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66 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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What were some of the early explanations for mental illness?
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- demonically taken over
- supernatural forces |
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Why did mental asylums form in the 1700s? What change in thinking did this reflect?
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- formed to cure mentally ill
- shift in thinking they weren't curable/supernatural-> to the idea that illnesses were curable |
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What was the “blood-letting” method?
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- illnesses based on blood circulation
- take blood out of veins until people became tranquil - in reality, people were probably just tired from giving blood |
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Why was this blood-letting method used to treat mental illness?
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- idea that getting someone to calm down, remove senses, lower pulse, and reduce tension would help fight against mental illness
- stop disruption of blood circulation causing mental illness |
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What were the mesmerism and hypnotism methods for treating mental illness?
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1) mesmerism:
- put disorder patients in room; used magnet in water to extract patients to make symptoms go away; used power of suggestion to make patients think they were cured 2) hypnosis: - ppl put into hypnotic state; used suggestion to get rid of actions/ behaviors/ change the way they view themselves |
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What was “suggestion”?
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psychological process by which one person guides the thoughts, feelings, or behaviour of another
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What was Charcot’s belief about hypnotism?
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- thought histeria people were easily hypnotizable by their environment (symptom of hysteria)
- thought one could induce histeria |
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What was Charcot’s influence on Freud?
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-Traumatic-hysterical dysfunctions could be induced and effects were sometimes delayed
-Psychogenic nature of hysterical symptoms -Rejection of notion that hysteria was due to female’s disturbed sexual organization - people could put themselves into a trance |
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What was Freud's famous case of “Anna O.”?
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- woman that came to Josef Breur for treatment for what was then known as hysteria
- subject to conditions of 'absence',(1) of confusion, of delirium, and of alteration of her whole personality -Breuer found that talking about her experiences seemed to offer some relief from her symptoms. -Pappenheim dubbed the treatment as the “talking cure.” -her story fascinated Freud and served as the basis for Studies on Hysteria (1895) -Upon tracing a symptom back to the events surrounding its initial appearance, Anna would experience emotional release and relief from the symptom. |
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What did Freud mean by the “cathartic” method?
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-Anna O used it
- he found that if she could be made to trace a certain symptom back to the occasion of its first appearance, she would experience an emotional release or "relief from the symptom- catharsis" - also known as the " talking cure" |
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What made psychoanalysis unique to the other systems?
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- looked at unconscious through different therapy methods
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How would psychoanalysis differ from behaviorism in the approach to treating a behavioral disorder?
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- psychoanlysis looks to uncover unconscious and go back to what started disorder
- behaviorism would look at what causes in environment caused behavioral disorder |
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Freud's Theory of personality: What were the three parts?
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1) ID: unconscious drives; present from birth; instinct behaviors; driven by the pleasure principle
2) ego: responsible for dealing with reality; develops from the id and ensures that the impulses of the id can be expressed in a manner acceptable in the real world; functions in both the conscious, preconscious, and unconscious mind 3) superego: holds all of our internalized moral standards and ideals; helps with adaptation to environment; conscience |
pleasure principle: strives for immediate gratification of all desires, wants, and needs
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Freud's Theory of personality: How do we tap into the subconscious?
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- use hypnosis
- analyzing dream content - free-association: talking therapy saying whatever came into their minds - slips of the tongue: aspects of unconscious mind come out with errors we make in speaking - cathartic method: getting ppl to think about/ relive past |
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Was Freud's approach rationalist or empiricist? Why?
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-rationalist
- there are certain principles or ideas that form the basis of our understanding of the world. We do not create them; they already exist. - believed in the sub-conscious -ID is present from birth; instinct behaviors; way we originally look at world |
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What were some of Freud’s biggest influences on western civilization?
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- popularized concept of discovering the unconscious
- Freud's emphasis on unconscious motives also raised awareness of the general need to study motivational processes - we now take it for granted that the events of early childhood can significantly affect later development - showed some problems were psychological in origin, and could be treated with psychological means through psychotherapy |
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Who proposed the idea of defense mechanisms and what are they used for?
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- Anna Freud came up with this idea
- the ego has developed a number of defense mechanisms to cope with anxiety - can be adaptive and allow us to function normally |
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What was Erikson’s major contribution? How did his focus differ from Freud’s?
