Histo Test 2 Post-Quiz

Front 1

blood distribution amongst vessels (most to least)

Back 1

- systemic veins and venules (blood reservoirs)
- systemic arteries and arterioles
- pulmonary vessels
- heart
- systemic capillaries

Front 2

3 main components of tunica intima

Back 2

- endothelium+ basal lamina
- subendothelial layer
- internal elastic lamina

Front 3

4 components of tunica media

Back 3

smooth muscle- concentric & helical layers
elastic fibers & elastic lamellae
reticular fibers
pericytes (in capillaries and post-capillary venules)

Front 4

(general) 2 components of tunica adventita

Back 4

collagen and elastic fibers

Front 5

blood vessel innervation

Back 5

sympathetic and parasympathetic to control blood vessel size

Front 6

makes up the tunica media of capillaries

Back 6

pericytes outside of the basal lamina

Front 7

contain contractile proteins
can transform into other cell types
participate in angiogenesis
act as stem cells in wound environment

Back 7

pericytes

Front 8

3 components of capillaries

Back 8

endothelium (w/ tight junctions)
basal lamina
pericytes

Front 9

3 types of capillaries

Back 9

continuous- somatic
fenestrated- visceral
discontinuous-sinusoidal

Front 10

capillary type found in muscle, CT, exocrine glands, nerve tissue, blood-brain barrier

Back 10

continuous-somatic capillaries

Front 11

endothelial cells of continuous capillaries typically have lots of these

Back 11

pinocytotic vesicles (except for blood-brain barrier cells)

Front 12

2 types of fenestrated capillaries and where they're found

Back 12

diaphragm- kidney, intestine, endocrine glands
non-diaphragm- renal glomerulus

Front 13

location of discontinuous capillaries

Back 13

liver and hematopoietic organs (bone marrow)

Front 14

large diameter capillaries

Back 14

discontinuous capillaries

Front 15

arterioles with discontinous layer of smooth muscle and their purpose

Back 15

metarterioles
- constriction slows down circulation
- helps maintain pressure differences between arterial and venous systems

Front 16

complete ring of smooth muscle at junction of metarterioles and capillaries and its purpose

Back 16

precapillary sphincters
- completely stops blood flow into capillaries

Front 17

organs with portal systems
- arterial system:
-venous system:

Back 17

arterial system: kidney glomerulus
venous system: liver

Front 18

lacking in arterioles

Back 18

external elastic lamina

Front 19

have thin tunica intima and subendothelial layer
thin adventita

Back 19

arterioles

Front 20

4 characteristics of muscular arteries

Back 20

- prominent internal elastic laminae
- up to 40 layers of smooth muscle in media
- external elastic laminae
- vasa vasora

Front 21

vessels with a thick tunica intima and subendothelial layers

Back 21

elastic arteries

Front 22

typical tunica media of elastic arteries

tunica adventitia?

Back 22

40-70 concentric elastic laminae + smooth muscle cells sandwiched in between

underdeveloped t. adventitia

Front 23

in arteries ______ is thickest layer

in veins ________ is thickest layer

Back 23

tunica media

tunica adventita

Front 24

3 characteristics of venules

Back 24

thin walls
pericytes in small postcapillary venules
usually accompany arteriole

Front 25

characterized by thick tunica media and well-developed tunica adventitia w/ some smooth muscle layers

Back 25

large veins

Front 26

lymphatic capillaries have

______ endothelium
______ fenestrations
______ zonula occludens
_______ basal lamina
_______ anchor vessels to surrounding CT

Back 26

thin endothelium
no fenestrations
no zonula occludens between cells
discontinuous basal lamina
microfibril anchors

Front 27

2 large lymph vessels

Back 27

thoracic duct
right lymphatic duct

Front 28

3 components of tunica intima of heart and other name for it

Back 28

- endothelium
- thin layer of loose CT
- subendocardial layer of purkinje fibers

aka endocardium

Front 29

2 components of tunica media of heart and other name for it

Back 29

- contractile cardiac muscle cells
- impulse-generating and conducting muscle cells (NOT purkinje)

myocardium

Front 30

components of tunica adventitia of heart and other name for it

Back 30

- mesothelium
-CT layer containing
coronary vessels
purkinje fibers
lymphatic vessels
adipocytes

epicardium

Front 31

provides structural support of valves
acts as electrical insulator between atria and ventricles
attachment of cardiac muscle

Back 31

fibrous cardiac skeleton

Front 32

location of SA node and AV node

Back 32

in right atrium at entrance of superior VC

in septal wall of right atrium next to tricuspid valve

Front 33

order of cardiac conduction system

Back 33

1. SA node
2. AV node
3. bundle of His
4. right and left bundle branches
5. purkinje fibers

Front 34

7 functions of skin

Back 34

barrier protection
immunological defense/wound healing
homeostasis
conveys sensory info to nervous sytem
endocrine function: Vit D3
exocrine function: secretion via sweat, sebaceous and apocrine glands
dermatoglyphics

