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57 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Trypan blue stain
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taken up by macrophages
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macrophage
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aka the histiocyte, presents with phagocytized coarse aggregates of Trypan blue in its cytoplasm
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types of connective tissue
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1) Embryonic
2) Mature (CT proper, cartilage, bone, blood, bone marrow) |
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classifications of connective tissue; example of each
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1) Loose Connective Tissue - villus
2) Dense Irregular Connective Tissue - dermis 3) Dense Regular Connective Tissue - tendon |
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components of connective tissue
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1) Ground Substance
2) Fibers 3) Cells |
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Components and Functions of Ground Substance
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Ground substance is a term for the non-cellular components of extracellular matrix containing the fibers.Ground substance is amorphous, gel-like, and is primarily composed of glycosaminoglycans (most notably hyaluronan), proteoglycans, and glycoproteins.
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Types of Connective TIssue
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1) Embryonic
-undifferentiated, euchromatic 2) Mature |
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Loose Connective Tissue
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Not a lot of fibrillar material in the ECM.
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Dense Connective Tissue
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Lots of fibers in the ECM. If fibers are very parallel, this is dense REGULAR tissue. If fibers are all at angles to each other, then it is IRREGULAR connective tissue.
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Elastic tissue
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Deformable tissue
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Types of mature connective tissue
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1) loose
2) dense irregular 3) dense regular 4) elastic tissue 5) reticular connective tissue 6) adipose tissue 7) cartilage, bone, and blood |
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What is ground substance?
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"The battleground" - made up primarily of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs - polymers of disaccharide) that attach to a protein to make a proteoglycan. These proteoglycans attach to collagen.
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What are common GAGs in Ground Substance?
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hyaluronic acid, chondroitin-4-sulfate, chondroitin-6-sulfate, dematan sulfate, heparin sulfate, heparin, keratan sulfate
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What are some common glycoproteins?
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Collagens/procollagens, microfibers of elastic tissue forms, fibronectin (brings to collagen and intergrins fibrillary network), Laminins
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What are matrix metalloproteinases
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Enzymes that are secreted by cells and degrade extracellular matrix; e.g.
Collagenase, stromelysins, membrane-type matrix metalloproteins from tumor cells. -normally occurs in development, growth and repair of tissues -Balanced by Tissue Inhibitors of Metalloproteinases -excessive in dermatopathologies, rheumatoid, and osteoarthritis -present in increasing amounts with tumor invasion, metastasis, and tumor angiogenesis |
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What is a carcinoma?
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Tumor cells that have not invaded the basement membrane and remain confined within the epithelial layer.
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How can tumor cells penetrate the basement membrane?
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By releasing Collagenase, hyaluronidase to degrade ground substance.
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What are the fibers of connective tissue?
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1) Collagens
2) Elastic 3) Reticular |
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Collagen synthesis I & II Steps
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I: synthesis of α-helic chains by ribosomes, hydroxylation of proline and lysine - GER, Glycosylation - GER
II: Assembly of triple helix - GER, further assemby and packaging of procollagen in secretory vessels - Golgi, exocytosis of procollagen - microtubules, microfilaments, and cell membrane Extra cellular: Cleavage of procollagen cleaved, join to form tropocollagen Tropocollagen polymerize to form Collagen |
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Name 3 collagenopathies
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Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome
Strickler syndrome Osteogenesis |
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Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome
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Reduced conversion of procollagen to collagen - collagen is formed with poor structural strength
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How can tumor cells penetrate the basement membrane?
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By releasing Collagenase, hyaluronidase to degrade ground substance.
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Strickler syndrom
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Faulty production of Type II Collagen (important in vitreous body in eye, and cartilage) - detached retina
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What are the fibers of connective tissue?
