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49 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
Functions of Ovaries:
produce gametes and produce steroids
what 2 steroids are produced by ovaries?
Estrogen and Progesteron
What are the fxns of Estrogen?
growth and maturation of sex organs
female sex characteristics at puberty
breast development
what are the fxns of Progesterone?
prepare internal sex organs for pregnancy
prepare mammary glands for lactation
Innervation of Ovary?
Ovarian plexus supplies symp and para symp sensory to follicles
4 types of ovarian follicles:
primordial
primary unilaminar and multilaminar
secondary
mature (Graafian)
Primordial Follicle
independent of Gonadotropin, FSH
single layer of ovarian follicular cells
Balbiani body and annulate lamellae
Primary Follicle: Unilaminar
not dependent on FSH
single layer cuboidal ovarian follicular
Zona Pellucida formed
Primary Follicle: Multilaminar
multiple layer of granulosa cells (stratum granulosum)
surrounded by Theca Folliculi
Theca Folliculi
sheath of CT surrounding follicle
2 layers: interna and externa
Theca Interna:
cuboidal sensory cells, LH receptors
highly vascularized
Theca Externa:
outer layer of SM and collagen
Secondary (Antral) Follicle:
FSH stimulates growth and dev. of follicle and LH receptors
Antrum forms
Cumulus Radiata forms
Factors necessary for secondary follicle growth:
FSH
Epidermal growth factor and Insulin growth factor
Ca2+
Cumulus Radiata:
cumulus cells surrounding oocyte, released w/ ovulation
Mature Grafian Follicle
Antrum increases
theca layers become more prominent
Steps of Estrogen Secretion by Mature Follicle:
LH stimulates secretion of androgens from theca interna
FSH stimulates granulosa cells to turn androgens into estrogen
reasons for LH surge:
downregulate LH receptors, estrogen no longer produced
triggers first meiotic division
Ovarian Follicle Atresia
can occur at any stage
mediated by granulosa cell apoptosis
glassy membrane forms in late stages of atresia
what is the fxn of Neural Apoptosis Inhibitory Protein?
inhibits and delays apoptotic changes in granulosa cells
not found in atretic follicles
Ovulation
oocytes go through follicular wall and germinal epi
oocyte, corona radiate and cumulus oophorus expelled
Corpus Luteum:
granulosa and theca cells transform into after ovulation
contains granulosa lutein and theca lutein cells
fxn: secrete estrogen and progesterone
Corpus Albicans
degenerated corpus luteum
corpus luteum active for 14 days in absence of pregnancy
What are the 3 ways to block polyspermy:
fast: depolarization of oocyte plasma membrane
Cortical rxn: Ca2+ release causing exocytosis of cortical granules
Zona rxn: degrade sperm receptors in membrane
Corpus Luteum during pregnancy:
increases in size to most of ovary
secretes estrogens, IGF-1 and 2, Progesterone
what is the fxn of progesterone during pregnancy?
blocks cyclic dev. of follicles
Uterine tubes
4 segments:
Infundibulum: funnel segment next to ovary
Ampulla: longest, site of fert.
Isthmus: narrow, adjacent to uterus
Uterine: within uterine wall
Uterine Wall components
Endometrium: mucosa that undergoes monthly changes
Myometrium: thick muscular layer
Uterine Wall: Visceral Perimetrium
outer serous layer
covers entire post. surface, part of ant.
remainder adventitia
Myometrium:
3 layers SM
SM increases during pregnancy
Endometrium:
Stratum Functional: upper layer, lost in menstruation
Stratum Basale: bottom layer, retained during menstruation, regenerates functional
Menstrual Cycle: Menstrual phase (days 1-4)
low levels of estrogen and progesterone
ischemia and necrosis of stratum functional
Menstrual Cycle: Proliferative phase (days 4-14)
renewal of stratum functional
initiated by estrogen
endometrium thickens, glycogen accumulates in epi cells
Menstrual Cycle: Secretory Phase (days 15-28)
Progesterone increases from corpus luteum
glands produce nutrient rich liquid
Implantation:
requires LH surge to ready for implant (6-10 days following surge)
Cervix:
lower region of uterus
does not undergo cyclic proliferation and shedding
External os: b/t cervix and vagina
Internal os: b/t cervix and uterus
Cervical Glands:
cyclic changes related to sperm transport
Midcycle-increase in estrogen to aid sperm delivery
rest of cycle:increase in progesterone restrict sperm motility
Nabothian Cysts:
blocked openings in cervical glands, retention of secretions
what do cervical glands do during pregnancy?
produce thick, viscous secretions that plug uterus
Vagina Mucosal Layer
lubricated from cervical gland secretions
accumulate glycogen in response to estrogen
Fxns of glycogen in Vagina
bacteria in vagina convert glycogen to lactic acid to decrease pH
-inhibits pathogen invasion
Mammary Glands:
compound tubuloalveolar glands
initial growth due to estrogen and progesterone
modified apocrine sweat glands in epi
where is milk stored in breasts?
lactiferous sinous under areola
2 layers of cuboidal cells
Inactive mammary glands:
15-20 irregular lobes
intralobular ducts-->interlobular ducts-->main duct-->lactiferous duct
mammary glands during pregnancy:
increases in estrogen, progesterone, prolactin
decrease in CT and adipose, increase in glandular tissue
alveoli dev. and acquire secretory products
2 products of milk production:
protein component by Merocrine secretion
lipid component produced by apocrine secretion
Colostrum:
secretion first released after child birth
alkaline yellow, contains proteins, minerals and lactablumin
more protein, Vit A, Na and Cl than milk
less Lipid, carbohydrate, and K
Abs provide passive immunity
Milk:
produced 4 days after birth
contains minerals, electrolytes, carbs, Abs, proteins and lipids
Regulation of Lactation:
Prolactin stimulates production
estrogen and progesterone suppress effects of prolactin
suckling stimulates afferent neurons to release prolactin and stimulate production