Histo Test Ii - No Pictures!

Front 1

List three characteristics that will help you distinguish cardiac muscle from skeletal muscle:

Back 1

Cardiac Muscle: Skeletal M.:
-1-2 Nuclei -multi-nucl.
-Centrally Placed -Periphery
-Intercalated Discs-None
-Purkinje Fibers -None

Front 2

Which leukocyte can enter tissues and then go back into the circulatory system?

Back 2

Lymphocyte

Front 3

Which lymphatic organs undergo age related involution?

Back 3

-Thymus
-Cloacal Bursa

Front 4

Where do you expect to see B lymphocytes and where do you expect to find T lymphocytes in a
normal lymph node?

Back 4

-B lymphocytes lymph nodules
-T lymphocytes diffuse lymphatic tissue of the paracortical zone and/or deep
cortex

Front 5

Where do you expect to see B lymphocytes and where do you expect to find T lymphocytes in a
normal spleen?

Back 5

-B lymphocytes are found in splenic nodules ( lymph nodules)
-T lymphocytes are found in PALS (periarterial lymphoid sheaths)

Front 6

What types of glands are found in the anal sac of CATS?

Back 6

-Apocrine sweat glands
-Sebaceous glands

Front 7

Which of our domestic animal species possess circumanal glands?

Back 7

Dogs

Front 8

Layers of Epidermis:
-Which layer contacts the basement membrane?

Back 8

Stratum Basale

Front 9

Layers of Epidermis:
-Which layer has cells that have lost their nuclei?

Back 9

Stratum corneum

Front 10

Layers of Epidermis:
-Which layer is only seen in areas of wear & tear?

Back 10

Stratum lucidum

Front 11

Layers of Epidermis:
-In which layer do you usually find Langerhans cells?

Back 11

Stratum spinosum

Front 12

Layers of Epidermis:
-In which layer or layers do you find melanocytes?

Back 12

-Stratum basale
-Stratum spinosum

Front 13

Growth of Equine Hoof:
-Layers of Hoof Wall (3):

Back 13

-Stratum externum
-Stratum medium
-Stratum internum

Front 14

Growth of Equine Hoof:
-Layers of Hoof Wall:
-Direction of Growth:
-Stratum externum:
-Stratum medium:
-Stratum internum:

Back 14

Growth of Equine Hoof:
-Layers of Hoof Wall:
-Direction of Growth:
-From proximal to distal:
-From proximal to distal:
-From inside to outside:

Front 15

The stratum basale and stratum spinosum (stratum germinativum) found on the surface of the
perioplic dermis (corium) gives rise to which specific layer of the cornified epidermal hoof wall?

Back 15

Stratum externum

Front 16

What is the major histological difference that is seen when comparing equine hooves to cloven
hooves (non-equine hoof)?

Back 16

Non-Equine hoof has NO secondary laminae

Front 17

Which laminae of the equine hoof/foot are considered to be “insensitive”?

Back 17

Epidermal laminae

Front 18

What is the function of the crista ampullaris of the ear?

Back 18

Sense angular or rotational movement

Front 19

Which specific cranial nerve is associated with the ear (both balance and hearing)?

Back 19

CN 8

Front 20

List the four types of support cells of the CNS:

Back 20

-Astrocytes
-Oligodendrocytes
-Microglia
-Ependymal cells

Front 21

Of the support cells of the CNS, which one produces myelin?

Back 21

Oligodendrocyte

Front 22

List the three layers that comprise the mucous membrane of the typical tubular organs of
digestive system:

Back 22

-Epithelium
-Lamina propria
-Muscularis mucosae

Front 23

In which of the three tunics (layers) AND which specific part of that tunic of the eye do you find the tapetum lucidum?

Back 23

Uvea (vascular layer) specifically the choroid

Front 24

List the different types or classifications of lingual papillae (5):

Back 24

-Filiform
-Foliate
-Vallate (circumvalate)
-Fungiform
-Conical

Front 25

Which types of lingual papillae have taste buds associated with them (3)?

Back 25

-Foliate
-Vallate (circumvalate)
-Fungiform

Front 26

List two species for which the tunica muscularis of the esophagus is entirely skeletal muscle:

Back 26

-Ruminants
-Dog

Front 27

Which salivary gland is typically regarded as being composed entirely of serous ascini?

Back 27

Parotid salivary gland

Front 28

What specific duct drains the individual secretory units in salivary glands?

Back 28

Intercalated ducts

Front 29

You examine a cat and you find a lesion on palatine surface of a premolar. Describe what is meant by the palatine surface:

Back 29

The palatine surface is the inside surface of a tooth in the upper arcade of teeth. This is the surface closest to the hard/soft palate.

Front 30

What cells make the dentin of teeth?

Back 30

Odontoblasts

Front 31

What type of connective tissue is found in the umbilical cord?

Back 31

Mucous CT

Front 32

questions concerning cilia and microvilli:
A) Compare cilia and microvilli based on the cytoskeletal elements that they contain.
B) What structure or cytoplasmic component anchors or provides attachement for each:
C) TRUE or FALSE: Both cilia and microvilli are covered by plasma membrane.

Back 32

-Cilia contain microtubules
-Microvilli cont. microfilaments
-Cilia – basal bodies
-Microvillia ‐ terminal web
-TRUE

Front 33

What specific cell type produces platelets and where is this cell found in the adult mammal.

Back 33

Megakaryocyte – found in bone marrow

Front 34

With respect to the equine hoof:
A) Which specific laminae contain the living epidermal stratum germinativum (stratum basale + stratum
spinosum)?
B) Which specific region of dermis (corium) supports the stratum germinativum (stratum basale +
stratum spinosum) that produces the stratum medium?

Back 34

A)Secondary (2º) epidermal laminae
B)Coronary dermis (corium)

Front 35

What specific tissue makes up the periodontal ligament (membrane) that holds the tooth in the
alveolar bone?

Back 35

CCT

Front 36

The three non‐glandular compartments of the ruminants stomach look similar. How do you tell them
apart, histologically?

Back 36

-Rumen – has papillae that do not have any muscularis mucosa
-Reticulum – has papillae and reticular crests – there is muscularis mucosa only in the tips (ends of the
reticular crests.
-Omasum – has laminae and muscularis mucosa is found throughout the length of the lamina.

Front 37

What component of the blood-brain barrier is the most important in creating an effective barrier in the mature animal?

Back 37

Endothelial cells of the blood capillaries that are joined by tight junctions

Front 38

List the components that make up each of the three parts of the ear:

Back 38

-external ear : pinna and external auditory canal (meatus)
-middle ear : three ear bones (ossicles).], tympanic cavity (auditory tube)
-inner ear : vestibule, semicircular canals and the cochlea

Front 39

What is koilin and where do you find it?

