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57 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
Trypan blue stain
taken up by macrophages
macrophage
aka the histiocyte, presents with phagocytized coarse aggregates of Trypan blue in its cytoplasm
types of connective tissue
1) Embryonic
2) Mature (CT proper, cartilage, bone, blood, bone marrow)
classifications of connective tissue; example of each
1) Loose Connective Tissue - villus
2) Dense Irregular Connective Tissue - dermis
3) Dense Regular Connective Tissue - tendon
components of connective tissue
1) Ground Substance
2) Fibers
3) Cells
Components and Functions of Ground Substance
Ground substance is a term for the non-cellular components of extracellular matrix containing the fibers.Ground substance is amorphous, gel-like, and is primarily composed of glycosaminoglycans (most notably hyaluronan), proteoglycans, and glycoproteins.
Types of Connective TIssue
1) Embryonic
-undifferentiated, euchromatic
2) Mature
Loose Connective Tissue
Not a lot of fibrillar material in the ECM.
Dense Connective Tissue
Lots of fibers in the ECM. If fibers are very parallel, this is dense REGULAR tissue. If fibers are all at angles to each other, then it is IRREGULAR connective tissue.
Elastic tissue
Deformable tissue
Types of mature connective tissue
1) loose
2) dense irregular
3) dense regular
4) elastic tissue
5) reticular connective tissue
6) adipose tissue
7) cartilage, bone, and blood
What is ground substance?
"The battleground" - made up primarily of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs - polymers of disaccharide) that attach to a protein to make a proteoglycan. These proteoglycans attach to collagen.
What are common GAGs in Ground Substance?
hyaluronic acid, chondroitin-4-sulfate, chondroitin-6-sulfate, dematan sulfate, heparin sulfate, heparin, keratan sulfate
What are some common glycoproteins?
Collagens/procollagens, microfibers of elastic tissue forms, fibronectin (brings to collagen and intergrins fibrillary network), Laminins
What are matrix metalloproteinases
Enzymes that are secreted by cells and degrade extracellular matrix; e.g.
Collagenase, stromelysins, membrane-type matrix metalloproteins from tumor cells.
-normally occurs in development, growth and repair of tissues
-Balanced by Tissue Inhibitors of Metalloproteinases
-excessive in dermatopathologies, rheumatoid, and osteoarthritis
-present in increasing amounts with tumor invasion, metastasis, and tumor angiogenesis
What is a carcinoma?
Tumor cells that have not invaded the basement membrane and remain confined within the epithelial layer.
How can tumor cells penetrate the basement membrane?
By releasing Collagenase, hyaluronidase to degrade ground substance.
What are the fibers of connective tissue?
1) Collagens
2) Elastic
3) Reticular
Collagen synthesis I & II Steps
I: synthesis of α-helic chains by ribosomes, hydroxylation of proline and lysine - GER, Glycosylation - GER
II: Assembly of triple helix - GER, further assemby and packaging of procollagen in secretory vessels - Golgi, exocytosis of procollagen - microtubules, microfilaments, and cell membrane
Extra cellular: Cleavage of procollagen cleaved, join to form tropocollagen
Tropocollagen polymerize to form Collagen
Name 3 collagenopathies
Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome
Strickler syndrome
Osteogenesis
Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome
Reduced conversion of procollagen to collagen - collagen is formed with poor structural strength
How can tumor cells penetrate the basement membrane?
By releasing Collagenase, hyaluronidase to degrade ground substance.
Strickler syndrom
Faulty production of Type II Collagen (important in vitreous body in eye, and cartilage) - detached retina
What are the fibers of connective tissue?