Front 35

embryonic origins of skin (epidermis, dermis and hypodermis)

Back 35

epidermis: ectoderm
dermis and hypodermis: mesoderm

Front 36

skin derivatives

Back 36

hair and hair follicles
sweat glands and sebaceous glands
nails
mammary glands

Front 37

types of epidermis and where they're found

Back 37

stratified squamous keratinized
stratified squamous nonkeratinized (mouth)
stratifed cuboidal (sweat glands)
stratified columnar (conjuctiva)

Front 38

cells of the epidermis

Back 38

keratinocytes
melanocytes
langerhans cells
Merkel's

Front 39

5 layers of the epidermis

Back 39

s. basale
s. spinosum
s. granulosum
s. lucidum
s. corneum

Front 40

junctions of cells in s. spinosum

Back 40

desmosomes (cells shrink away from them, look prickly)

Front 41

excreted to create the waterproof barrier of skin

Back 41

membrane-bound lamellar granules

Front 42

2 granule types in s. granulosum and which is membrane bound

Back 42

- basophilic keratohyalin (not)

- lamellar granules (membrane bound)

Front 43

layer that's more apparent in thick skin

Back 43

s. lucidum

Front 44

melanocytes are derived from

Back 44

neural crest cells

Front 45

two types of melanin and the color they produce

Back 45

eumelanin (dark brown)
pheomelanin (red hair)

Front 46

where are melanocytes found?

Back 46

resting on basal lamina

Front 47

dendritic cell in stratum spinosum

Back 47

langerhans cells

Front 48

purpose of langerhans cells

Back 48

antigen presenters (by extending dendrites through tight junctions to detect/bind); play a role in allergies

Front 49

langerhans cells are derived from

Back 49

bone marrow

Front 50

where langerhans cells are especially prevalent

Back 50

oral and vaginal epithelia

Front 51

type of granules in langerhans cells

Back 51

birbeck's granules

Front 52

modified epidermal cell that binds to other cells via desmosomes

Back 52

merkel's cells (langerhans and melanocytes don't bind via desmosomes)

Front 53

mechanoreceptor found in thick skin with acute sensory perception

Back 53

merkel's cells

Front 54

skin cell with a diffuse neuro-endocrine system related with dense neurosecretory granules in cytoplasm

Back 54

merkel's cells

Front 55

tissue/fibers of the papillary layer of dermis

Back 55

loose CT (type III collagen)
anchoring fibrils (type VII)
elastic fibers: oxytalan and elaunin

Front 56

tissue/fibers of reticular layer of dermis

Back 56

dense irregular CT (type I collagen)
thick elastic fibers

Front 57

cells of the dermis

Back 57

fibroblasts, mast cells, macrophages, adipocytes

Front 58

2 things that contribute strength to dermis/epidermis junction

Back 58

- rete pegs and dermal papillae
- hemidesmosomes

Front 59

dermal ridges of fingerprints tend to have ______ arrangements with _______ between them

Back 59

parallel with dermal papillae between them

Front 60

thicker and less cellular layer of dermis

Back 60

reticular

Front 61

4 things found in the hypodermis

Back 61

loose CT
large blood vessels
adipose tissue
pacinian corpuscles

Front 62

where pacinian corpuscles are found

Back 62

at dermo-hypodermal junction

Front 63

4 skin sensory receptors

Back 63

free nerve endings in epidermis
merkel's ending
pacinian corpuscles
meissner corpuscles

Front 64

where meissner corpuscles are found

Back 64

dermal papillae

Front 65

where metarterioles and sphincters are found in skin

Back 65

in papillary loops (can slow/ shunt blood away from periphery to keep core temp up)

Front 66

simple branched gland
simple coiled gland
modified sweat gland

Back 66

sebaceous gland

sweat glands

mammary glands

Front 67

2 types of sweat glands

Back 67

eccrine and apocrine

Front 68

where sebaceous glands aren't found

Back 68

thick skin (no hair follicles)

Front 69

sebaceous glands have this type of secretion

Back 69

holocrine

Front 70

eccrine sweat glands are found everywhere but

Back 70

lips and glans penis

Front 71

3 modified sweat glands

Back 71

ceruminous (wax) glands
mammary glands
glands of moll (margins of eyelids)

Front 72

glands with dark secretory cells vs light secretory cells and what do they produce

Back 72

eccrine
- dark = mucous-rich substance
- clear= watery secretions, no granules

Front 73

ducts of glands lined by

Back 73

bistratified cuboidal epithelium

Front 74

cells that surround secretory portion of glands

Back 74

myoepithelial cells

Front 75

eccrine sweat glands are responsible for

Back 75

thermal regulation

Front 76

location of apocrine sweat glands

Back 76

axilla, areola/nipple, circumanal, external genitalia

Front 77

where apocrine glands release their product

Back 77

into hair follicles above sebaceous glands

Front 78

have larger and wider lumens that merocrine glands

Back 78

apocrine sweat glands

Front 79

muscle that makes hair stand up

Back 79

arrector pili muscles

Front 80

the hair bulb is a

Back 80

dermal papilla

Front 81

the nail bed is what layers of epidermis

Back 81

s. basale and spinosum

Front 82

purpose of conducting portion of the respiratory system

Back 82

- conduit for movement of air in and out
- conditioning of inspired air (filter, moistening, warming)

