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69 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
how do you distinguish various types of arteries and veins?
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thickness of vascular wall
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tunica intima has what kind of cells lining interior surface?
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endothelial
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This layer is beneath endothelium and consists of delicate lose connective tissue.
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subendothelial layer
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Main component of tunica media
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circumferentially arranged smooth muscle cells
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separation layer between tunica media and tunica intima
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internal elastic lamina
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separation layer between tunica media and tunica adventitia in larger vessels
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external elastic lamina
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primary component of tunica adventitia
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CT made of fibroblasts and associated collagen fibers
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what provides nutrients to adventitia and media in larger vessels?
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vasa vasorum (small blood vessels)
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polygonal, elongated cells that have many pinocytotic vesicles and form junctional complexes with their neighbors
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endothelial cells
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6 synthetic and metabolic properties of endothelial cells
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1. maintenance of non-thrombogenic blood-tissue interface
2. modulation of blood flow and vascular resistance 3. metabolism of hormones 4. regulate immune and inflammatory rxns 5. modification of lipoproteins during transport in artery wall 6. growth reg of other cell types i.e. smooth muscle cells |
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T/F: smooth muscle cells are an important element of vascular repair processes
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True
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cell and nuclei shape of resting smooth muscle cells
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spindle shaped with single, elongated nuclei
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3 classifications of arteries
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elastic (conducting), muscular (distribution), and arterioles
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examples of large elastic arteries
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pulmonary, aorta, brachiocephalic, subclavian, common carotid, common iliac
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what type of arteries would you find the tunica media that is made of multiple concentric, fenestrated lamellae of elastin alternating w/ layers of smooth muscle, fibers of collagen and elastin and proteoglycans
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large elastic arteries
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components of tunica adventitia in elastic arteries
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fibroblasts and longitudinal bundles of collagen fibers and loose network of elastic fibers
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how do capillaries penetrate the media through the adventitia in elastic arteries?
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through vasa vasorum
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examples of muscular arteries
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branchial, femoral, radial, popliteal and their branches
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do muscular or elastic arteries have a thinner intima?
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muscular
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difference in the media bw muscular and elastic arteries
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muscular have more smooth muscle and less elastin
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arrangement of muscle cells in muscular arteries
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they are circumferentially oriented and closely packed in a parallel way
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in musular arteries, is media or adventitia thicker?
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adventitia
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what constitutes the principal component of peripheral resistance to flow that regulates bp
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arterioles
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what is present in large arterioles but absent in terminal arterioles?
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thin fenestrated internal elastic lamina
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vessels of the short trasitional region bw arterioles and capillaries is called...
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metarterioles
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slight thickening of smooth muscle at origin of capillary bed from an arteriole
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precapillary sphincter
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structural function of AV shunt
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allow blood to bypass capillaries by providing direct routes bw arteries and veins
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innervation of AV shunts
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adrenergic and cholinergic periadventitial nerves
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where does contraction/relaxation of arteriole smooth muscle of AV shunt send the blood?
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contraction - to capillary bed
relaxation - to venule |
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physiological function of AV shunt
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serves in thermoregulation at body surface
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what structure consists of extremely attenuated endothelial cells w/ their basal lamina supported by a sparse network of reticular fibers
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capillary wall
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what are the major sites of exchange of gases and metabolites? and why?
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capillaries, bc of thin wall and close physical assoc w/ metabolically active cells
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what are scattered along the outside of capillaries?
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pericytes
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function of pericytes
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contractile cells that help in the control of blood flow through microvessels
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3 types of capillaries
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continuous, fenestrated, discontinuous (sinusoids)
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where do you find continuous capillaries?
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in muscle, lung, and CNS
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which type of capillary can have 2 plasma membranes enclosing a ribbon of cytoplasm that may include the nucleus w/ at least 1 occluding junction?
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continuous
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which type of capillary has numerous pinocytotic vesicles that underlie both liminal and basal plasma mem surfaces (except in CNS)?
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continuous
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how do fenestrated capillaries in GI tract and gallbladder appear when no absorption is occurring?
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fewer fenestrae and thicker wall
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what do fenestrated capillaries look like when absorption is occurring?
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thin walls and rapidly increasing number of pinocytotic vesicles and fenestrae
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type of capillary that is a vascular channel of relatively large caliber and irregular cross-sectional outline
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discontinuous
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where do you find discontinuous capiillaries?
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liver, bone marrow, certain endocrine glands and lymphoid organs
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which capillaries take the shape of the spaces bw epithelial sheets and cords of the organ that they supply?
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discontinuous
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which system has greater capacity? why?
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venous - bc more numerous and have larger lumen
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examples of large veins
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inferior vena cava, portal, splenic, superior mesenteric, external iliac, renal
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relative sizes of media and adventitia in large veins
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media - thin
adventitia - thick |
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what are the semilunar valves in large veins made of?
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thin fold of intima reinforced by thin layer of collagen in a network of elastic fibers
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examples of medium veins
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cutaneous and deeper veins of extremities, head, and many in viscera
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which layer in medium veins has small bundles of smooth muscle intermixed with collagen and elastic fibers?
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media
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which layer of medium veins is well developed
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adventitia
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which type of vessels are characterized by an imtima of endothelium, a thin media that may consist of none to a few layers of smooth muscle and an adventitial layer which is the thickest and made of CT rich in collagenous fibers
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venules and small veins
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how are muscular venules different from postcapillary venules?
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muscular venules have a tunica media that is 1 or 2 layers of smooth muscle
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what are the sites of emigration of white blood cells from the vessel during inflammation?
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postcapillary venules
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in what structures do the postcapillary venules have cuboidal and not squamous endothelial cells?
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in lymph nodes and peyer's patches
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where do the lymphatic ducts merge with the venous system?
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at the great veins at the base of the neck
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lymphatics are found in all tissues except...
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CNS, cartilage, bone and bone marrow, thymus, teeth, placenta
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what is the main function of the lymph vascular system?
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return fluid and plasma proein that escape the circulation, and add lymphocytes and antibodies
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what lines each surface of the interventricular septum?
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endocardium
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this structure, in the heart, serves as a support and is composed of dense connective tissue
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fibrous skeleton
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what layer of the heart unites the myocardium and endocardium which contains veins, nerves and branches of the impulse-conducting system
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subendothelial layer of CT
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which layer of the heart is responsible for pumping blood through the circulation
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myocardium
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what type of epithelium covers the outside of epicardium?
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simple squamous epithelium (mesothelium)
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which heart layer does adipose tissue generally accumulate in?
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epicardium
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in which area does the epicardium become continuous with the parietal pericardium?
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around the roots of the aorta and pulmonary artery
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what structure on the heart contains a small amt of fluid that permits the smooth mesothelial surfaces of epicardium and parietal pericardium to glide over e/o during contraction and relaxation
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pericardial cavity
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the valves are made of and covered with what type of tissue?
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valves are made of a center sheet of fibrous tissue and surfaces are covered with endothelium
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what structures are modified cardiac muscle cells that are specialized to conduct impulses
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AV bundle, bundle branches nad Purkinje fibers
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where are ganglionic nerve cells and nerve fibers in the heart?
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in the region close to the SA and AV nodes
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what affects heart rhythm with parasympathetic stimulation slowing and sympathetic accelerating the rhythm?
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ganglionic nerve cells and fibers around SA and AV nodes
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