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34 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back

Al Amin

-the sixth Abbasid Caliph



-went to war with his brother al-Ma'mun

al-Battani

-an Arab astronomer, astrologer, and mathematician,



-determined the year was 365 days long

al-Biruni

-regarded as one of the greatest scholars of the medieval Islamic era and was well versed in physics, mathematics, astronomy, and natural sciences, and also distinguished himself as a historian, chronologist and linguist...



-determined radius of earth

al-Hakim

the sixth Fatimid caliph and 16th Ismaili imam (996–1021). Al-Hakim is an important figure in a number of Shia Ismaili religions

al-Khwarizmi

- introduced the decimal positional number system to the Western world.



- invented algebra


al-Ma'mun

-was an Abbasid caliph who reigned from 813 until his death in 833.



- known for his attempts to end sectarian rivalry in Islām and to impose upon his subjects a rationalist Muslim creed.


al-Razi

-is particularly remembered for numerous advances in medicine through his observations and discoveries. also alchemy and chemistry



- the father of pediatrics, and a pioneer of ophthalmology.






al-Tusi

-was a Persian polymath and prolific writer: An architect,astronomer, biologist, chemist, mathematician, philosopher, physician, physicist, scientist, theologian



-He was of the Ismaili-, and subsequentlyTwelver Shī‘ah Islamic belief



- Tusi made very accurate tables of planetary movements: he invented a geometrical technique called a Tusi-couple, which generates linear motion from the sum of two circular motions. He used this technique to replacePtolemy's problematic equant




al-Uqlidisi

-an Arab mathematician, who was active in Damascus and Baghdad.



- Euclid copyist. He wrote the earliest surviving book on the positional use of the Arabic numerals, Kitab al-Fusul fi al-Hisab al-Hindi (The Arithemetics of Al-Uqlidisi) around 952. It is especially notable for its treatment of decimal fractions, and that it showed how to carry out calculations without deletions.

al-Zahwary

-an Arab Muslim physician and surgeonwho lived in Al-Andalus... father of modern surgery

'Ali al-Rida

the seventh descendant of theIslamic prophet Muhammad and the eighth of the Twelve Imams

Alp Arslan

-was the second Sultan of the Seljuk Empire



Buyids

-a Shia dynasty which originated fromLahijan in Dailam

Fatimids

-in 909 Isma'ili Shi'is show rebelled against Abbasids in North Africa and took over the Aghlabid Kingdom



-As far west as Morocco and conquered Egypt in 969



-their rulers claimed that they descended from 'Ali and Fatima, Muhammad's daughter

Harun al-Rashid

-the fifth Abbasid Caliph... ruled during the peak of the Islamic Golden Age



-He established the legendary library Bayt al-Hikma ("House of Wisdom") in Baghdad in modern-day Iraq, and during his rule Baghdad began to flourish as a center of knowledge, culture and trade

ibn al-Haytham

-was an Arab, Muslim, scientist, polymath, mathematician, astronomer and philosopher who made significant contributions to the principles of optics, astronomy, mathematics, meteorology, visual perception and the scientific method.



-his claim to fame is realizing that vision was caused by light rays going into the eyes



-made the Nile-O-Meter to regulate flooding

ibn al-Shatir

-an Arab Muslim astronomer, mathematician, engineer and inventor who worked as muwaqqit (religious timekeeper) at theUmayyad Mosque in Damascus, Syria.



-he drastically reformed the Ptolemaic models of the Sun, Moon, and planets

ibn Sina

- was a Persian polymath who is regarded as one of the most significant thinkers and writers of the Islamic Golden Age.



-is most famous works are The Book of Healing – a vast philosophical and scientific encyclopedia – and The Canon of Medicine, an overview of all aspects of medicine that became a standard medical text at many medieval universities and remained in use as late as 1650.

ibn Wahshiyya

-was an Iraqi alchemist, agriculturalist, farm toxicologist, egyptologist and historian born at Qusayn near Kufain Iraq

Iqta'

-an Islamic practice of tax farming that became common in Muslim Asia during the Buyid dynasty

Isma'ilis

-a branch of Shia Islam whose adherents are also known as Seveners



-get their name from their acceptance of Isma'il ibn Jafar as the appointed spiritual successor (Imām) to Ja'far al-Sadiq, wherein they differ from the Twelvers, who accept Musa al-Kadhim, younger brother of Isma'il, as the true Imām



-Ismailism rose at one point to become the largest branch of Shī‘ism, climaxing as a political power with the Fatimid Caliphate

Ithna'asharis

a Twelver

Malkishah

??

Mu'tazilis

-school of theology based on reason and rational thought that flourished in the cities of Basra and Baghdad


Nizam al Mulk

-was a Persian scholar and vizier of the Seljuq Empire



- founding a number of schools of higher education in several cities like Baghdad

Qadi

a judge ruling in accordance with Islamic religious law (sharia), appointed by the ruler of a Muslim country.

Salah al Din

- the first Sultan of Egypt and Syria and the founder of the Ayyubid dynasty



-A Muslim of Kurdish origin, Saladin led the Muslim opposition to the EuropeanCrusaders in the Levant

Seljuks

-was a Turkish Sunni Muslim dynasty that gradually adopted Persian culture and contributed to the Turko-Persian tradition in the medieval West and Central Asia.



- targets of the First Crusade.

Shari'a

- means the moral code and religious law of a prophetic religion.

Shi'a

-"followers", "faction" or "party" of Muhammad's son-in-law and cousin Ali, whom the Shia believe to be Muhammad's successor in the Caliphate

Sunni

"people of the tradition of Muhammad and the consensus of the Ummah" or ahl as-sunnah

The Madhi

- is the prophesied redeemer of Islam who will rule for seven, nine, or nineteen years (according to differing interpretations) before the Day of Judgment (yawm al-qiyamah / literally, the Day of Resurrection)[2] and will rid the world of evil.

Ulama

refers to the educated class of Muslim legal scholars who are polymaths engaged in several fields of Islamic studies.

Waqf

an inalienable religious endowment in Islamic law, typically donating a building or plot of land or even cash for Muslim religious or charitable purposes.