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-two major contributions to psychodynamic thought include a reappraisal of the ego and an extended view of developmental stages
- Instead of focusing on sexual development like Freud, he was interested in how children socialize and how this affects their sense of self. -He saw personality as developing throughout the lifetime and looked at identity crises at the focal point for each stage of human development -Erikson’s Theory of Psychosocial Development has eight distinct stage, each with two possible outcomes. According to the theory, successful completion of each stage results in a healthy personality and successful interactions with others |
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What are psychological types, according to Jung?
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-Jung's theory of psychological types attempts to categorize people in terms of their primary modes of psychological functioning
- he believed there were different functions and attitudes of consciousness - functions: (a) Sensation, (b) Intuition, (c) Thinking and (d) Feeling -attitudes: (a) Introversion and (b) Extraversion |
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What are the different psychological functions that Jung identified?
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- feelings vs. thinking
-intuition vs. sensation - Feeling function : the empathetic, value-based "heart"-type way of looking at things - Thinking function: an analytical, "head"-type way of looking at the world - SENSATION: means conscious perception through the sense-organs. The Sensation personality-type relates to physical stimulii -INTUITION: it is an experience which is immediately given to con-sciousness rather than arising through mental activity (e.g. thinking or feeling), but has no physical cause. It constitutes an intuition or hunch, a "gut"-level feeling, or an "ESP" experience - basic classification of modes of consciousness |
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How did Jung's view of the subconscious differ from Freud’s?
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- Jung developed the view of the Collective Unconscious
- every human being is endowed with this psychic archetype-layer since his/her birth. One can not acquire this strata by education or other conscious effort because it is innate -Freudian theory of unconscious as the psychic strata formed by repressed wishes - he added on to Freud's views |
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What was Horney’s theory of basic anxiety?
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- people who don't get love and affection become neurotic
- if love and affection needs are not met, child develops basic hostility towards its parents - this repressed hostility leads to "basic anxiety": feeling of helplessness and isolation in a hostile world |
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How did Lightner Witmer define the clinical method? (two step approach)
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- children would be diagnosed; questioned; etc.
- then they would be analyzed and classified |
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How did World War I and II influence the development of clinical psychology?
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- clinical psych began to emerge at the end of WWII, when teh number of psychological casualities created a need that the medical community could not meet
- before WWI, people had low status in work environment and weren't popular; limited in authority status - it became recognized by the end of WWII |
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What is the scientist practitioner model that was developed at the University of Colorado in 1949? (see p. 442-443 of book if you are having trouble finding this)
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- called the "Boulder model"
- combined training in the science and in the practice of psychology - included primary forms of expertise that any clinical psychologist should have - led to increase in clinical psychologists and their influence in APA |
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Abraham Maslow- What was his needs hierarchy? How did this expand on psychoanalysis and behaviorism?
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- model that proposed a series of needs systems, arranged in a pyramid
- lower level and more primitive needs at bottom, and self-actualization at the top - achieving self-actualization required satisfying all the needs below it -He believed this self-actualization model would produce a healthier psychology; reaching one's full potential in life - expanded on psychoanalysis and behaviorism by saying we could reach any potential in life, and that we have to look for a sense of responsibility and purpose ; went against idea that people were limited in what their futures could be |
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Carl Rogers- How did his client-centered therapy differ from traditional approaches?
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- rejected idea that it was important to go into client's past history for therapy to be effective
-Gave unconditional positive feedback- put forth this idea for treatment -Thought ppl had ability to become healthy and self actualize; idea of self discovery treatment - tried to put clients on his level |
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What were the differences between humanistic and psychoanalytic therapies?
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- humanistic :based upon “a hopeful, constructive view of human beings and the individual’s substantial capacity to be self-determining
- psychoanlaytic- subconscious |
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What did Skinner argue in Verbal Behavior?
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-- attempt to put language into operant terms
- argued language was done through conditioning - parents gratified kids for language, helping them develop it - language through conditioned learning |
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What were some of the main points of Chomsky’s critique of Verbal Behavior?
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- language development occurs too rapidly for conditioning to be relevant
- not enough seconds in a lifetime to learn all the sentences we are capable of producing - language is too complex for Skinners explanation |
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Charles Bartlett- What are schemas?