Back 39

Koilin is a non cellular membrane or secreted material that lines the luminal surface of the bird
ventriculus (gizzard)

Front 40

Which type of glands of the monogastric stomach (or the abomasums) appear serous ?

Back 40

cardiac glands

Front 41

What do the chief cells of the proper gastric glands secrete?

Back 41

Pepsinogen

Front 42

List the four(4) modifications that are seen in the small intestine to increase surface area ?

Back 42

-length of small intestine
-plicae circulares
-villi
-microvilli (brush border)

Front 43

HYPSODONT TEETH
SPECIES VARIATION:
– Carnivores:
– Pigs:
– Ruminants:
– Horses:

Back 43

– Carnivores: no hypsodont
teeth
– Pigs:only canines hypsodont
– Ruminants: cheek teeth are hypsodont
– Horses: all teeth hypsodont, but canines cease growth

Front 44

BRACHYDONT
-3 Components:

Back 44

-Dental Pulp (Pulp Cavity)
-Odontoblasts
-Dentin

Front 45

BRACHYDONT
-DENTAL PULP:
-Widest In?
-Tissues?

Back 45

– widest in young animals
– Central area; CCT; ? mucous CT
– Contains nerves & blood vessels

Front 46

BRACHYDONT
-ODONTOBLASTS:
-Location:
-Function:

Back 46

– Cells at periphery of dental pulp
– Produce dentin
• predentin = unmineralized
• predentin - closest to odontoblasts

Front 47

AMELOBLASTS:
-Function?
-Orientation?
-Destroyed when?

Back 47

-Produce enamel before teeth erupt
-Apical surface faces developing tooth
-Destroyed with tooth eruption

Front 48

ENAMEL:
-Covers?
-Description:

Back 48

-Covers crown only
-Hardest substance in body
~97% inorganic (calcium salts)

Front 49

CEMENTUM:
-Covers?
-Produced by?
-Description?

Back 49

– Covers root (i.e. stops at
gum line)
– Produced by cementocytes
housed in lacunae
– Cellular & acellular areas

Front 50

PERIODONTAL MEMBRANE:
-Tissue?
-Function?

Back 50

– Dense CCT
– Holds tooth root in alveolar
bone (“socket”)

Front 51

ALVEOLAR BONE:
-Type?
-Function?

Back 51

– Compact & cancellous
bone that forms the socket

Front 52

SALIVARY GLANDS
General features (4):

Back 52

• Compound tubuloalveolar or tubuloacinar glands
• Lobulated w/ CCT btw lobules
• Types of secretory acini within lobules - varies with different glands&with species
• Prominent duct system

Front 53

SALIVARY GLANDS
• Types of secretory acini within lobules (3):

Back 53

Varies with different glands and with species:
• Serous
• Mucous
• Mixed

Front 54

SALIVARY GLANDS
• Prominent duct
system (4):

Back 54

(small to large)
– Intercalated ducts
– Striated ducts
– Interlobular ducts
– Principal (main) ducts

Front 55

SALIVARY GLANDS
• Intercalated Ducts
-Size?
-Drain?
-Tissue?
-Classification?

Back 55

– Smallest ducts within lobules
– Drain individual secretory
units
– Simple cuboidal -- may only
see nuclei (“purple beaded
bracelet”)
• Striated Ducts

Front 56

SALIVARY GLANDS
• Striated Ducts:
-Size:
-Drain:
-Tissue:
-Classification:

Back 56

– Most prominent ducts within
lobules
– Drain several secretory units
– Simple cuboidal to columnar
– Striations at basal aspect (=
infoldings of plasmalemma)

Front 57

SALIVARY GLANDS
•Interlobular Ducts
-Location:
-Tissue:

Back 57

–Between lobules
within CCT
–Columnar (simple or
stratified) or stratified
cuboidal

Front 58

SALIVAR GLANDS
-General Types (2):

Back 58

• Parotid Salivary Gland
• Mixed Salivary Gland

Front 59

• PAROTID SALIVARY GLAND
-Only what kind of cells?
-Frequently confused with?

Back 59

– Only serous acini
– Frequently confused with pancreas

Front 60

•MIXED SALIVARY GLAND
-Types (2):
-Cells present?
-Description?

Back 60

– Mandibular & Sublingual salivary glands
– Both serous and mucous cells present
– Part of sublingual polystomatic portion) empties directly into oral cavity so has
decreased intralobular duct system

Front 61

SALIVARY GLANDS
-Functions (4):
-Prevalent Cells?
-Function?

Back 61

• Moistens oral mucosa & food
• Some CHO digestion
(salivary amylase)
• Saliva contains antibodies (IgA) => protection from
pathogens
– Plasma cells prevalent
• Secrete IgA

Front 62

OROPHARYNX
• Location:
-Contains:

Back 62

– Transitional area between oral cavity & digestive tract
– Contains the tonsils:
• Palantine (2) lateral wall
• Pharyngeal (1) posterior wall

Front 63

ESOPHAGUS
-Microscopic Layers (7):

Back 63

• Mucous Membrane (Mucosa)
– Epithelium = NKSS
– Lamina propria
– Muscularis mucosae
• Submucosa
• Tunica Muscularis
• Adventitia/Serosa

Front 64

ESOPHAGUS
• Mucous Membrane (Mucosa)
– Epithelium = ?
– Lamina propria - typically?
– Muscularis mucosae = ?

Back 64

– Non-keratinized stratified
squamous
– Typically aglandular in
mammals
– Variably developed in
mammals

Front 65

ESOPHAGUS
• Submucosa
-Tissues:
-In Birds:

Back 65

– +/- glands ( predominantly mucous)
– +/- lymphoid nodules
– Very thin layer in birds

Front 66

ESOPHAGUS
• Tunica Muscularis
– Description:
• Adventitia/Serosa
– Location:

Back 66

– Spiraled; 2 layers
– Adventitia = cervical & thoracic
– Serosa = abdominal

Front 67

ESOPHAGUS
Species Variations:
• Tunica Muscularis
– Ruminants & Dogs:
– Birds:
– Others:
• Cranial 1/3 = ?
• Middle 1/3 = ?
• Caudal 1/3 = ?
• Esophageal Glands
– Mammals:
– Birds:

Back 67

• Tunica Muscularis
– Ruminants & Dogs: all skeletal muscle
– Birds: all smooth muscle
– Others:
• Cranial 1/3 = skeletal muscle
• Middle 1/3 = skeletal & smooth muscle
• Caudal 1/3 = smooth muscle
• Esophageal Glands
– Mammals: mixed (mainly mucous) glands in submucosa
– Birds: mucous glands in lamina propria

Front 68

CROP:
-What Species?
-Ventral Diverticulum of?
-Function?
• Same as esophagus microscopically
except (2):

Back 68

• Avian feature
• Esophagus
• Used for storage
– Epithelium usually thicker
in the crop
– Glands are absent in crop

Front 69

Muscularis Mucosae is thinner in Stomach or Small Intestine?

