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78 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What is involved in fixation and what are two examples of it?
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denaturing the proteins. freezing and using aldehydes
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What is the point of embedding and what are two common substances commonly used for it
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to make the substance stiff enough to cut. wax and plastic resin
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what color and nature is hematoxylin
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it is basic dye and is purple
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what color and nature is eosin
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pink and acidic
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are proteins acidic or basic?
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they are weak bases
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what might you use to stain a lipid or a carbohydrate
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you might use PAS (periodic acid schiff) or metal impregnation
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why do metal impregnation stains look black?
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the light is blocked
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what are the four types of tissues in the body?
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epithelium, connective, muscle, nervous
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what is the definition of epithelium
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covers body surfaces and constitues secretory portions of glands and their ducts
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what are the two ways surface epithelia are classfified?
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by the number of layers (simple or stratified) and by the shape of the cells (squamous, cuboidal or columnar)
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is epithelium vascular?
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no
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which type of epithelium to you have to designate as keratinized or not keratinized?
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stratified squamous
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which type of epithelium is a central, bulge nucleus characteristic of?
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simple squamous
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where can simple squamous be found in the eye?
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corneal endothelium
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simple cuboidal epithelium is found in three places in the eye, where?
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anterior lens epithelium
anterior myoepithelium of iris pigmented epithelium of ciliary body |
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where is simple columnar epithelium located in the eye?
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-posterior pigmented epithelium of the iris
-non pigmented epithelium of ciliary body |
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where is psuedostratified epithelium found in the eye?
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nowhere
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what is a common characteristic of all non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium?
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they are wet
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where is non-keratinized stratified squamous located in the eye?
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-puncta and canaliculi of lacrimal system
-corneal epithelium -bulbar conjuctiva at limbus -palpebral conjunctiva at near lid margin |
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what is a main function of non-keratinized stratified squamous
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barrier- excellent for resisiting abrasions
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where is keratinized stratified squamous epithelium located in the eye?
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at the mucocutaneous junctions there is a change from the keratinized epithelium of the skin and the non-keratinized pappebral conjuctiva
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how many layers are there always in stratified cuboidal and stratified columnar epithelium in humans?
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2
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where is stratified columnar epithelium located in the eye?
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-conjuctival epithelium in the formix
-palpebral conjuctiva away from the lid margin -bulbar conjuctiva away from the limbus |
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what are the two states that transitional epithelium can be in and the characteristics of those states?
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contracted- 4 or more layers thick, dome shaped surface cells
distended- 2-3 layers thick, flattened cells. |
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what are three common structural modifications of an apical domain?
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microvilli, steriocillia (or stereovilli) , cilia
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what is the main function of microvilli?
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increase surface area for absorbtion/secretion
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can you see individual microvilli with light microscope?
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no. they look like striated border/brush border
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what are the cores of microvilli made up of?
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actin microfilaments
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what do microvilli interact with at their base?
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a horizontal network of micro filaments and intermediate filaments known as teh terminal web
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what do sterocilli look like?
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long microvilli
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what arrangment are stereocillia usually found in? what are there function? are they found in eye?
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usually in tufts or mats. they work to increase surface area. they are not found in eye
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what are cilia made of?
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microtubules
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what is the very characteristic arrangment of cilia?
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9 doublets of microtubules surrounding a single doublet of microtubules
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how are the cilia that grow out of basal bodies different?
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they have a 9 triplet of microtubules arrangement
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what is the function of cilia
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motility. move with force back and forth
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what are the three main junctional specializations of the lateral domain?
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-tight junctions
-anchoring junctions -gap junctions |
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what is the function of tight (occluding) junctions?
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to prevent leakage between cells
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what is the function of anchoring (adhering) junctions?
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to mechanically hold cells together.
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what are the function of gap junctions?
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allow communication between cells by diffusion of small molecules
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what is the arrangement (suface to deep) of a junctional complex?
