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65 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What is the main function of the kidney?
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to make urine, filter, and reabsorb stuff
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What is the renal sinus/hilus?
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cavity where the renal artery, renal vein, nerves enter and contains fat
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What is the general structural organization of the kidney?
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-capsule
-cortex -medulla -lobes -lobules |
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Is the capsule very thin?
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yes
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What is the cortex of the kidney?
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-part closest to the capsule
-divided into cortical rays and cortical labrinth -has a light and dark alternating array |
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What is the cortical labrynth of the kidney cortex?
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the lighter pattern of the cortex
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What is the cortical ray part of the kidney cortex?
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the darker region of the cortex
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What is the cortical column/renal column of the kidney cortex?
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-extensions of the cortex to the sinus between the renal pyramids
-separates pieces of the medulla |
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What makes up the medulla of the kidney?
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-papilla
-medullary pyramid |
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What is the papilla of the kidney medulla?
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-tip of the medullary pyramid facing the minor calyx
-contains papillary ducts |
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What is the medullary pyramid of the kidney medulla?
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-a heart shaped structure
-its base is between the junction of the pyramid and the cortex |
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What is the lobe of the kidney made of?
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-medullary pyramids of medulla and tissue above it
-interlobar arteries and veins are the extreme boundaries("inter"=between lobes) |
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Where are interlobar arteries and veins located?
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inside the renal columns
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Tell five things about the lobule of the kidney.
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-is smaller units of the lobe containing its own vascular base
-is above the medullary pyramid -contains interlobular arteries on its outer boundaries -the middle of teh lobule is the cortical ray -has cortical labrinth on either side of the cortical ray |
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What makes up the urinerferous tubules?
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nephron + collecting tubule
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What is the renal corpuscle?
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-located in the cortical labrynth of the renal cortex
-is a round sphere with a urinary pole and a vascular pole |
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What is the urinary pole?
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distal pole where the tubular system begins and fluid filters out
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What is the vascular pole?
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Pole where the afferent vessels enter and efferent vesels leave
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What is Bowman's capsule?
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-the epithelial capsule of the renal corpuscle
- made of a parietal layer and a visceral layer |
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What type of epithelium is the parietal layer of Bowman's capsule made of?
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simple squamous epithelium
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What type of epithelium is the visceral layer of Bowman's capsule made of?
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-simple squamous epithelium
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Where are podocytes found?
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In the visceral layer of Bowman's capsule
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What forms the glomerulus in the renal corpuscle?
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the afferent arteriole, is lined with simple squamous epithelium, blood exits through the efferent arteriole
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What is the space between the parietal and visceral layers of Bowman's capsule called?
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capsular sapce or urinary space
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What are podocytes?
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-cells found on the visceral layer of bowman's capsule
-have long cytoplasmic arms with extensions that touch the basement membrane of the capillaries -are involved in the filtration process |
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What are the filtration barriers between the lumen of the glomerular capillary and urinary space of the renal capsule?
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-fenestrated membranes of the glomerular endothelium
-the basal membrane -the slit membranne between podocyte membranes |
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What are the two parts of the proximal tubule?
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-proximal convoluted tubule
-straight portion of the proximal tubule |
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Where is the proximal convoluted tubule located?
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-found in the labrynth
-directly attached to the renal corpuscle at the urinary pole |
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Where is the straight portion of the proximal tubule located?
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-is connected to the proximal convoluted tubule
-found in the cortical ray and the medulla |
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What type of epithelium is found in the proximal tubule?
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-simple tall cuboidal/simple columnar epithelium with a brush border of microvilli on the apical surface
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What are the divisions of the loop of henle?
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-decending thick segment=straight portion of the proximal tubule
-thin segment -ascending thick segment=first part of distal tubule |
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What type of epithelium is the thin loop of the loop of henle lined with?
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simple squamous epithelium
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What is the function of the loop of henle?