1) Collagens
2) Elastic
3) Reticular
Osteogenesis imperfecta
Type I Collagen - Skeletal Deformities
Collagen synthesis I & II Steps
I: synthesis of α-helic chains by ribosomes, hydroxylation of proline and lysine - GER, Glycosylation - GER
II: Assembly of triple helix - GER, further assemby and packaging of procollagen in secretory vessels - Golgi, exocytosis of procollagen - microtubules, microfilaments, and cell membrane
Extra cellular: Cleavage of procollagen cleaved, join to form tropocollagen
Tropocollagen polymerize to form Collagen
Reticular fibers
-how are they made, why are they special, how do they stain
Originally thought to be a separate type of fiber, now known to be a form of collagen Type III
Produced by fibroblasts that are associated with the fibers: Reticulocytes
Argyrophilic - silver salts bind to fibers
High content of sugar groups - PAS positive
Also produced by Schwann cells and smooth muscle cells
Name 3 collagenopathies
Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome
Strickler syndrome
Osteogenesis
Elastic Fibers
-composition, form, how to stain
Composed of 2 components:
1) Elastin
contains desmosine and isodemosine amino acids
2) Fibrils
fibrillar protein

Branch to form 3-D networks
Specially stained with orcein or resorcin-fuchsin
Synthesized by fibroblasts and smooth muscle cells
Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome
Reduced conversion of procollagen to collagen - collagen is formed with poor structural strength
Marfan's Syndrome
Autosomal dominant disorder resulting from deficiency in protein fibrillin 1 : calles mitral valve prolapse, elongated bodies, arachnodactyly
Strickler syndrome
Faulty production of Type II Collagen (important in vitreous body in eye, and cartilage) - detached retina
Osteogenesis imperfecta
Type I Collagen - Skeletal Deformities
Reticular fibers
-how are they made, why are they special, how do they stain
Originally thought to be a separate type of fiber, now known to be a form of collagen Type III
Produced by fibroblasts that are associated with the fibers: Reticulocytes
Argyrophilic - silver salts bind to fibers
High content of sugar groups - PAS positive
Also produced by Schwann cells and smooth muscle cells
Elastic Fibers
-composition, form, how to stain
Composed of 2 components:
1) Elastin
contains desmosine and isodemosine amino acids
2) Fibrils
fibrillar protein

Branch to form 3-D networks
Specially stained with orcein or resorcin-fuchsin
Synthesized by fibroblasts and smooth muscle cells
Marfan's Syndrome
Autosomal dominant disorder resulting from deficiency in protein fibrillin 1 : calles mitral valve prolapse, elongated bodies, arachnodactyly
Types of cells in connective tissue
1) Fixed - permanently found in it
2) Wandering - come in and out
Fixed cells - types
1) Mesenchymal
2) Adipocytes
3) Mast cells
4) fibroblasts
5) Myofibroblasts
Wandering cells - types
1) Lymphocytes
2) Neutrophils
3) Macrophages
4) Plasma Cells
5) Eosinophils
Fibroblasts - function, description, and what its derived from
-Synthesize and maintain connective tissue matric and fibers
-when not very actively synthesizing collagen - spindle-shaped cells with dark heterochromatic nuclei, exhibiting little cytoplasm extending as slender processes
-when active - nuclei become larger and oval, exhibiting distinct nucleoli. The cytoplasm is more abundant with many granular representations of the expanded GER system
-derived from mesenchymal cells
Macrophages - what is it derived from, what are its characteristics, functions
Derived from Monocytes, therefore part of the Mononuclear Phagocytic System = MPS
Exhibits irregular cell and nuclear margins
"Foamy" cytoplasm contains abundance of lysosomes and often residual bodies
Active in immunological responses by "presenting" antigens to lymphocytes (antigen presenting cells)
What are the MPS cells in the connective tissue?
Macrophages
What are the MPS cells in the liver
Kupfer cells
What are the MPS cells in the lungs?
Alveolar macrophage
Mast cells characteristics and staining
Round to oval shape
Abundance of large granules exhibiting metachromasia and contains:
-heparin: anticoagulant
histamine: vasodilator
-slow reacting substance of anaphylasis = SRS-A vasodilator
-eosinophilic chemotactic factor = ECF-A: attracts eosinophils
-Contains membrane receptors for IgE
Types of cells in connective tissue
1) Fixed - permanently found in it
2) Wandering - come in and out
Fixed cells - types
1) Mesenchymal
2) Adipocytes
3) Mast cells
4) fibroblasts
5) Myofibroblasts
Wandering cells - types
1) Lymphocytes
2) Neutrophils
3) Macrophages
4) Plasma Cells
5) Eosinophils
Fibroblasts - function, description, and what its derived from
-Synthesize and maintain connective tissue matric and fibers
-when not very actively synthesizing collagen - spindle-shaped cells with dark heterochromatic nuclei, exhibiting little cytoplasm extending as slender processes
-when active - nuclei become larger and oval, exhibiting distinct nucleoli. The cytoplasm is more abundant with many granular representations of the expanded GER system
-derived from mesenchymal cells
Macrophages - what is it derived from, what are its characteristics, functions
Derived from Monocytes, therefore part of the Mononuclear Phagocytic System = MPS
Exhibits irregular cell and nuclear margins
"Foamy" cytoplasm contains abundance of lysosomes and often residual bodies
Active in immunological responses by "presenting" antigens to lymphocytes (antigen presenting cells)
What are the MPS cells in the connective tissue?
Macrophages
What are the MPS cells in the liver
Kupfer cells
What are the MPS cells in the lungs?
Alveolar macrophage
Mast cells characteristics and staining
Round to oval shape
Abundance of large granules exhibiting metachromasia and contains:
-heparin: anticoagulant
histamine: vasodilator
-slow reacting substance of anaphylasis = SRS-A vasodilator
-eosinophilic chemotactic factor = ECF-A: attracts eosinophils
-Contains membrane receptors for IgE
Mast cells and hypersensitivity
Finish me later :P
Plasma cell - description, derived from, staining, function
Round to oval cells
Derived from B-Lymphocytes
Basophilic cytoplasm
Pale staining juxtanuclear Golgi region
"Clock face" or "Cartwheel" appearance of chromatin
Synthesizes and secretes antibodies
Basophilic - lots of RER for antibody synthesis
How to tell is something is basophilic?
Compare to nucleus in a slide: ALL nuclei are basophilic!