Histo - 8 Cardiovascular System

Front 1

how do you distinguish various types of arteries and veins?

Back 1

thickness of vascular wall

Front 2

tunica intima has what kind of cells lining interior surface?

Back 2

endothelial

Front 3

This layer is beneath endothelium and consists of delicate lose connective tissue.

Back 3

subendothelial layer

Front 4

Main component of tunica media

Back 4

circumferentially arranged smooth muscle cells

Front 5

separation layer between tunica media and tunica intima

Back 5

internal elastic lamina

Front 6

separation layer between tunica media and tunica adventitia in larger vessels

Back 6

external elastic lamina

Front 7

primary component of tunica adventitia

Back 7

CT made of fibroblasts and associated collagen fibers

Front 8

what provides nutrients to adventitia and media in larger vessels?

Back 8

vasa vasorum (small blood vessels)

Front 9

polygonal, elongated cells that have many pinocytotic vesicles and form junctional complexes with their neighbors

Back 9

endothelial cells

Front 10

6 synthetic and metabolic properties of endothelial cells

Back 10

1. maintenance of non-thrombogenic blood-tissue interface
2. modulation of blood flow and vascular resistance
3. metabolism of hormones
4. regulate immune and inflammatory rxns
5. modification of lipoproteins during transport in artery wall
6. growth reg of other cell types i.e. smooth muscle cells

Front 11

T/F: smooth muscle cells are an important element of vascular repair processes

Back 11

True

Front 12

cell and nuclei shape of resting smooth muscle cells

Back 12

spindle shaped with single, elongated nuclei

Front 13

3 classifications of arteries

Back 13

elastic (conducting), muscular (distribution), and arterioles

Front 14

examples of large elastic arteries

Back 14

pulmonary, aorta, brachiocephalic, subclavian, common carotid, common iliac

Front 15

what type of arteries would you find the tunica media that is made of multiple concentric, fenestrated lamellae of elastin alternating w/ layers of smooth muscle, fibers of collagen and elastin and proteoglycans

Back 15

large elastic arteries

Front 16

components of tunica adventitia in elastic arteries

Back 16

fibroblasts and longitudinal bundles of collagen fibers and loose network of elastic fibers

Front 17

how do capillaries penetrate the media through the adventitia in elastic arteries?

Back 17

through vasa vasorum

Front 18

examples of muscular arteries

Back 18

branchial, femoral, radial, popliteal and their branches

Front 19

do muscular or elastic arteries have a thinner intima?

Back 19

muscular

Front 20

difference in the media bw muscular and elastic arteries

Back 20

muscular have more smooth muscle and less elastin

Front 21

arrangement of muscle cells in muscular arteries

Back 21

they are circumferentially oriented and closely packed in a parallel way

Front 22

in musular arteries, is media or adventitia thicker?

Back 22

adventitia

Front 23

what constitutes the principal component of peripheral resistance to flow that regulates bp

Back 23

arterioles

Front 24

what is present in large arterioles but absent in terminal arterioles?

Back 24

thin fenestrated internal elastic lamina

Front 25

vessels of the short trasitional region bw arterioles and capillaries is called...

Back 25

metarterioles

Front 26

slight thickening of smooth muscle at origin of capillary bed from an arteriole

Back 26

precapillary sphincter

Front 27

structural function of AV shunt

Back 27

allow blood to bypass capillaries by providing direct routes bw arteries and veins

Front 28

innervation of AV shunts

Back 28

adrenergic and cholinergic periadventitial nerves

Front 29

where does contraction/relaxation of arteriole smooth muscle of AV shunt send the blood?

Back 29

contraction - to capillary bed
relaxation - to venule

Front 30

physiological function of AV shunt

Back 30

serves in thermoregulation at body surface

Front 31

what structure consists of extremely attenuated endothelial cells w/ their basal lamina supported by a sparse network of reticular fibers

Back 31

capillary wall

Front 32

what are the major sites of exchange of gases and metabolites? and why?

Back 32

capillaries, bc of thin wall and close physical assoc w/ metabolically active cells

Front 33

what are scattered along the outside of capillaries?

Back 33

pericytes

Front 34

function of pericytes

Back 34

contractile cells that help in the control of blood flow through microvessels

Front 35

3 types of capillaries

Back 35

continuous, fenestrated, discontinuous (sinusoids)

Front 36

where do you find continuous capillaries?

