Histo Connective Tissue

Front 1

What is connective tissue composed of?

Back 1

Cells and extracellular matrix.

Front 2

What does ECM consist of?

What two general types of cells are there in CT?

Back 2

Fibers, structural glycoproteins, and the amorphous ground substance.

FIXED (resident) e.g. fibroblast, adipocyte
FREE (transient) e.g. mast cell, macrophage, plasma cell, leukocytes

Front 3

What is the quintessential connective tissue cell ?
What is its function and characteristics?

Back 3

fibroblast
largely responsible for the production and maintenance of the extracellular matrix,
quiescent of active, work-horse, very active in wound repair, euchromatic nucleus, tons of RER in active cells

Front 4

What is a key transient cell that is part of the body's mononuclear phagocyte system?What is its function?

Back 4

macrophage
Plays a variety of roles in tissue scavenging and immunological defense.

Front 5

What kind of cell is a mast cell? What is its function and characteristics?

Back 5

transient cells of connective tissue. It releases heparin, histamine and other substances in response to IgE-triggered immune reactions, similar to basophils, metachromatic granuals which are discharged when antigen binds onto the surface IgE

Front 6

What role does neutrophils play? What kind of cell type is it?

Back 6

role in the phagocytosis of invading bacteria.
Transient

Front 7

what is the predominant fibrous element found in the extracellular matrix ?

Back 7

collagen

Front 8

describe the biosynthesis of collagen

Back 8

RER to golgi to vesicle.
make pro-alpha chains (3), do hydroxlation to get triple helix (procollagen), secrete into cove, cleave propeptides to get tropocollagen, which self assembles into fibrils outside the cell, which aggregate and form collagen fibers.

Front 9

Why is the hydroxylation of proline and lysine residues on collagen important?
what is an important factor/substance needed for this process?

Back 9

necessary for hydrogen bonding among the subunitalpha-chains
Vitamin C

Front 10

why is the activity of lysyl oxidase important?
what is an important factor/substance needed for this process?

Back 10

necessary for covalent bond formation among tropocollagen molecules in fibril formation
Vitamin C

Front 11

Which type of collagen is most abundant/widespread distribution?

Back 11

Type I

Front 12

which type of cartilage is reticular fibers and argyrophilic?
which type is found predominantly in cartilage?

Back 12

Type III

Type II

Front 13

which type of collagen is non-fibril forming and a major component of basement membranes?

Back 13

type IV

Front 14

what is the basic structure of elastic fibers?
what are the two elements contained in the elastic molecule giving it its elastic properties?

Back 14

protein elastin on a scaffolding of fibrillin-containing microfibrils

desmosine and isodesmosine

Front 15

what three elements are part of the ECM?

Back 15

fibers, ground substance, and glycoproteins

Front 16

what ecm are laminin and fibronectin ? what is their role?

Back 16

structural glycoproteins,
play an important role in linking elements of the extracellular matrix to each other and to cells within or abutting the connective tissue.

Front 17

what two things is the ground substance made of?

what is the role of ground substance?

Back 17

viscous, hydrated gel of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs, long disaccharide repeats), proteoglycans (GAGs attached to proteins)
binding extracellular water, nutrients, electrolytes, hormones

Front 18

what are some specialized types of connective tissue?

Back 18

adipose, elastic, hematopoietic, and mucous tissue

Front 19

what are the two types of adipose tissue and which is most abundant?

Back 19

white (abundant)
brown (for generation of heat using uncoupling enzymes in mitochondria)

Front 20

what are characteristics of the Mononuclear Phagocytic System?

Back 20

All cells highly phagocytic.
Derived from bone marrow precursors
Contain lots of lysosomes
Surface receptors for immunoglobulin (Fc) and complement -- which recognize opsonized particles and trigger phagocytosis

Front 21

what are characteristics of macrophages?

Back 21

Differentiate from monocytes in blood
Long-lived in the connective tissue
Phagocytic and antigen presenting cells
Present in most organs
Many names in different tissues:
Kupffer cells-Liver
Langerhans cells-Skin
Osteoclasts-Bone
come from monocytes in blood.
nucleus is euchromatic
TRIGGER IMMUNE SYSTEM

Front 22

what is the single most important cell in wound healing?

Back 22

macrophage.

Front 23

describe how one develops hypsensitivity.

Back 23

antigen introduced to body, B cells process and become plasma cells, which make IgE, which sit on surface of mast cell. When mast cell encounters antigen that cross-links IgE, get massive degran (histamine, heparine, etc released)

Front 24

what are the effects of epinephrine that help in anaphylaxis?

Back 24

stimulates vasocontriction, raising blood pressure, causes bronchodilation

Front 25

what is role of plasma cell? where does it come from?
what does it look like under scope?

Back 25

differentiates from B cells, makes antibodies, lots of RER and golgi

Front 26

Describe Type I collagen

Back 26

most abundant
dermis, tendons, ligaments bone
(first you stand)

Front 27

Describe Type II collagen

Back 27

cartilage

(on your two ears)

Front 28

Describe Type III collagen

Back 28

reticular fibers
organs
(flip three times over meshy organs)

Front 29

Describe Type IV collagen

Back 29

basement membranes,
lacy network
no fibers
(watch out "four" lacy basement with no fibers)

Front 30

what does collagen look like under EM?

Back 30

striated fibers

Front 31

what is Ehlers-Danlos syndrome?

Back 31

Disorder of Collagen
Hypermobility of joints
Dermal hyperelasticity
Widespread tissue fragility
Fleshy outgrowths
Aortic and digestive tract rupture possible

Front 32

what 2 proteins are found in elastic fibers?
what two AAs are responsible for covalent bonding between elatins?

Back 32

elastin, fibrillin (forms sheath)
Desmosine and isodesmosine

Front 33

what is function of glycoproteins?
what are two structural glycoproteins?

Back 33

adhere CT, cells, epithelia
sits along membrane, helps connect epithelia to structures below in connective tissue
Laminin
Fibronectin

Front 34

what is ground substance? its role?
what makes up proteoglycans? role?

Back 34

Hydrated gel in which cells, fibers, and proteins are embedded. Essential for diffusion of nutrients.

Protein core with GAGs covalently attached. Make space for water, hydrate CT.

Front 35

characteristics of loose and dense Ct

Back 35

Loose (Areolar) - all irregular
Lots of cells
Fewer fibers
Lots of ground substance

Dense
Fewer cells
Lots of fibers
Little ground substance

Front 36

what is one location where you find mucous CT?

Back 36

umbilical cord

Front 37

functions and characteristics of adipose?

Back 37

White and Brown (aka, unilocular and multiplocular)
Well vascularized
Functions:
Padding, Insulation, Energy storage,
Heat production (multilocular)