Back 69

Small Intestine

Front 70

INTESTINAL ENTEROENDOCRINE CELLS
-Location:
-2 Different Morphologies:
-Secrete Hormones (2):

Back 70

-Deep (Basal) Portion of Intestinal Crypts
-1) Acidophilic granules face
the lamina propria
2) cytoplasm is unstained
surrounding the nucleus
– Secretin => pancreatic duct cells to release bicarbonate =>
increases the pH of the chyme entering intestines (i.e. makes chyme more alkaline)
– Cholecystokinin - CCK (Pancreozymin) => pancreatic acini to secrete digestive enzymes & gallbladder contraction

Front 71

MYENTERIC & SUBMUCOSAL PLEXUS
-Comprised of?
-Encapsulated in CCT?
-Function?
-Regulation?

Back 71

♦ Neuron cell bodies & their
processes
♦ Not encapsulated with CCT
♦ Responsible for peristalsis
♦ Mainly autonomous but
partially regulated by the
autonomic N.S. (sympathetic
& parasympathetic)

Front 72

What differentiates Large Intestine from Small Intestine Histologically?

Back 72

NO VILLI in Large Intestine!

Front 73

ANAL CANAL
-Main Layers (3):

Back 73

-Mucosa
-Tunica Muscularis
-Adventitia (Typical)

Front 74

ANAL CANAL
-Mucosa:
-Layers (2):

Back 74

-NKSS epith. becoming keratinized at end
-Lamina propria - blends with submucosa
-Muscularis mucosa ABSENT!

Front 75

ANAL CANAL
-Mucosa:
-Contents (3):

Back 75

-sweat glands
-sebaceous glands
-circumanal glands in dogs

Front 76

ANAL CANAL
-Tunica Muscularis:
-Types of muscle & what they form (3):

Back 76

-Inner circular layer --> forms internal anal sphincter
-Outer longitudinal layer
-->forms rectococygeous m.
-Skeletal muscle --> external anal sphincter

Front 77

LIVER
-Functions (2):
-Secretory Units:
-Ducts:

Back 77

-Endocrine (Islets of Lang.)&
-Exocrine (majority)
-Serous Acini
-Intercalated (NO STRIATED DUCTS!!)

Front 78

PANCREAS
-Exocrine Function (2):

Back 78

-Production of Bicarbonate
-Digestive Proenzymes /
Enzymes

Front 79

PANCREAS
-Exocrine Function:
-Production of Bicarbonate:
-Process/Effect:

Back 79

♦ neutralizes acidic chyme
♦ secreted by centroacinar cells in response to secretin
enteroendocrine cells of small intestine ---> secretin --->
goes to pancreas and acts on centroascinar cells to release
bicarbonate

Front 80

PANCREAS
-Exocrine Function:
-Digestive Proenzymes/
Enzymes:
-Process/Effect:

Back 80

♦ breakdown proteins/ carbohydrates/lipids
♦ secreted by acinar cells in response to cholecystokinin
enteroendocrine cells of small intestine ---> cholecystokinin --->goes to pancreas and acts on acinar cells to release
several different enzymes and proenzymes
-examples: trypsinogen, chymotrypsinogen, procarboxypeptidases
amylase, lipase

Front 81

LIVER
-Stroma
-Major Parts (3):

Back 81

• Capsule
• Interstitial (interlobular) CT
• Reticular fiber network
suspends hepatocytes
(liver cells)
– Not visible

Front 82

LIVER
-Stroma
-Capsule:

Back 82

– CCT
– Serosa where exposed to abdominal cavity

Front 83

LIVER
-Stroma
-Intersitial (Interlobular) CT:

Back 83

– Loose CCT
– Highly pronounced
in the pig

Front 84

List the three zones of the adrenal cortex and list one hormone that is produced by each zone.

Back 84

-Zona glomerulosa ‐ aldosterone
-Zona fasiculata ‐ cortisol, corticosterone (DHEA)
-Zona reticularis ‐ DHEA (cortisol, corticosterone)

Front 85

List the two (2) major hormones (or substances) produced by the adrenal medulla.

Back 85

Epinephrine
Norepinephrine

Front 86

List the two (2) nerve plexuses seen in the tubular portions of the gastrointestinal tract.

Back 86

+Submucosal (Meissner’s) plexus
+Myenteric (Auerbach’s) plexus

Front 87

Which portion of the intestine is NOT covered with a serosa?

Back 87

Terminal rectum

Front 88

What type of epithelium is present in the anal canal?

Back 88

Stratified squamous epithelium that is nonkeratinized proximally and becomes keratinized distally.

Front 89

The inner circular layer of the smooth muscle of the anal canal forms what specific muscle associated with the anus?

Back 89

Internal anal sphincter

Front 90

CONCERNING MUSCLE
A) Which protein is the major component of thick filaments of striated muscle?

Back 90

Myosin

Front 91

CONCERNING MUSCLE
B) Which protein is the major component of thin filaments of striated muscle?

Back 91

Actin (F and G)

Front 92

CONCERNING MUSCLE
C) What are the other proteins that are also found in thin filaments of striated muscle?

Back 92

Tropomysoin, Troponin

Front 93

CONCERNING MUSCLE
D) What is the function of the sarcoplasmic reticulum in muscle?

Back 93

(Modified smooth endoplasmic reticulum) is primarily concerned with:
- uptake, storage and release of calcium ions.

Front 94

MAMMALIAN LUNG
-General Functions (4):

Back 94

• A. AIR CONDUCTION/GAS EXCHANGE.
• B. WARMS, HUMIDIFIES, FILTERS AIR.
• C. BACTERICIDAL SECRETIONS.
• D. REGULATES BODY TEMPERATURE.

Front 95

MAMMALIAN LUNG
2 Principle Portions:

Back 95

-AIR-CONDUCTING PORTION
-RESPIRATORY PORTION

Front 96

MAMMALIAN LUNG
-AIR-CONDUCTING
PORTION:
-Parts (7):

Back 96

• a. nasal cavity & paranasal sinuses.
• b. nasopharynx.
• c. larynx.
• d. trachea.
• e. principal (extrapulmonary) bronchi.
• f. intrapulmonary bronchi.
• g. bronchioles (including terminal bronchioles).