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- people actively organize info into meaningful wholes
- general concepts that make up our understanding of the world; and memories are constructed in reference to them |
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Piaget- what part of cognition was he interested in?
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- how child cognition differs from adult cognition
- cognitive development |
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Why did Tolman’s studies contribute to the cognitive revolution?
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-his 'purposeful behaviorism" attempted to explain goal-oriented behavior
-For Tolman, stimuli play a cognitive role as signals to the organism, leading to the formation of “cognitive maps” and to “latent learning” in the absence of reinforcement - precursor to cognitivism |
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What did other behaviorist studies find that rejected Tolman's principles?
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d
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What are the basic ideas behind information theory that were relevant to psychology and why did this influence the development of cognitive psychology?
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-- bit: amount of info that would enable a decision between two equally likely alternatives
- provided a way of standardizing units of info, regardless of form than the information took - each time the number of alternatives doubles, one additional bit of info is added: with four alternatives it takes 2 bits of info to reduce uncertainty etc. - more influential on computer science; added further legitimacy to study of mind for psych |
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How did the development of the computer contribute to cognitive psychology?
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- helps us study cognitive processes from pattern recognition to thinking
- helped us understand human thinking |
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What is meant by positivism and biological reductionism (characteristics of early behaviorism)?
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- positivism: we could only be certain of knowledge that results from objective, publicly observable events
-biological reductionism: breaking whole down into its parts;The practice of explaining all human behavior in terms of purely biological processes; genes, instincts, hormones, and pre-programmed brain activity |
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What is the 7 +- 2 rule?
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- applies to working memory capacity
- you can really only process about 7 articles- built in limitation to our minds in immediate memory |
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What does Miller’s TOTE principle stand for and what does it mean?
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- Test-Operate-Test-Exit
- beings w test phase that looks for incongruities in the system - if no incongruities, nothing happens - if congruities, an operation occurs to reduce incongruity - another test then occurs, until no incongruity exists |
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What was the “engram” that Lashley was looking for?
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- location of specific memory
- physical activation of memory - location of personal memories |
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What were the following that Lashley discovered?
mass action |
greater brain damage to the area---> the greater the difficulty for reaming areas of brain to take over brain function/ greater the impact on learning
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What were the following that Lashley discovered?
Equipotentiality |
- if some portion of the brain is destroyed, other areas will be able to serve the same function
- within one area, all functions are equal |
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What did Lashley conclude about localization?
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- equipotentiality argues against localization of function, as it shows that if one area of brain stops working, other parts can cover its functions
- meaning functions vary to a degree in the brain among areas and are not localized |
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What to Roger Sperry’s split-brain research find? How did he apply this to epilepsy?
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- there is no connection between 2 sides of the brain; almost like they're two brains that don't learn from each other
- different parts of brain can operate almost autonomously on their own; demonstrated each side of brain performs different tasks - patients with epilepsy had cord connecting 2 sides of brain cut, explaining their odd behaviors |
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What did Pribram conclude (as discussed in class) about the mind-brain problem? What did he mean by a “neutral monism”?
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- concluded memory stemmed from whole brain
-believed mind was operating in a holographic manner: hypothesized that the neurons, axions, and dendrites of the brain create wave-like patterns that cause an interference pattern - means eyes give info to brain...body to mind -neutral monism: in which mind and matter both exist and interact |
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What is a “cell assembly”? What is its function?
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- by Hebb
- basic unit in the nervous system, a set of neurons that become associated with each other because they have been repeatedly activated together -function is for cells to activate each other; shows that stimuli are mediated through the brain(cells) and then reduce responses |
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Hugo Munsterberg- How did he say psychology could be applied to industry?
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- by making factories more efficient
- factories could be more efficient by training/ better employee selection - emphasis on practical issues on knowledge - skills worker matched w/ jobs= systematic better performance and happier workers - labor unions were becoming more powerful; used psychologists to manage these problems |
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What was Frederick Taylor’s scientific management and what were the problems associated with it?
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-treated management as a science
- did close level job analyzing; timed people performing tasks - people did quick, easy process for efficiency - problem: treated humans like machines; people weren't getting alot for the work they were doing; humans have needs for higher cognition etc. |
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How could mental testing be used in industry?
