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49 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Functions of Ovaries:
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produce gametes and produce steroids
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what 2 steroids are produced by ovaries?
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Estrogen and Progesteron
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What are the fxns of Estrogen?
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growth and maturation of sex organs
female sex characteristics at puberty breast development |
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what are the fxns of Progesterone?
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prepare internal sex organs for pregnancy
prepare mammary glands for lactation |
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Innervation of Ovary?
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Ovarian plexus supplies symp and para symp sensory to follicles
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4 types of ovarian follicles:
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primordial
primary unilaminar and multilaminar secondary mature (Graafian) |
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Primordial Follicle
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independent of Gonadotropin, FSH
single layer of ovarian follicular cells Balbiani body and annulate lamellae |
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Primary Follicle: Unilaminar
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not dependent on FSH
single layer cuboidal ovarian follicular Zona Pellucida formed |
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Primary Follicle: Multilaminar
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multiple layer of granulosa cells (stratum granulosum)
surrounded by Theca Folliculi |
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Theca Folliculi
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sheath of CT surrounding follicle
2 layers: interna and externa |
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Theca Interna:
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cuboidal sensory cells, LH receptors
highly vascularized |
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Theca Externa:
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outer layer of SM and collagen
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Secondary (Antral) Follicle:
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FSH stimulates growth and dev. of follicle and LH receptors
Antrum forms Cumulus Radiata forms |
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Factors necessary for secondary follicle growth:
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FSH
Epidermal growth factor and Insulin growth factor Ca2+ |
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Cumulus Radiata:
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cumulus cells surrounding oocyte, released w/ ovulation
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Mature Grafian Follicle
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Antrum increases
theca layers become more prominent |
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Steps of Estrogen Secretion by Mature Follicle:
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LH stimulates secretion of androgens from theca interna
FSH stimulates granulosa cells to turn androgens into estrogen |
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reasons for LH surge:
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downregulate LH receptors, estrogen no longer produced
triggers first meiotic division |
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Ovarian Follicle Atresia
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can occur at any stage
mediated by granulosa cell apoptosis glassy membrane forms in late stages of atresia |
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what is the fxn of Neural Apoptosis Inhibitory Protein?
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inhibits and delays apoptotic changes in granulosa cells
not found in atretic follicles |
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Ovulation
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oocytes go through follicular wall and germinal epi
oocyte, corona radiate and cumulus oophorus expelled |
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Corpus Luteum:
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granulosa and theca cells transform into after ovulation
contains granulosa lutein and theca lutein cells fxn: secrete estrogen and progesterone |
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Corpus Albicans
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degenerated corpus luteum
corpus luteum active for 14 days in absence of pregnancy |
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What are the 3 ways to block polyspermy:
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fast: depolarization of oocyte plasma membrane
Cortical rxn: Ca2+ release causing exocytosis of cortical granules Zona rxn: degrade sperm receptors in membrane |
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Corpus Luteum during pregnancy:
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increases in size to most of ovary
secretes estrogens, IGF-1 and 2, Progesterone |
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what is the fxn of progesterone during pregnancy?
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blocks cyclic dev. of follicles
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Uterine tubes
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4 segments:
Infundibulum: funnel segment next to ovary Ampulla: longest, site of fert. Isthmus: narrow, adjacent to uterus Uterine: within uterine wall |
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Uterine Wall components
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Endometrium: mucosa that undergoes monthly changes
Myometrium: thick muscular layer |
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Uterine Wall: Visceral Perimetrium
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outer serous layer
covers entire post. surface, part of ant. remainder adventitia |
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Myometrium:
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3 layers SM
SM increases during pregnancy |
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Endometrium:
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Stratum Functional: upper layer, lost in menstruation
Stratum Basale: bottom layer, retained during menstruation, regenerates functional |
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Menstrual Cycle: Menstrual phase (days 1-4)
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low levels of estrogen and progesterone
ischemia and necrosis of stratum functional |
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Menstrual Cycle: Proliferative phase (days 4-14)
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renewal of stratum functional
initiated by estrogen endometrium thickens, glycogen accumulates in epi cells |
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Menstrual Cycle: Secretory Phase (days 15-28)
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Progesterone increases from corpus luteum
glands produce nutrient rich liquid |
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Implantation:
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requires LH surge to ready for implant (6-10 days following surge)
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Cervix:
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lower region of uterus
does not undergo cyclic proliferation and shedding External os: b/t cervix and vagina Internal os: b/t cervix and uterus |
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Cervical Glands:
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cyclic changes related to sperm transport
Midcycle-increase in estrogen to aid sperm delivery rest of cycle:increase in progesterone restrict sperm motility |
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Nabothian Cysts:
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blocked openings in cervical glands, retention of secretions
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what do cervical glands do during pregnancy?
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produce thick, viscous secretions that plug uterus
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Vagina Mucosal Layer
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lubricated from cervical gland secretions
accumulate glycogen in response to estrogen |
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Fxns of glycogen in Vagina
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bacteria in vagina convert glycogen to lactic acid to decrease pH
-inhibits pathogen invasion |
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Mammary Glands:
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compound tubuloalveolar glands
initial growth due to estrogen and progesterone modified apocrine sweat glands in epi |
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where is milk stored in breasts?
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lactiferous sinous under areola
2 layers of cuboidal cells |
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Inactive mammary glands:
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15-20 irregular lobes
intralobular ducts-->interlobular ducts-->main duct-->lactiferous duct |
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mammary glands during pregnancy:
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increases in estrogen, progesterone, prolactin
decrease in CT and adipose, increase in glandular tissue alveoli dev. and acquire secretory products |
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2 products of milk production:
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protein component by Merocrine secretion
lipid component produced by apocrine secretion |
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Colostrum:
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secretion first released after child birth
alkaline yellow, contains proteins, minerals and lactablumin more protein, Vit A, Na and Cl than milk less Lipid, carbohydrate, and K Abs provide passive immunity |
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Milk:
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produced 4 days after birth
contains minerals, electrolytes, carbs, Abs, proteins and lipids |
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Regulation of Lactation:
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Prolactin stimulates production
estrogen and progesterone suppress effects of prolactin suckling stimulates afferent neurons to release prolactin and stimulate production |