Front 97

MAMMALIAN LUNG
-RESPIRATORY PORTION
-Location:
-Parts (4):

Back 97

-Where gas exchange occurs:
In Lungs
• a. respiratory bronchioles.
• b. alveolar ducts.
•c. alveolar sacs.
•d. alveoli.

Front 98

NASAL CAVITY&
PARANASAL SINUSES
-Regions of Nasal Cavity (3):
-

Back 98

a. Vestibular region.
b. Respiratory region.
c. Olfactory region.
*Sec. Of both resp. & olfactory epithelium.

Front 99

NASAL CAVITY Microscopy
-VESTIBULAR REGION:
-Layers/Assoc. Structures:
-Function:

Back 99

-NKSS,
-LP/ submucosa
-Short hairs,
-Sebaceous/Sweat glds.
-Remove large particles !

Front 100

NASAL CAVITY Microscopy
-RESPIRATORY REGION:
-Layers/Assoc. Structures:

Back 100

-Most of nasal cavity PSColEpiCil/Gob.
-LP/submucosa
-Vascular, glds, lymph tissue.
-Underlying tissue cart or
Bone

Front 101

NASAL CAVITY Microscopy
-OLFACTORY REGION:
-Layers/Assoc. Structures:

Back 101

-Post/superior area nasal
cavity: ModPSColEpi
-3 Cell Types!
-THICK!
-NO Goblet cells.
-LP/submucosa:
-Serous glds
-Nerve fibers.
-Underlying tissue cart or BONE

Front 102

NASAL CAVITY Microscopy
-OLFACTORY REGION:
-3 Cell Types in Epithelium:

Back 102

a) Olfactory Cells:
-Mod. Bipolar Neurons;
Apex of Cell Mod. w/ Non-
Motile Cilia=ODORreception
-Axons form OLFACTORY n.
b)Sustentacular(support) Cells:
-COLUMNAR cells
-May contain MELANIN,
gives Yellow color to Epith.
c) Basal Cells:
- SHORT
-Prob. Replace Support Cells

Front 103

RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
PARANASAL SINUSES
-2 Specific to dog?
-Functions?

Back 103

-Maxillary & Frontal Sinuses
•AIR-FILLED SPACES W/in CERTAIN BONES OF SKULL THAT:
•Communicate Directly or indirectly to nasal cavity
•EPITHELIUM VARIABLE: PSEUDOSTRATIFIED COL., SIMPLE CUBOIDAL,
QUITE THIN. L.P. FUSES WITH UNDERLYING
•PERIOSTEUM. LIGHTENS WT. OF SKULL, WARMS AIR,
•PHONATION.

Front 104

RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
• NASOPHARYNX:
-Similar to:
-Leads into:

Back 104

• SIMILAR TO NASAL CAVITIES &
• LEADS INTO LARYNX.
• SOME VARIATIONS IN SPECIES, BUT
• BASICALLY SIMILAR.

Front 105

RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
-TERMINAL BRONCHIOLES:
-Relative Size:
-Epithelium:
-Lamina Propria:
-Gas Exchange:

Back 105

• SMALLEST Air-Conducting
Structures
• SIMPLE CUBOIDAL Epith.
• L.P. DIFFICULT to see & may fuse with
• MUSCULARIS MUCOSA.
+NO GAS EXCHANGE YET !!

Front 106

RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
RESPIRATORY PORTION:
-Significance:
-Respiratory
Structures (4):

Back 106

+Where GAS Exchange Begins!!
a. RESPIRATORY BRONCHIOLES (EXCHANGE BEGINS).
b. ALVEOLAR DUCTS.
c. ALVEOLAR SACS.
d. ALVEOLI.

Front 107

List three reasons why the normal cornea of the eye is transparent.

Back 107

(1) the cornea is avascular
(2) the thin collagen fibers are very regularly arranged in the stroma of the cornea
(3) sodium pumps in the epithelium removed sodium and water follows, keeping the stroma of the cornea in a relatively dehydrated state.

Front 108

What is Adnexa?
What are 4 Component structures?

Back 108

Accessory Skin Structures
-Hair & Hair follicles
-Arrector pili muscle
-Sebaceous glands
-Sweat glands

Front 109

Where are postcapillary venules located & what is their importance in Lymph nodes?

Back 109

IN DEEP CORTEX, HIGH ENDOTHELIUM,LYMPH’S LEAVE BLD. STREAM TO
RE-ENTER LN’s.

Front 110

List the 4 major types of connective tissue:

Back 110

-COLLAGENOUS CT
-MUCOUS CT
-RETICULAR CT
-ELASTIC CT

Front 111

TYPE II PNEUMOCYTES
-Also called:
-Produce:
-Function:
-When is it made:

Back 111

(Granular Pneumocytes/Septal
Cells).
-Produce Surfactant
-Lowers surface tension in alveoli preventing collapse of alveoli. Also possible bactericidal effect.
-Made last weeks of gestation. Can give glucocorticoids to induce its formation.
-Make-up about 3-7% of lining cells.

Front 112

What law does gas exchange follow?

Back 112

Simple Diffusion

Front 113

DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
LIVER
-General Arrangement:

Back 113

-Lobules
-Central Vein
-Portal Triad

Front 114

DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
LIVER
-Central Vein:
-Location:

Back 114

-Located in the center of each hepatic lobule
-Plates of hepatocytes radiate out toward periphery

Front 115

DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
LIVER
-Portal Triad:

Back 115

-Located at “corners” of the lobules --- includes:
+branch of hepatic artery =
smooth m. in wall
+branch of bile duct =
simple cuboidal epithelium
+branch of portal vein =
endothelium & no smooth m.

