver lobules?
formed by two triangular sections of adjacent liver lobules
what defines the three zones into which each triangle of a liver acinus can be divided?
distance from distributing blood vessels (branches of hepatic artery and portal vein)
what explains the histologic appearance of pathologic changes in the liver?
zones of the liver acinus
why are hepatocytes in zone 1 of a liver acinus more susceptible to toxins?
they receive first exposure to toxins, and absorb them
why are hepatocytes in zone 3 of a liver acinus more susceptible to oxygen deprivation?
they receive a less oxygenated blood supply (hepatocytes from first two zones take up much of the oxygen from the blood)
in which zone of a liver acinus would one expect to find ischemic necrosis in the liver biopsy specimen of an individual with congestive heart failure?
zone 3
what types of cells are in the liver?
hepatocytes
Kupffer Cells
fat-storing cells
what is possessed by hepatocytes?
abundant rough ER
abundant smooth ER
mitochondria
lysosomes
peroxisomes
lipid droplets
glycogen deposits
euchromatic nuclei
as oxygen availability to hepatocytes decreases (more distal zones in liver acinus), what variations of structural, histochemical, and biochemical characteristics increase?
key glycolysis enzymes
key fatty-acid-synthesizing enzymes
as oxygen availability to hepatocytes decreases (more distal zones in liver acinus), what variations of structural, histochemical, and biochemical characteristics decrease?
extrahepatic hormones
key glucose-liberating enzymes
key fatty-acid-oxidation enzymes
what connects adjacent hepatocytes?
desmosomes
tight junctions
what forms a seal around bile canaliculi?
tight junctions of hepatocytes
what separates hepatocytes from endothelial cells of the sinusoids?
space of Disse
what is represented by the space of Disse?
beginning of lymphatic pathway in liver

(fluid flows toward lymphatic vessels in portal canals)
what structures of hepatocytes help them to absorb nutrients, oxygen, and toxins?
microvilli
what are Kupffer cells?
resident macrophages of the liver
where are Kupffer cells located?
in hepatic sinusoids
what are fat-storing cells in the liver?
stellate cells in space of Disse which accumulate fat and store vitamin A
where are fat-storing cells in the liver?
in the space of Disse
in what form do fat-storing cells store vitamin A?
retinyl esters
what is contained in bile?
bile salts
cholesterol
bilirubin
lecithin
electrolytes
fatty acids
what is the function of bile salts?
emulsify ingested fat, facilitating the absorption of fatty acids and monoglycerides
how much bile is recycled?
90%
what is increased in a cirrhotic liver?
production of fibrocollagenous (scar) tissue
what is cirrhosis of the liver?
slowly progressing disease, which destroys hepatocytes and distorts liver architecture
what are the most common causes of cirrhosis of the liver?
alcohol toxicity
viral infection
autoimmune liver disease
what is the problem with regenerating hepatocytes in a cirrhotic liver?
form irregular nodules
have abnormal relationships with microvasculature
what is the function of the gall bladder?
concentrates, stores, and releases bile
what is included in the simple wall structure of the gallbladder?
epithelium
lamina propia
muscularis
serosa (adventitia)
in response to what does the muscularis layer of the gallbladder contract?
cholecystokinin
what cells release cholecystokinin? in response to what?
enteroendocrine cells in small intestine

in response to dietary fat
what does the mucosa of the gallbladder consist of?
simple, columnar epithelium overlying lamina propia
what is the name for diverticula of the mucosa of the gall bladder?
Rokitansky-Aschoff sinuses
what is a characteristic feature of the gallbladder?
Rokitansky-Aschoff sinuses
in the gall bladder, what creates an osmotic gradient, drawing water out of bile?
sodium pumps in the basolateral membrane
with what is acute cholecystitis offten associated?
gallstones in the neck of the gallbladder
what causes inflammation of the gallbladder wall?
obstruction of bile
with what symptoms will a patient present if they have acute cholecystitis?
pain
right upper quadrant tenderness
leukocytosis
what hormone, produced in the stomach, stimulates gastric acid secretion?
gastrin
what hormone, produced in the stomach, stimulates GH secretion and appetite?
ghrelin
what hormone, produced in the duodenum and jejunum, stimulates GB contraction, pancreatic enzyme secretion, pancreatic bicarb secretion, and pancreatic growth, while inhibiting gastric emptying?
cholecystokinin
what hormone, produced in the duodenum and jejunum, stimulates insulin release which inhibiting gastric acid secretion?
gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP)
what hormone, produced by the duodenum and jejunum, stimulates gastric motility and intestinal motility?
Motilin
what hormone, produced by pancreas inhibits pancreatic enzyme secretion and pancreatic bicarb secretion?
pancreatic polypeptide
what hormone, produced by the ileum and the colon, inhibits gastric acid secretion, gastric emptying and food intake?
peptide YY
what hormone, produced by the ileum and colon, stimulates insulin release, while inhibiting gastric acid secretion and gastric emptying?
glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1)
what hormone, produced by the stomach, stimulates gastric release?
Bombesin
what hormone, produced by mucosa and smooth muscle of the GI tract, stimulates pancreatic enzyme secretion and intestinal secretion, while inhibiting smooth muscle and sphincter contraction?
vasoactive inhibitory peptide (VIP)