Back 36

in muscle, lung, and CNS

Front 37

which type of capillary can have 2 plasma membranes enclosing a ribbon of cytoplasm that may include the nucleus w/ at least 1 occluding junction?

Back 37

continuous

Front 38

which type of capillary has numerous pinocytotic vesicles that underlie both liminal and basal plasma mem surfaces (except in CNS)?

Back 38

continuous

Front 39

how do fenestrated capillaries in GI tract and gallbladder appear when no absorption is occurring?

Back 39

fewer fenestrae and thicker wall

Front 40

what do fenestrated capillaries look like when absorption is occurring?

Back 40

thin walls and rapidly increasing number of pinocytotic vesicles and fenestrae

Front 41

type of capillary that is a vascular channel of relatively large caliber and irregular cross-sectional outline

Back 41

discontinuous

Front 42

where do you find discontinuous capiillaries?

Back 42

liver, bone marrow, certain endocrine glands and lymphoid organs

Front 43

which capillaries take the shape of the spaces bw epithelial sheets and cords of the organ that they supply?

Back 43

discontinuous

Front 44

which system has greater capacity? why?

Back 44

venous - bc more numerous and have larger lumen

Front 45

examples of large veins

Back 45

inferior vena cava, portal, splenic, superior mesenteric, external iliac, renal

Front 46

relative sizes of media and adventitia in large veins

Back 46

media - thin
adventitia - thick

Front 47

what are the semilunar valves in large veins made of?

Back 47

thin fold of intima reinforced by thin layer of collagen in a network of elastic fibers

Front 48

examples of medium veins

Back 48

cutaneous and deeper veins of extremities, head, and many in viscera

Front 49

which layer in medium veins has small bundles of smooth muscle intermixed with collagen and elastic fibers?

Back 49

media

Front 50

which layer of medium veins is well developed

Back 50

adventitia

Front 51

which type of vessels are characterized by an imtima of endothelium, a thin media that may consist of none to a few layers of smooth muscle and an adventitial layer which is the thickest and made of CT rich in collagenous fibers

Back 51

venules and small veins

Front 52

how are muscular venules different from postcapillary venules?

Back 52

muscular venules have a tunica media that is 1 or 2 layers of smooth muscle

Front 53

what are the sites of emigration of white blood cells from the vessel during inflammation?

Back 53

postcapillary venules

Front 54

in what structures do the postcapillary venules have cuboidal and not squamous endothelial cells?

Back 54

in lymph nodes and peyer's patches

Front 55

where do the lymphatic ducts merge with the venous system?

Back 55

at the great veins at the base of the neck

Front 56

lymphatics are found in all tissues except...

Back 56

CNS, cartilage, bone and bone marrow, thymus, teeth, placenta

Front 57

what is the main function of the lymph vascular system?

Back 57

return fluid and plasma proein that escape the circulation, and add lymphocytes and antibodies

Front 58

what lines each surface of the interventricular septum?

Back 58

endocardium

Front 59

this structure, in the heart, serves as a support and is composed of dense connective tissue

Back 59

fibrous skeleton

Front 60

what layer of the heart unites the myocardium and endocardium which contains veins, nerves and branches of the impulse-conducting system

Back 60

subendothelial layer of CT

Front 61

which layer of the heart is responsible for pumping blood through the circulation

Back 61

myocardium

Front 62

what type of epithelium covers the outside of epicardium?

Back 62

simple squamous epithelium (mesothelium)

Front 63

which heart layer does adipose tissue generally accumulate in?

Back 63

epicardium

Front 64

in which area does the epicardium become continuous with the parietal pericardium?

Back 64

around the roots of the aorta and pulmonary artery

Front 65

what structure on the heart contains a small amt of fluid that permits the smooth mesothelial surfaces of epicardium and parietal pericardium to glide over e/o during contraction and relaxation

Back 65

pericardial cavity

Front 66

the valves are made of and covered with what type of tissue?

Back 66

valves are made of a center sheet of fibrous tissue and surfaces are covered with endothelium

Front 67

what structures are modified cardiac muscle cells that are specialized to conduct impulses

Back 67

AV bundle, bundle branches nad Purkinje fibers

Front 68

where are ganglionic nerve cells and nerve fibers in the heart?

Back 68

in the region close to the SA and AV nodes

Front 69

what affects heart rhythm with parasympathetic stimulation slowing and sympathetic accelerating the rhythm?

Back 69

ganglionic nerve cells and fibers around SA and AV nodes