Front 116

DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
LIVER
-Hepatic Subunits (3):

Back 116

-Hepatic Lobules
-Portal Lobules
-Liver Acini

Front 117

DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
LIVER
-Portal Lobule:
-Formed by:
-Associated with:

Back 117

-“triangles” formed by connecting 3 adjacent central veins around a portal triad
-associated with bile flow; exocrine function of Liver

Front 118

DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
LIVER
-Hepatic Acinus
-Formed By:
-Associated with:

Back 118

-“diamond” formed with long axis between 2 central veins & short axis between 2 portal triads located between adjacent central veins
-Associated with blood flow/ metabolic function of liver

Front 119

DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
LIVER
-Duct System:
-Components (3):

Back 119

-Bile Canaliculi
-Bile Ductules
-Interlobular Bile Ducts

Front 120

DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
LIVER
-Duct System:
-Bile Canaliculi:
-Location:
-Components

Back 120

-Between adjacent hepatocytes
-Microvilli of hepatocytes extend into canaliculi
-Bile canaliculi not seen with H&E staining; microvilli not seen with light microscopy

Front 121

DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
LIVER
-Duct System:
-Bile Ductules:
-Location:

Back 121

-Connect canaliculi
to interlobular bile ducts
-+/- seen on edge of
connective tissue

Front 122

DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
LIVER
-Duct System:
-Interlobular Bile Ducts:
-Location:

Back 122

-Within portal triad in
CCT between lobules

Front 123

DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
LIVER
-Two Sources of blood come to the liver:

Back 123

-Hepatic artery => oxygenated blood from the heart
-Portal vein => blood coming from a first pass through intestines (PRIMARY)
+Allows liver to filter/detoxify impurities in blood coming from intestines

Front 124

Blood Flow Pattern with Liver:

Back 124

Front 125

DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
LIVER
-Blood Flow
-Hepatic Sinuosoids
-Function:

Back 125

-discontinuous capillaries so blood contacts hepatocytes

Front 126

DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
LIVER
-Blood Flow
-Central Veins
-[O2] of Hepatocytes:

Back 126

hepatocytes CLOSEST to central vein are LOWEST in O2

Front 127

DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
LIVER
-Blood Flow
-Sublobular Veins:
-Location:

Back 127

located within interlobular CCT

Front 128

DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
LIVER
-Blood Flow
-Hepatic vv.
-Collect From:
-Deliver to:

Back 128

collect from sublobular veins & deliver to Caudal Vena Cava

Front 129

DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
LIVER
-Bile Acid Synthesis/Secretion
-Bile Acid absorbed from:
-Synthesis Pathways (2):

Back 129

-90% of bile acids - absorbed from intestine & transported to the liver.
1.The classic (neutral) pathway
2. The alternative (acidic) pathway.

Front 130

DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
LIVER
-Bile Acid Synthesis
-Classic (Neutral) Pathway
-Location/Description:
-Starting Product:

Back 130

-Occurs in the liver, and accounts for approximately 90% of bile acid synthesis.
-Cholesterol

Front 131

DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
LIVER
-Cholestasis
-Definition:
-Induces:

Back 131

-Suppression or stoppage of bile flow.
-This bile “sludging” induces hepatocytes & bile duct epithelial cells to increase production of an enzyme, alkaline phosphatase, (ALP) whose levels are measured in the blood

Front 132

DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
LIVER
-Cholestasis
-Can also be caused by:

Back 132

Certain drugs (e.g. glucocortacoids, anticonvulsants ) also can trigger increased production of ALP

Front 133

DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
LIVER
-Functions (5):

Back 133

1. Production/secretion of bile
2. Synthesis of substances released into bloodstream
3. Detoxification/Inactivation of drugs and other substances
4. Metabolite Storage
5. Metabolic Functions

Front 134

DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
LIVER
-Functions
-1. Bile Synth/Secretion is responsible for:

Back 134

Responsible for emulsifying fats

Front 135

DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
LIVER
-Functions
-2. Synthesis of Substances Released into Bloodstream:
-Examples (3):

Back 135

+Albumin
+Fibrinogen
+Clotting factors

Front 136

DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
LIVER
-Functions
-4. Metabolite Storage
-Examples (3):

Back 136

-Lipids (in the form of triglycerides)
-Carbohydrates (in the form of glycogen)
-Vitamin A

Front 137

DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
LIVER
-Functions
-3.Detoxification/Inactivation of drugs and other substances
-Enzymes:

Back 137

(enzymes located in SER, which is abundant in hepatocytes)

Front 138

DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
LIVER
-Functions
-5.Metabolic Functions
-Examples (2):

Back 138

-Synthesis of glucose (gluconeogenesis)
-Amino acid deamination resulting in production of urea

Front 139

DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
GALLBLADDER
-Species Without it:
-Bile Storage/Secretion:

Back 139

-Horses, Rats, Deer, Pigeons
-They Dont store Bile, it is secreted directly into their Duodenum

Front 140

DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
GALLBLADDER
-General Layers (5):

Back 140

1.Mucous Membrane
2.Submucosa
3.Tunica Muscularis
4.Perimuscular CT
5.Serosa

Front 141

DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
GALLBLADDER
-Mucous Membrane
-Components (2):

Back 141

++COMPLEX FOLDS
-Simple columnar epithelium with:
+microvilli; NO goblet cells
-Lamina Propria +/- mucous
glands
-NO Muscularis Mucosae!!

Front 142

DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
GALLBLADDER
-Submucosa
-Components:

Back 142

Blends with LP b/c NO MUSCULARIS MUCOSAE

Front 143

DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
GALLBLADDER
-Tunica Muscularis
-Description:

Back 143

Thin; no obvious arrangement of muscle cells into layers

Front 144

DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
GALLBLADDER
-Perimuscular Connective Tissue:
-Description:

Back 144

CCT layer (relatively thick) outside the tunica muscularis

Front 145

DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
GALLBLADDER
-Serosa:
-Description:

Back 145

-Typical
-Only on surface AWAY from Liver!

Front 146

DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
GALLBLADDER
-Functions (2):

Back 146

1.Stores & concentrates bile from liver
2.Gallbladder contracts to release bile

Front 147

DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
GALLBLADDER
-Functions
-After you eat a fatty meal:

Back 147

Enteroendocrine cells of duodenum release cholecystokinin (CCK) ----> gallbladder and gallbladder contracts to release bile

Front 148

AVIAN RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
-Upper Respiratory Tract Variations (2):

Back 148

-Vestibular region of nasal cavity lined by keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
-Cells of stratum spinosum are often arranged like stacks of coins

Front 149

AVIAN RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
LUNGS
-What is equivalent to Mammalian Alveoli?

Back 149

Air Capillaries

Front 150

AVIAN RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
-Air Passageways (3):

Back 150

1. Primary Bronchi
2. Secondary Bronchi
3. Parabronchi (Tertiary Bronchi)

Front 151

AVIAN RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
-Where does gas exchange occur?