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1) Collagens
2) Elastic 3) Reticular |
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Osteogenesis imperfecta
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Type I Collagen - Skeletal Deformities
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Collagen synthesis I & II Steps
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I: synthesis of α-helic chains by ribosomes, hydroxylation of proline and lysine - GER, Glycosylation - GER
II: Assembly of triple helix - GER, further assemby and packaging of procollagen in secretory vessels - Golgi, exocytosis of procollagen - microtubules, microfilaments, and cell membrane Extra cellular: Cleavage of procollagen cleaved, join to form tropocollagen Tropocollagen polymerize to form Collagen |
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Reticular fibers
-how are they made, why are they special, how do they stain |
Originally thought to be a separate type of fiber, now known to be a form of collagen Type III
Produced by fibroblasts that are associated with the fibers: Reticulocytes Argyrophilic - silver salts bind to fibers High content of sugar groups - PAS positive Also produced by Schwann cells and smooth muscle cells |
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Name 3 collagenopathies
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Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome
Strickler syndrome Osteogenesis |
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Elastic Fibers
-composition, form, how to stain |
Composed of 2 components:
1) Elastin contains desmosine and isodemosine amino acids 2) Fibrils fibrillar protein Branch to form 3-D networks Specially stained with orcein or resorcin-fuchsin Synthesized by fibroblasts and smooth muscle cells |
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Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome
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Reduced conversion of procollagen to collagen - collagen is formed with poor structural strength
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Marfan's Syndrome
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Autosomal dominant disorder resulting from deficiency in protein fibrillin 1 : calles mitral valve prolapse, elongated bodies, arachnodactyly
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Strickler syndrome
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Faulty production of Type II Collagen (important in vitreous body in eye, and cartilage) - detached retina
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Osteogenesis imperfecta
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Type I Collagen - Skeletal Deformities
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Reticular fibers
-how are they made, why are they special, how do they stain |
Originally thought to be a separate type of fiber, now known to be a form of collagen Type III
Produced by fibroblasts that are associated with the fibers: Reticulocytes Argyrophilic - silver salts bind to fibers High content of sugar groups - PAS positive Also produced by Schwann cells and smooth muscle cells |
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Elastic Fibers
-composition, form, how to stain |
Composed of 2 components:
1) Elastin contains desmosine and isodemosine amino acids 2) Fibrils fibrillar protein Branch to form 3-D networks Specially stained with orcein or resorcin-fuchsin Synthesized by fibroblasts and smooth muscle cells |
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Marfan's Syndrome
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Autosomal dominant disorder resulting from deficiency in protein fibrillin 1 : calles mitral valve prolapse, elongated bodies, arachnodactyly
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Types of cells in connective tissue
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1) Fixed - permanently found in it
2) Wandering - come in and out |
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Fixed cells - types
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1) Mesenchymal
2) Adipocytes 3) Mast cells 4) fibroblasts 5) Myofibroblasts |
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Wandering cells - types
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1) Lymphocytes
2) Neutrophils 3) Macrophages 4) Plasma Cells 5) Eosinophils |
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Fibroblasts - function, description, and what its derived from
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-Synthesize and maintain connective tissue matric and fibers
-when not very actively synthesizing collagen - spindle-shaped cells with dark heterochromatic nuclei, exhibiting little cytoplasm extending as slender processes -when active - nuclei become larger and oval, exhibiting distinct nucleoli. The cytoplasm is more abundant with many granular representations of the expanded GER system -derived from mesenchymal cells |
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Macrophages - what is it derived from, what are its characteristics, functions
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Derived from Monocytes, therefore part of the Mononuclear Phagocytic System = MPS
Exhibits irregular cell and nuclear margins "Foamy" cytoplasm contains abundance of lysosomes and often residual bodies Active in immunological responses by "presenting" antigens to lymphocytes (antigen presenting cells) |
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What are the MPS cells in the connective tissue?
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Macrophages
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What are the MPS cells in the liver
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Kupfer cells
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What are the MPS cells in the lungs?
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Alveolar macrophage
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Mast cells characteristics and staining
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Round to oval shape
Abundance of large granules exhibiting metachromasia and contains: -heparin: anticoagulant histamine: vasodilator -slow reacting substance of anaphylasis = SRS-A vasodilator -eosinophilic chemotactic factor = ECF-A: attracts eosinophils -Contains membrane receptors for IgE |
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Types of cells in connective tissue
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1) Fixed - permanently found in it
2) Wandering - come in and out |
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Fixed cells - types
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1) Mesenchymal
2) Adipocytes 3) Mast cells 4) fibroblasts 5) Myofibroblasts |
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Wandering cells - types
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1) Lymphocytes
2) Neutrophils 3) Macrophages 4) Plasma Cells 5) Eosinophils |
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Fibroblasts - function, description, and what its derived from
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-Synthesize and maintain connective tissue matric and fibers
-when not very actively synthesizing collagen - spindle-shaped cells with dark heterochromatic nuclei, exhibiting little cytoplasm extending as slender processes -when active - nuclei become larger and oval, exhibiting distinct nucleoli. The cytoplasm is more abundant with many granular representations of the expanded GER system -derived from mesenchymal cells |
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Macrophages - what is it derived from, what are its characteristics, functions
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Derived from Monocytes, therefore part of the Mononuclear Phagocytic System = MPS
Exhibits irregular cell and nuclear margins "Foamy" cytoplasm contains abundance of lysosomes and often residual bodies Active in immunological responses by "presenting" antigens to lymphocytes (antigen presenting cells) |
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What are the MPS cells in the connective tissue?
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Macrophages
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What are the MPS cells in the liver
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Kupfer cells
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What are the MPS cells in the lungs?
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Alveolar macrophage
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Mast cells characteristics and staining
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Round to oval shape
Abundance of large granules exhibiting metachromasia and contains: -heparin: anticoagulant histamine: vasodilator -slow reacting substance of anaphylasis = SRS-A vasodilator -eosinophilic chemotactic factor = ECF-A: attracts eosinophils -Contains membrane receptors for IgE |
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Mast cells and hypersensitivity
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Finish me later :P
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Plasma cell - description, derived from, staining, function
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Round to oval cells
Derived from B-Lymphocytes Basophilic cytoplasm Pale staining juxtanuclear Golgi region "Clock face" or "Cartwheel" appearance of chromatin Synthesizes and secretes antibodies Basophilic - lots of RER for antibody synthesis |
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How to tell is something is basophilic?
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Compare to nucleus in a slide: ALL nuclei are basophilic!
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