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zonula occludens
zonula adherens desmosome |
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what is zonula adherens?
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a type of junctional specialization. located deep to zonula occludens
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what type of cells does a fascia adherens adhering junctions conncet?
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cardiac cells
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the macula adherens or _______, is similar to zonula adhereins but is smaller and _______.
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desmosome, stronger
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Gap junctions have a channel made of proteins called _______
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connexons
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what is a membrane specialization of the basal domain besides the basement membrane and the cell-extracellular membrane junctions.
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plicae, a fold that increases surface area
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What are the three parts of the
basement membrane? |
lamina lucida
lamina densa (contains type 4 collagen) fibroreticular lamina (contains type 3 collagen) |
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what are focal adhesions?
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they are a type of cell-extracellular matrix junction, they anchor actin filaments of cytoplasm to basement membrane
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what are hemidesmosomes?
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type of cell-extracellular matrix junction. very strong. anchor intermediate filaments of cytoplasm to basement membrane
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How to exocrine glands secrete their products?
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directly onto a surface or into epithelial ducts
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How do endocrine glands secrete their products?
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into the surrounding connective tissue where they enter the vascular system (generally secrete hormones)
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how are paracrine glands similarto endocrine glands?
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they secrete hormone like substances but the secretions do not usually enter the cascular system
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how to autocrine glands work?
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autocrine signaling refers to cells that respond to their own secretions
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describe merocrine secretion?
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none of the cell is lost, only the material is secreted. most glands are merocrine
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describe apocrine secretion
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secretion gathers in apical part of cell and part of cell becomes the secretion
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what are some examples of apocrine glands in the eye?
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ciliary (moll's) glands (eyelid)
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describe holocrine secretion
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entire secreting cell, along with its secretory product, forms the secreted matter of the gland
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what is an example of a holocrine gland in the eye?
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tarsal (meibomian) glands (eyelid)
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what is an example of a unicellular exocrine glands?
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a goblet cell
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where can goblet cells be found in eye?
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bulbar and fornix conjuctiva (produce mucous layer of tear film)
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what are the three ways the arrangement of secretory cells can be described?
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tubular
acinar (or alveolar) tubuloalveolar (or tubuloacinar) |
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what are the three ways a tubular arrangement can be described?
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straight
coiled branched |
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what ways can an acinar arrangement be desribed?
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single or branched
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What are the designations "simple" and "compound" referring to?
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simple is referring to the duct being unbranched and compound is referring to the duct being branched
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Where in the eye can simple coiled tubular glands be found?
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glands of moll
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where are two places simple branched acinar glands can be found in eye?
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meibomian glands and glands of zeis. both in eyelids
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where could you find compound tubuloacinar glands in eye?
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lacrimal glands
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what are the characteristics of mucus secretion?
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high carb content
slippery with H&E dyes cell looks empy because carbs are not acids or bases |
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what are the characteristics of serous secretions?
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proteins, watery. appear purple because basal part of cell but secretion is purple
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mixed?
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both serous and mucous acini in gland
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what does the stroma of the gland do?
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it is the supporting connective tissu framework holding gland together
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what are the two parts of the stroma?
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the capsule (surrounds outside of gland) and the septa
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what does the septa do?
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extends into the interior of gland and divide it into lobules of parenchyma
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what is the parenchyma?
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the functional part of the gland
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which cells surround the grand and aid in the secretion?
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myoepithelial cells (dialator pupillae is composed of myoepitherlial cells)
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what are the types of ducts associated with exocrine glands?
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intercalated ducts
intralobular ducts interlobular ducts main duct of gland |
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describe intercalated ducts
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usually attach directly to secretory cells (usualy acini) usually simple cuboidal, they are within lobule
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describe intralobular ducts
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usually simple columnar. unions of intercalated ducts, still within lobule
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describe interlobular ducts
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unions of intralobular ducts
usually stratified cuboidal in septa between lobules |