Back 151

-Thru Air Capillaries within Parabronchi (Tertiary Bronchi)

Front 152

AVIAN RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
LUNGS
-Primary Bronchi
-Portions (2)
-Composition (4):

Back 152

++Both extrapulmonary & intrapulmonary portions
– Respiratory epithelium
– Lamina propria (= CCT support of epithelium)
– Muscularis mucosae complete (= layer of smooth muscle deep to lamina propria)
– Hyaline cartilage plates

Front 153

AVIAN RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
LUNGS
-Primary Bronchi
-Portions (2)
-Composition (4):

Back 153

++Both extrapulmonary & intrapulmonary portions
– Respiratory epithelium
– Lamina propria (= CCT support of epithelium)
– Muscularis mucosae complete (= layer of smooth muscle deep to lamina propria)
– Hyaline cartilage plates

Front 154

AVIAN RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
LUNGS
-Secondary Bronchi
-Portions:
-Composition (3):

Back 154

++Only intrapulmonary
– Simple cuboidal (or columnar) epithelium
– Lamina propria
– Interrupted muscularis mucosae
– NO hyaline cartilage
-On rare occasion you will
see air vesicles w/in walls

Front 155

AVIAN RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
LUNGS
-Tertiary or Parabronchi
-Composition (3):

Back 155

– Simple cuboidal or simple squamous epithelium
– Lamina propria
– Muscularis mucosae arranged in bundles
++Lumen diameter varies due to affect of this smooth m.

Front 156

AVIAN RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
LUNGS
-Tertiary or Parabronchi:
-Structures w/in walls (3):
-Where gas exchange occurs:

Back 156

1. Air vesicles = first airways off main lumen
2. Air capillaries=Smaller airways off of air vesicles
-Where gas exchangeoccurs!
-Equivalent to mammalian
alveoli
-Indistinguishable from blood capillaries
-IF not seen extending from air
vesicles=
3. Blood capillaries

Front 157

AVIAN RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
LUNGS
-Air Sacs:
-Location:
-Composition:
-Extensions:

Back 157

Location:
– Cranial&Caudal
Composition:
– Simple squamous (or simple cuboidal) epithelium
– Lamina propria
Extensions:
– Connect to lungs via bronchi
– Extensions within several bones

Front 158

AVIAN RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
-Respiration:
-Air Flow Dependant on:

Back 158

-2 cycle system in avians
-Air flow depends on movement of the intercostal muscles NOT on a muscular diaphragm

Front 159

AVIAN RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
-Air Flow Mechanics:

Back 159

++1st inspiration -- air in through trachea ---> through larger airways in lungs ---> into caudal air sacs
++1st expiration and 2nd inspiration -- air ---> through parabronchi and air capillaries (where gas exchange occurs) and into cranial air sacs
++There is unidirectional flow through the parabronchi!!
+2nd expiration -- air from cranial air sacs ---> outside (via trachea)

Front 160

Where do you find Kupffer cells and what is their function?

Back 160

-In the walls of the hepatic sinusoids
-They are phagocytic cells (macrophages)

Front 161

What are the two types of cells that can be found in the parathyroid gland (one cell type may not always be present):

Back 161

-Principal (chief) cells
-Oxyphil cells

Front 162

Which cell type produces parathyroid hormone?

Back 162

Principal (Chief) Cells in the Parathyroid Gland

Front 163

List the layers that compose the air‐blood barrier found in the lung:

Back 163

+ Alveolar lining cells
(Squamous cells of alveolus)
+ Basement Membrane of
Alveolar cells
+ Basement Membrane of
Capillary Endothelial cells
+ Capillary Endothelium

++(Note: sometimes the two basement membranes fuse to form one basement membrane)

Front 164

What is the specific respiratory structure in the AVIAN lung that serves the same function as ALVEOLI
in the mammalian lung?

Back 164

Air capillary

Front 165

What is the SMALLEST AIR‐CONDUCTING structure of the mammalian respiratory system?

Back 165

Terminal bronchiole

Front 166

What type of muscle composes the trachealis muscle AND is the trachealis muscle present in the
avian trachea?

Back 166

-The trachealis muscle is smooth muscle
-The trachealis muscle is NOT present in birds

Front 167

DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
-What are taenia coli?

Back 167

Accumulations or thickened bands of the outer layer of longitudinal smooth muscle found in regions of the large intestine in some species of domestic animals (horse and swine)

Front 168

DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
-List the two nerve plexuses seen in the tubular portions of the gastrointestinal tract:

Back 168

+Submucosal (Meissner’s) plexus
+Myenteric (Auerbach’s) plexus

Front 169

DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
-Which portion of the intestine is NOT covered with a serosa?

Back 169

Terminal rectum

Front 170

DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
-The outer longitudinal layer of the smooth muscle of the anal canal becomes what specific muscle?

Back 170

Rectococcygeus muscle

Front 171

ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
PITUITARY
-Location:
-Develops From (2):
-Major Subdivisions (2):

Back 171

+ Sella turcica
1. Rathke’s Pouch (roof of prim. oral cavity)
2. Infundibulum (floor of early brain; remains attached to the brain).

1. Adenohypophysis (from Rathke’s Pouch).
2. Neurohypophysis (from infundibulum).

Front 172

ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
ADENOHYPOPHYSIS
-Pars Distalis
-Cell Types (3):
-Cells in groups with:

Back 172

+Chromophils:
1.Acidophils (35%)-several types. Use special stains.
2.Basophils (15%)-several types; hematoxylin poor staining. Use special stains.
3. Chromophobes (50%)-stain poorly; may be reserve/degenerating cells.
+Cells in groups with associated fenestrated capillaries.

Front 173

ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
ADENOHYPOPHYSIS
-Pars Intermedia
-Location:
-Contents (3):

Back 173

-Cellular portion next to pars nervosa
-Nonspecific basophils and sometimes vesicles.
-Residual cleft (Hypophyseal cleft) of Rathke’s Pouch adjacent to pars distalis

Front 174

ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
ADENOHYPOPHYSIS
-Pars Intermedia
-Considerable variation btw. species:
-Pars Tuberalis
-Location:
-Cellular arrangement/
secretions:

Back 174

+ Encircles infundibular stalk(stem); most vascular portion of pituitary.
+Cells arranged in cords & may secrete gonadotropins (FSH,LH)

Front 175

ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
ADENOHYPOPHYSIS
-Pars Distalis
-Cell Types
-Acidophils
-Types (2):
-Basophils (3):

Back 175

1. Somatotropes
2. Mammotrophs (Lactotropes)

+ Gonadotrophs
-1. FSH
-2. LH
3. Thyrotrophs
4. Corticotrophs

Front 176

ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
ADENOHYPOPHYSIS
-Pars Distalis
-Somatotrope Functions (2):

Back 176

1. Produces STH, GH
-Increases size, protein synthesis.
2. Produces growth factors (somatomedins) via liver, kidneys, etc.

Front 177

ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
ADENOHYPOPHYSIS
-Pars Distalis
-Mammotroph Functions (3):

Back 177

1. Produce prolactin (lactogenic hormone, LTH)/ Luteotropin.
-Causes milk secretion after
mammary gland development. 2. Maintains CL in some species.
3.Maternal behavior stimulated.

