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44 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What are the two divisions of the respiratory system?
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-conducting division
-respiratory division |
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What are the four functions of the respiratory system?
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-warms and moistens air- conchae of nasal cavities
-traps pollutants in nasal cavity -removes dust -carries O2 to the lungs and CO2 out of the lungs |
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What is the conducting division of the respiratory system?
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air conducting tubes that connect the exterior of the body to the respiratory portion of the lungs
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What is the respiratory division of the respiratory system?
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where exchange of gases between blood and air takes place
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What structures are included in the conducting division of the respiratory system?
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-nose
-nasopharynx -larynx -trachea -bronchi=extrapulmonary, intrapulmonary -bronchioles -terminal bronchioles |
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What structures are included in the respiratory division of the respiratory system?
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-respiratory bronchioles
-alveolar ducts -alveolar sac -alveoli |
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Where are the lungs located?
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in the pleural cavity
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What is the plerual cavity composed of?
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visceral and parietal pleura
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What is the hilus portion of the lung?
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place on lungs where major structures enter and leave the substance of the lung- such as the pulmonary artery, pulmonary vein, and primary bronchus
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What are the different lobulation of the lungs- (different types of lobules)?
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-lobes
-broncho-pulmonary segments -pulmonary or secondary lobules -primary lobule |
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What are the different types of lobes in the lungs?
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superior, inferior, middle
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Can broncho-pulmonary segments be removed without the collapse of the lungs?
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yes
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What are pulmonary or secondary lobules?
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bronchioles and all passageways beyond including the surrounding CT, blood vessels, nerves and lymphatics
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What structures are considered pulmonary or secondary lobules?
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-bronchioles
-terminal bronchioles -respiratory bronchioles -alveolar ducts -alveolar sacs |
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What is the primary lobule?
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-functional unity of the lungs
-composed of the passageways of the respiratory division including the surrounding CT,blood vessels, nerves and lymphatics |
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What are the structures of the primary lobule?
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-respiratory bronchiole
-alveolar ducts -alveolar sacs |
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What are general characteristics of the trachea and extrapulmonary bronchi?
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They are tubular organs that have a tunica mucosa, submucosa and tunica adventitia/serosa
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What compsoses the mucosa of the trachea and extrapulmonary bronchi?
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-pseudostratified columnar epithelium
-lamina propria -elastic layer |
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What does the pseudostratified columnar epithelium of mucosa in the trachea and extapulmonary bronchi contain?
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-is ciliated
-has goblet cells -rests on the thickest basement membrane in the body |
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What type of tissue is in the lamina propria of mucosa in the trachea and extapulmonary bronchi?
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loose CT w/ lymphocytes and such involved in anti-inflammatory response
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Does the elastic layer of the mucosa in the trachea and extapulmonary bronchi replace the muscularis mucosa?
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yes
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What does the submucosa of the mucosa in the trachea and extapulmonary bronchi contain?
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seromucous glands
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What is the tunica adventitia of the mucosa in the trachea and extapulmonary bronchi composed of?
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composed of hyaline cartilage covered by perichondrium
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Where are glands located in the trachea and extapulmonary bronchi?
What type of glands are present? |
-in the back, by the smooth muscle and tracheal muscle
-goblet cells that produce mucous |
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What is the function of the cilia in the epithelium of the mucosa in the trachea and extapulmonary bronchi?
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carries mucous away from the lungs
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What is the bronchial tree composed of?
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-intrapulmonary primary, secondary, and tertiary bronchi
-bronchioles -terminal bronchioles |
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The intrapulmonary primary, secondary, and tertiary bronchi has what type of epithelium?
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pseudostratified columnar epithelium w/ cilia and goblet cells
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The intrapulmonary primary, secondary, and tertiary bronchi has what instead of the elastic layer?
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a true muscular layer of smooth muscle called the muscularis mucosa
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The intrapulmonary primary, secondary, and tertiary bronchi submucosal glands are what?
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seromucous glands that are in the submucosa region
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What are the layers of the intrapulmonary primary, secondary, and tertiary bronchi?
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from the lumen-
-epithelium -muscularis muxosa -submucosal glands -adventitia |
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What are characteristics of bronchioles?
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-irregular shaped lumen
-no sero-mucous glands -no cartilage/cartilage plates -yes, goblet cells - a combination of simple ciliated columnar and simple ciliated cuboidal epithelium |
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Is the epithelium still ciliated in the broncholes of smokers?
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no
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What are some characteristics of terminal bronchioles?
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-smooth lumen
-epithelium is simple ciliated cuboidal -loss of goblet cells -has cilia |
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In the respiratory structures of the lung, what type of epithelium is in the respiratory bronchiole?
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-contains ciliated simple cuboidal that transitions into simple nonciliated cuboidal
-this is the only place of resipratory tree w/ cilia |
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Where is the first appearance of alveoli?
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in the respiratory bronchiole
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What are the alveolar ducts?
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-thin walled passage with numerous outpocketings
-smooth muscle forms the ducts, looks like a "drumstick" -epithelium in simple squamous non-ciliated and simple cuboidal non-ciliated |
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What are alveolar sacs?
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-terminal end of respiratory passages where the alveolar ducts end
-contain 3-5 alveoli -no smooth muscle -only simple squamous nonciliated epithelium -gas exchange occurs here |
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What type of cells line the wall of the alveoli?
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-Type I pneumocytes
-Type II pneumocytes -alveolar phagocytes/dust cells |
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What are other names for Type I pneumocytes?
What type of cells are they? |
-squamous cell, pulmonary epithelial cell
-simple squamous epithelium lining the surface of the alveolus |
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What are other names for Type II pneumocytes?
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-great alveolar cell, septal cell
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What are characteristics for Type II pneumocytes?
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-they produce surfactant
-is a cuboidal like cell -is foamy looking due to surfactant production |
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What are alveolar phagocytes (dust cells)?
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lung macrophages derived from blood monocytes
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What is surfactant?
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-a thin film along the surface of the alveolus produced by type II pneumocyte that reduces the surface tension to prevent the lung from collapsing
-premature babies have problems because their lungs are not producing surfactant so their alveoli are closed making it difficult to breathe |
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What is the path of air to the blood?
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goes through the type I pneumocyte, basement membrane, and endothelium of capillary
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