Front 83

differentiates conducting from respiratory zone

Back 83

presence of alveoli in respiratory zone

Front 84

how to tell bronchi/trachea apart from bronchioles

Back 84

presence of cartilage

Front 85

components of trachea mucosa layer

Back 85

respiratory epithelium, lamina propria (loose CT), elastic fibers

Front 86

components of trachea submucosa

Back 86

dense irregular CT; fibroelastic
mucous and seromucous glands, venules, smooth muscle

Front 87

components of trachea adventitia

Back 87

16-20 hyaline cartilage C-shaped rings
anchors trachea to neck tissues

Front 88

cells of bronchioles that secrete protein to protect lining

Back 88

clara cells

Front 89

in bronchioles that may be chemoreceptive and aid in cell renewal

Back 89

neuroepithelial bodies

Front 90

bronchi smooth muscle is ________ while bronchiole smooth muscle is __________

Back 90

crisscrossing spirals (more abundant)

helical orientation (less abundant)

Front 91

mixture of terminal bronchiole epithelium and alveoli

Back 91

respiratory bronchioles

Front 92

makes up alveolar septa

Back 92

2 squamous epithelial layers + interstitium

Front 93

present in interstitium of alveoli

Back 93

capillaries
elastic and reticular fibers (loose CT)
basement membrane
fibroblasts, mast cells, macrophages, leukocytes

Front 94

cells that line the alveolar surface

Back 94

type 1 pneumocytes

Front 95

abundant in type 1 pneumocytes

Back 95

- pinocytotic vesicles
- desmosomes and occluding junctions

Front 96

where type II pneumocytes are located (how much area do they cover + where are they)

Back 96

3% of alveolar surfaces
small groups at angles of alveolar septal walls

Front 97

secretory vesicles called _______ are located in this cell type and produce surfactant

Back 97

lamellar bodies

in type II pneumocytes

Front 98

makes up the air-blood barrier

Back 98

- surface-lining and cytoplasm of alveolar cells
- fused basal laminae of alveolar and endothelial cells
-supporting elastic and reticular fibers

Front 99

3 lung circulations

Back 99

functional (pulmonary)
systemic (bronchial) circulation
pulmonary lymph vessels

Front 100

follow and branch with bronchial tree

Back 100

pulmonary arteries

Front 101

pulmonary vessel (artery or vein) with thicker adventitia

Back 101

pulmonary veins (thin intima and rich elastic fiber network)

Front 102

bronchial veins drain what

Back 102

only the connective tissue of the hilar region of the lungs (most blood going to lunchs from bronchial arteries leave via pulmonary veins)

Front 103

bronchiolar arteries distribute oxygenated blood to the lung to to this point

Back 103

respiratory bronchioles

Front 104

when conducting and respiratory circulations meet, vessels carrying __________ blood anastomose with the pulmonary _____

Back 104

deoxygenated blood (that just supplied the lung tissue)
anastomose with the pulmonary vein (containing oxygenated blood)

Front 105

pulmonary lymphatic vessels follow _____ and _______

Back 105

bronchi and pulmonary vessels

Front 106

primary cause of cytisic fibrosis
epithelia of which respiratory structures contribute to the disease?
one factor leading to respiratory infections

Back 106

- genetic
- bronchioles
- defective Cl- channel, increased water reabsorption, can't clear thick mucous stuff is stuck in, trapped

Front 107

main characteristic of emphysema?

what lumens become narrowed?

walls of what are destroyed?

Back 107

- permanent enlargement of air spaces distal to terminal bronchioles
- bronchioles are narrowed
- alveolar walls destroyed

Front 108

aorta is an example of what

Back 108

an elastic artery

Front 109

which veins have valves?

Back 109

small and medium veins have valves, large ones do not

Front 110

vessel with numerous valves

Back 110

lymph vessels (more than veins)

Front 111

epidermis layer with horny cells that have _______ plasma membranes filled with fibrillar and amorphous proteins

Back 111

s. corneum- thickened plasma membranes

Front 112

present in cytoplasm of s. corneum

Back 112

keratin

Front 113

2 types of cells in sebaceous glands and their nucleus type

Back 113

basal cells- spherical nucleus (cells have glycogen and lipids)

larger round cells- picnotic nuclei (secreted thru holocrine sec.)

Front 114

parts of hair from inside out

Back 114

cortex -->medulla --> cuticle --> internal root sheath --> external root sheath --> glassy membrane

Front 115

cells of respiratory mucosa

Back 115

- ciliated columnar
- mucous goblet
- brush cells
- basal (short) cells
- small granule cells