Front 178

ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
ADENOHYPOPHYSIS
-Pars Distalis
-FSH Functions (2):

Back 178

1. Promotes growth, development of ovarian follicles.
2. In males stimulates certain stages of spermatogenesis, via ABP

Front 179

ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
ADENOHYPOPHYSIS
-Pars Distalis
-LH Functions (3):

Back 179

1.Promotes Ovulation/develp. of corpus luteum and
2. Probably Progesterone secretion.
3. In males (ICSH) stimulates secretion of Testosterone (Androgens) from interstitial (Leydig) cells of testes.

Front 180

ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
ADENOHYPOPHYSIS
-Pars Distalis
-Thyrotroph Function:

Back 180

Produce Thyrotropic Hormone (TTH, TSH). Stimulation & maintenance of thyroid gland

Front 181

ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
ADENOHYPOPHYSIS
-Pars Distalis
-Corticotroph Function:

Back 181

Produce Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH). Stimulates secretion of adrenal cortex.

Front 182

ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
ADENOHYPOPHYSIS
-Pars Distalis
-Regulation of Secretory Activity involves (4):

Back 182

1. Hypothalamus
2. PORTAL BLOOD System,
the Hypophyseal -Portal
System (Hypothalamo-
Hypophyseal (H-H) System).
3. Hypothalamic Neurons
4. Releasing factors via H-H Portal circulation to P.D. and (possibly) P.I. of Pituitary Gland.

Front 183

NEGATIVE FEEDBACK MECHANISM:
To activate appropriate Chromophil Cell in P.D. and (possibly) P.I. of Pituitary Gland:
1. Appropriate:
2. Goes to:
3. Results in:

Back 183

1. Appropriate Tropic Hormone
secreted.
2. Goes to Target Organs/Cells
-which increases T.O. secretion, which, in turn, reduces sensitivity of Hypothalamic Neurons.
3. Results in Less Releasing Factor Hormones

Front 184

ADENOHYPOPHYSIS
P.I and P.T.
-Functions:

Back 184

-Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone (MSH; intermedin) produced by cells of P.I.
-Exact role in domestic animals not clear. In lower vertebrates causes dispersion of melanocytes (amphibians, reptiles).
-P.T. no exact function, but possibly FSH, LH in some species.

Front 185

NEUROHYPOPHYSIS
-Components (2):

Back 185

1. Nonmyelinated nerve fibers of the Hypothalamo-hypophyseal Nerve Tract comprise most of this part of pituitary.
2. Pituicytes, which considered to be modified neuroglial elements. As usual, very vascular

Front 186

NEUROHYPOPHYSIS
-Actions of ADH:

Back 186

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH; vasopressin) produced primarily by neurons of supraoptic nucleus of hypothalamus
-Travel down H-H Tract & stored in pars nervosa till used.
-ADH increases tubular water absorption in kidney (mainly collecting tubules).
-Minimal vasopressor effect.

Front 187

NEUROHYPOPHYSIS
-Actions of Oxytocin:

Back 187

-Oxytocin produced primarily by neurons of the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus.
-Also travels down H-H tract and stored in pars nervosa till used.
-Oxytocin stimulates milk ejection reflex in mother after animals born.
-Also, stimulates myometrium of uterus during estrus and at parturition

Front 188

NEUROHYPOPHYSIS
-Produces (2):

Back 188

1. ADH (vasopressin)
2. Oxytocin
3.

Front 189

PINEAL GLAND
-Originates from:
-Components (3):

Back 189

-Small cone-shaped organ originates from roof of diencephalon to which remains attached.
-Has capsule, CT septa forming indistinct lobules
-Pinealocytes (Chief Cells)
-Astrocytes

Front 190

PINEAL GLAND
-Pinealocytes (Chief Cells)
-Description:

Back 190

main cells thought to be modified glia.

Front 191

PINEAL GLAND
-Astrocytes
-Description:
-Function:

Back 191

+Glial cells.
+Also, may see brain sand (radiological landmark), melanin pigment.
+ Produces melatonin from serotonin

Front 192

PINEAL GLAND
-Main Functions (3):

Back 192

1. Acts as a “biological clock” in some animals to help regulate rhythmic changes in secretory activity of gonads, and possibly other organs.
2. Acts as a Photoreceptor in lower vertebrates.
3.Slows Aging Process ? Helps Prevents Jet Lag ? Stimulates Immune System ?

Front 193

THYROID GLAND
-Location/Anatomic Feature:

Back 193

+Caudal larynx/Cranial trachea in most mammals. +Consists of 2 lobes connected by isthmus.
-In pigs, rt. & lt. lobes fused ventrally.
-In birds, adjacent to common carotid arteries

Front 194

THYROID GLAND
-Microscopic Features:

Back 194

Stroma of CCT forms capsule. Also Perifollicular CT, mainly reticular

Front 195

THYROID GLAND
-1. Thyroid Follicles
-Description:

Back 195

in general spherical, but vary in shape/size.

Front 196

THYROID GLAND
-2. Follicular Epithelium
-Description:

Back 196

-Usually simple cuboidal, but varies.
-Underactive = lower,
-Overactive = taller epithelium.

Front 197

THYROID GLAND
-3. Colloid
-Description:

Back 197

Is the stored secretory products of the follicular cells.

Front 198

THYROID GLAND
-4. Parafollicular (Light or C cells)
-Location:

Back 198

-Btw. follicules and among follicular cells.
-Hard to see without special staining

Front 199

THYROID GLAND
-Thyroid hormones (2):
-Synthesized by:
-Storage:

Back 199

-T4 = Thyroxin and T3
-follicular epithelial cells; they are able to concentrate Iodine.
-attached to a globulin and stored as thyroglobulin in the colloid

Front 200

THYROID GLAND
-Uptake & Release
-Stimulated by:
-Brokendown by:
-Released thru:
-Enter:

Back 200

-TSH, thyroglobulin
-lysosomes in the follicular cells, and active hormones move into follicular cells
-basal part of these cells
-sinusoidal capillaries between follicular cells

Front 201

THYROID GLAND
-Major Actions (3)

Back 201

1. Influence basal metabolic rate(BMR).
-Only minimal amount of energy needed to maintain normal body function.
2. Influence normal growth and development in conjunction with other hormones
3. Produce Calcitonin

Front 202

CALCITONIN
-Produced by:
-Major Action:

Back 202

-Parafollicular(C) cells.
-Lower/ regulate blood calcium levels.