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- find out what people's personalities are suited best for which jobs
- assessing people and putting them in jobs that would fit their psychological types ex. job assessment - makes for happier/ better performing workers |
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What did the Hawthorne studies demonstrate?
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- ability wasn't a good predictor in performance; other variables were more important
-more lighting, people worked more; less lighting, people also worked more - why? people were being watched-> other variable importance |
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Gustave LeBon- “The Crowd”- According to LeBon, why do crowds develop unique psychological characteristics?
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-crowds foster anonymity and sometimes generate emotion
-suggested when people become part of a crowd they lose almost all of their individuality, autonomy and personal judgement and morality - become caught up in the crowd's collective and often irrational influence. -this allows crowds to commit acts of destruction, violence and cruelty which, individually, no one member would contemplate |
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What did Triplett’s studies on pace making show?
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-cyclists performed better when they were racing against others cyclists than when racing only against the clock
--attributed this performance increase to the effect of the presence of others. He claimed that the presence of other people competing in the same activity led to enhanced performance |
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Floyd Allport- What was his approach to social psychology and how did it fit in with the behaviorist S-R framework?
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-he was a reductionist
- said we should study how one responds to social objects/things related to other people- how it effects the individual - said a "group" is a collection of individuals - In S-R framework, said social stimulus was in related to other people -so study people in social situations to get response |
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How did the Gestalt approach to social psychology differ from Allport’s and the behaviorist approach?
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- said you couldn't reduce behavior of person to one force (ex. other people) of environment
- believed groups could be studied as a unit - opposite from Allport that believed it was a bunch of individuals - more holistic approach; combo of forces needed to be looked at |
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What did the Asch and Milgram studies demonstrate?
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- Why people conformed during WWII
- social context was very important - roles implemented easily through instruction - ppl can't accurately state what they would do in a hypothetical situation; easily influenced |
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What did the Asch and Milgram studies demonstrate?
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- social context very important
- people can't accurately state what they would do in a hypothetical situation until they're in situation - people are easily influenced |
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What did Festinger’s cognitive dissonance research demonstrate?
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- if people have competing idea in their heads they need to resolve them
- if money is enough to justify doing something, cognitive dissonance will not arise -however, if money is not enough to justify, they need to either trick themselves into believing it was worth it or figure out a way to make it seem worth it to themselves; resolve dissonance |
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What was the importance of the ANOVA method historically?
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-allowed for precise analysis of main effects of manipulated independent variables as well as interactions among variables
- helped enhance scientific reputation of social psych - widely used as way to analyze data |
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What were the 3 objectives of the APA after it reorganized in 1945?
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1) to advance psychology as a science
2) to advance psychology as a profession 3) to use psychology as a means of promoting human welfare |
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What did Kenneth Clark’s classic studies on doll preferences of young African American children demonstrate?
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- black children showed a preference for the white dolls and tended to consider the black dolls "bad"
- it was concluded that one effect of segregation was that the self-esteem of black children suffered - and if childhood shapes the adult, these effects would have lasting effects |
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What was early research in racial issues focused on? How did this change?
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- early research studied attitudes of racial groups towards each other; it was almost all whites among psychologists
- this changed: people from different backgrounds started joining psychology movement - not many changes however |
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What did Janet Spence’s and Sandra Bem’s research say about masculinity and femininity?
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- Spence: revealed highly significant differentiation between the sexes
-Bem : the first person to measure masculinity and femininity on not just one spectrum but two; this means that an individual doesn’t fall somewhere between masculine and feminine, but is somewhere between high and low in each categorization |
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psychoanalysis
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-concentrates on bringing forward repressed unconscious thoughts
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behaviorism
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-proposition that all things that organisms do—including acting, thinking, and feeling—can and should be regarded as behaviors
- psychological disorders are best treated by altering behavior patterns or modifying the environment -psychology should be a science based on observable (and only observable) events, not the unconscious or conscious mind; objective view |
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gestalt psychology
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-school of thought that looks at the human mind and behavior as a whole
- nature of wholes -holistic approach -study how people integrate and organize perceptual information into meaningful wholes |
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reductionism
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approach to understanding complex things by simplifying (or reducing) them to their most basic parts
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