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-the urine is made hypertonic here
-the body reabsorbs water from here -glucose and protein absorption occurs here **there is a lot of debri in this lumen |
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What are the two parts of the distal tubule?
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-straight portion of the distal tubule
-distal convoluted tubule |
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Where can the distal tubule be found?
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travels through the medulla, cortical ray, and cortical labrinth(convoluted part here)
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What type of epithelium is in the distial tubule?
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simple cuboidal epithelium with little or no brush border/microvilli
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What is absorbed in the distal tubule?
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calcium and sodium
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What hormone controls the absorption of sodium in the distal tubule
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aldosterone
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What is aldosterone?
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steroid hormone that is involved in sodium absorption and potassium secretion in the distal tubule
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What is the function of the distal tubule?
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-urine acidification
-not a lot of debri in the tubule |
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What makes up the juxtaglomerular apparatus?
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-the juxtaglomerular cells of the afferent arteriole
-the macula densa of the efferent arteriole -mesangial cells |
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What are the juxtaglomerular cells of the afferent arteriole?
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-modified smooth muscle cells in the wall of the afferent arteriole
-makes renin |
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What is renin?
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-enzyme/hormone made in the adrenal gland involved in sodium ballance and regulating blood pressure
-found in juxtoglomerular apparatus that converts angiotensinogen...to angiotensin I...to angiotensin II |
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What is the macula densa of the efferent arteriole?
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-is a modified segment of the wall of the distal tubule
-here the epithelial wall changes from cuboidal to columnar |
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What are mesangial cells?
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-triangle cells between the wall of the distal tubule and the glomerulus
-light staining cells |
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What type of epithelium is found in the collecting tubule?
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-starts as cuboidal in cortex
-becomes collumnar in medulla |
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What is the collecting tubule?
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is where the urine leaves the kidney and enters into the minor calyx
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What occurs in the collecting tubule if vasopressin is present?
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-water absorption
-vasopressin is an antidiuretic hormone that prevents constant urination |
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What are the two types of circulation is the kidney?
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-cortical circulation
-juxtamedullary circulation |
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What is the blood flow in cortical circulatiOn?
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-renal artery
-interlobar artery -arcuate artery -interlobular artery -afferent arterioleglomerulus -efferent arteriole -***cortical peritubular capillaries -interlobular vein -arcuate vein -interlobar vein -renal vein |
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What is the blood flow in the juxtamedullary circulation?
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-renal artery
-interlobar artery -arcuate artery -interlobular artery -afferent arteriole -glomerulus -efferent arteriole -***vasa recta -arcuate vein -interlobar vein -renal vein |
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Where is the cortical peritubular capillaries located?
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-these surround all of the tubules in the cortex, this is where absorption occurs
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Where is the vasa recta?
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surround all tubules in the medulla and are straight vessels
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What is the function of the calyces, pelvis, ureter, and bladder?
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stores urine formed in the kidneys
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What type of epithelium does the calyces and pelvis contain?
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transitional: 2-3 layers
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What type of epithelium does the ureter contain?
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transitional: 4-5 layers
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What type of epithelium does the urinary bladder contain?
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transitional: 6-8 layers
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Is a lamina propria present in the calyces, pelvis, ureter, and urinary bladder?
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yes
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Is a muscularis mucosae present in the calyces, pelvis, ureter, and urinary bladder?
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no
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Is a tunica muscularis present in the calyces & pelvis?
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yes
2 layers |
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Is a tunica muscularis present in the ureter?
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yes
-upper region= 2 layers -lower region= 3 layers |
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Is a tunica muscularis present in the urinary bladder?
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yes
-3 layers |
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Is a tunica adventita or serosa present in the calyces & pelvis?
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adventitia
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Is a tunica adventita or serosa present in the ureter?
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adventitia
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Is a tunica adventita or serosa present urinary bladder?
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dorsally = adventitia
ventrally = serosa |