Front 203

CALCITONIN ACTIVITY
Increased blood calcium level:

Back 203

++ Increase receptors (parafollicular cells)secrete calcitonin which inhibits:
1)osteoclastic activity
2) Intestinal absorption of calcium
3) increase: kidney excretion of calcium
decrease: blood calcium level

Front 204

BRACHYDONT
-DENTIN:
-Similar to:
-Types
-Striations:

Back 204

– Similar to bone but harder & acellular
• Inorganic = hydroxyapatite crystals (Ca++ salts)
• Organic = Type I collagen, GAGS
– Striations = dental tubules-> house odontoblast processes (Tomes fibers)

Front 205

PTH
-Secreted in response to:
-2 Functions:

Back 205

-Low Blood Calcium Levels
1. Regulate Blood Calcium
2. Regulates Blood Phosphorus

Front 206

PTH
-INCREASES Calcium by (3):

Back 206

1) stimulating osteoclasts to reabsorb bone
2) stimulating synthesis of vitamin D => increases Ca2+
absorption from gut
3) causing decreased Ca2+ elimination through the kidney

Front 207

PTH
-Decreases Phosphorus by:

Back 207

– Decreases phosphate absorption in renal tubules thus
Increasing phosphate excretion in the urine

Front 208

If you remove the parathyroid glands while performing a
thyroidectomy, you must watch for:

Back 208

decreased blood Ca2+ levels

Front 209

ADRENAL CORTEX
– Zona Glomerulosa
-Produces:
-Functions:

Back 209

-Mineralocorticoids (Aldosterone)
– Acts on Distal Tubules of
Kidney to increase sodium
absorption
=> increase water absorption => increase blood pressure

Front 210

ADRENAL CORTEX
– Zona Fasciculata (& Zona Reticularis)
-Produce:
-Functions:

Back 210

-Glucocorticoids (Cortisol; Corticosterone)
-– Metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins, fats
• Gluconeogenesis (production of glucose from amino acids)
• Promote protein and lipid breakdown
• Suppress immune response in various ways

Front 211

ADRENAL CORTEX
– Zona Reticularis (& Zona Fasciculata)
-Produce:
-Functions:

Back 211

-Sex Hormones (Dehydroepiandrosterone - DHEA)
-– Produced in small amounts
– Weak androgen
– Virilizing & anabolic effects - can be converted into testosterone and estrogen

Front 212

Regulation of Cortical secretion
-Zona Glomerulosa
-Trigger:
-Cascade:

Back 212

-Low Na2+ and/or Low BP
-RENIN from JG cells in Kidney
-Angiotensinogen--> Angiotensin I
-Angiotensin I--> Angiotensin II
-With ACE enzyme

Front 213

Regulation of Cortical secretion
RESULT
-Antiotensin II acts on:
-To Produce:
-Which acts on:
-To Increase:

Back 213

- ZG to produce
- Aldosterone which acts on
- Distal Tubules of the kidney to increase
- Na2+absorption => increases water absorption => increases blood volume which results in increased
Blood Pressure.

Front 214

Regulation of Cortical secretion
-Zona Glomerulosa
-Feedback:

Back 214

Increased Na+ & blood pressure levels provide
NEGATIVE feedback for the cascade

Front 215

ACE Inhibitors:

Back 215

class of pharmaceuticals that reduce blood pressure

Front 216

Regulation of cortical secretion
-Zona Fasciculata (zona reticularis)
-Trigger:
-Cascade:

Back 216

-Low Cortisol Levels
-CRH from Hypothalamus stimulates release of
-ACTH from Pars Distalis (Basophils) and acts on
-Zona Fasiculata to cause
Increased Cortisol Levels

Front 217

Regulation of cortical secretion
-Zona Fasciculata (zona reticularis)
-Results:
-Feedback:

Back 217

- Numerous Results
- Increased Cortisol levels provides NEGATIVE feedback and less CRH is produced.

Front 218

ADRENAL MEDULLA
-1. Innervated by:
-2. Acts like a:
-3. Secretes
-4. Response in the body is:

Back 218

1. Sympathetic preganglionic neurons from thoracolumbar
spinal cord
2. Sympathetic postganglionic neuron
3. Catecholamines (epinephrine ; norepinephrine)
4. “Fight or Flight”
(sympathetic response)

Front 219

ADRENAL MEDULLA
-"Fight or Flight" Sympathetic Response
-Results (3):
-Hormones stored in:

Back 219

• Increases blood glucose
• Increases heart rate/BP
• Vasoconstriction in skin/
Vasodilation in muscles
-Hormones stored in granules

Front 220

ENDOCRINE PANCREAS
-3 Main cell types in the Islets of Langerhans:

Back 220

– Alpha (α)
– Beta (β)
– Delta (Δ)

Front 221

Pancreatic Islets
set off from surrounding
exocrine tissue by:

Back 221

a thin "capsule" of reticular
connective tissue - very
difficult to see !

Front 222

PANCREATIC ISLETS
-Characteristics:

Back 222

Highly Vascularized
-Each islet is essentially a
capillary bed surrounded
by secretory cells.

Front 223

PANCREATIC ISLETS
-ALPHA CELLS
-Location:
-Numbers:
-Secrete:
-Trigger:
-Response:
-Result:

Back 223

• NOT distinguishable with H&E stains
• peripherally located in Islets
• fewer numbers than Beta cells
• Glucagon
-Hypoglycemia
-Glycogenolysis in response to hypoglycemia (⇑ glucose)
-Increase in blood Glucose

Front 224

ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
PANCREATIC ISLETS
-B Cells:
-Location:
-Numbers:
-Secrete:
-Trigger:
-Response:
-Result

Back 224

• NOT distinguishable with H&E stain
• usually more central in Islets
• most numerous of all the
islet cells
• Insulin
-High levels of glucose in the blood
-Promotes cellular uptake of glucose
-Decrease in blood glucose levels

Front 225

ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
PANCREATIC ISLETS
-Delta Cells:
-Location:
-Numbers:
-Secrete:
-Functions:

Back 225

• NOT distinguishable with H&E stain
• variable locations within the pancreatic islets
• much less numerous than Alpha and Beta cells (3-10%)
• secrete Somatostatin
– multifunctional
– inhibits release of glucagon, insulin, gastrin, secretin, and
other hormones

Front 226

ENDOCRINE DISORDERS
-Most Common:
-Less Common:

Back 226

MOST COMMON:
-Addison's Disease (Hypoadrenocorticism)
-Cushing's Disease (Hyperadrenocorticism)
-Hyperparathyroidism
-Hypothyroidism
-Diabetes
LESS COMMON
-Hypoparathyroidism
-Hyperparathyroidism
-Acromegaly (excessive secretion of growth hormone)