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71 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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José Martí
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José Martí was a Cuban patriot, founder of the PRC, freedom fighter and poet. Although he never lived to see Cuba free, he is considered the national hero. Lived in Spain for a time, went to jail, stressed out his mother, wanked with his friends. Argued that Cuban independence was a process, not an event, and involved a Cuba free from racism and oppression. “. .. with all and for the well-being of all .” Instrumental in defining Cuba Libre as independence from Spain and the U.S.
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Bartolomé Masó
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rancher from Camagüey province; is apart of a downwardly mobile planter class who doesn’t have good hopes for Cuba
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Fulgencio Batista
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U.S. aligned Cuban President. He serves from 1940-1944 and again from 1952-1959, when he is overthrown by the Cuban Revolution.
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Antonio Maceo
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FPOC in rebellion, denounced Pact of Zanjón. (formally in Protest of Baragua) Marched west across Cuba and burned every field that was in the production of sugar in Cuba.
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Arsenio Martinez Campos
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refused to seek military solutions to what should have been a political solution. Eventually fired because he wouldn’t wage war on the Cuban people. Governor general of Cuba in 1895. His appointment was good for the Autonomists, as they felt their views were justified. Big on reconciliation through reform and delivered Pact of Zanjón.
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Valeriano Weyler
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Spanish command that came to Cuba to fight on the behalf of Spain and to end conflict by military means, while restoring colonial conscious political methods. He believed that “war should be answered with war.”
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Máximo Gómez
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Commander during the Cuban War for Independence who gave the moratorium on Cuban production, known as the July Decree.
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General Calixto Garcia
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laid siege on Bayamo, mounted a stunning and victorious artillery attack on Victoria de las Tunas. Organized the Cuban Revolutionary Committee in NY, leader of the Guerra Chiquita.
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Estrada Palma
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president from 1902-1906, was an American school master and was the most honest president that the country had until Castro. Wanted another term and cheated in the election. Caused another U.S. intervention.
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José Miguel Gomez
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president from 1909-1912, was a populist and an officer in the Cuban Liberation Army, was extremely corrupt and launched a brutal repression of the 1912 uprising among the Independent Party of Color.
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Mario Menocal
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president from 1913-1917, educated at Cornell, Pro-American and a model of successful brokerage of the two cultures, in his cheating scandal, the last two liberal regions of Cuba voted conservative, causing people to freak out in the February Revolution. Served two terms
- A conservative - Went to Cornell University - Was pro-American - Helped start the sugar corporation (1899-1900) - Wanted another term, four years in office - Election of 1916 - Liberals were winning - Communications mysteriously stopped coming in with two provinces left; these two provinces had very strong Liberal support; yet the ballots read an overwhelming Conservative vote - Led to the February Revolution - US occupation the two eastern provinces - Gets a second term back by the Wilson Administration |
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Alfredo Zayas
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president from 1920-1924 during the worst year of economic crisis, had to kick out Menocal, his brother ran the lottery and Zayas’s wife was a winner. (inherited empty treasury; was the president during Crowder’s intervention/$50millionloan from U.S./Honest Cabinet reforms)
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Enoch Crowder
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the personal representative of the U.S. president, (president pro-consul). He was the model for a U.S. diplomat who calls the shots in Cuban society. Was sent in during presidential disputes in 1920; called for “Honest Cabinet”.
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Mario Menocal
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- president from 1913-1917, educated at Cornell, Pro-American and a model of successful brokerage of the two cultures, in his cheating scandal, the last two liberal regions of Cuba voted conservative, causing people to freak out in the February Revolution. Served two terms
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Gerardo Machado
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Liberal candidate, General in the war for Independence. Inducts the Program for Moralization. He preaches change, moralization, and recalibration of relationships with the U.S. Supported by the veterans. President of Cuba from 1925-1933.
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Alfredo Zayas
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president from 1920-1924 during the worst year of economic crisis, had to kick out Menocal, his brother ran the lottery and Zayas’s wife was a winner. (inherited empty treasury; was the president during Crowder’s intervention/$50millionloan from U.S./Honest Cabinet reforms)
□ General Enoch Crowder arrived as a pro-consult, a personal representative of the president of the US; acted on behalf of the president □ He was the type of representative who calls the shots; American Ambassadors who believe they can shape policy □ Issues 21 memorandums: ® To create an "honest cabinet" picked by Crowder □ Will give Cuba money if it signed ® But Zayas remained corrupted even after getting the money |
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Desi Arnaz, Ricky Ricardo
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Cuban character in the popular TV show, “I Love Lucy” who was shown to be sort of bumbling, with poor English usage (syntax), and incapable of acting competently. The American people fell in like with this character and he became the new face of Cubans everywhere. This generalization did not prepare the U.S. for Castro (his wit and intelligence).
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Carlos Manuel de Céspedes
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becomes President of Cuba after Machado is forcibly removed from office. Has no prior political experience and his claim to power is through friendship with Welles.
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Sumner Welles
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former assistant Secretary of State of Latin America, is sent by FDR to “fix” the Cuban situation which involves getting rid of Machado before the Cubans do
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Alberto Herrera
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Secretary of Defense in Cuba and former chief of the Army. Is duped by Welles in his efforts to remove Machado from office; Herrera was promised provisional presidency, but never receives it because both parties in the Mediations do not agree.
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Ramón Grau San Martín
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becomes president of Cuba (1933-1934; re-elected from 1944-1948) as a result of a military coup. Symbolically annuls Platt amendment and abolishes the political parties that supported Machado. Utility rates (owned by the government) were lowered by 40%, gave suffrage to women, gave the university self administration, agrarian reform, and distributed state owned land. Also formed a ministry of labor which established a minimum wage, maximum number of work hours a week, and compulsory labor arbitration; was not useful as there were no jobs in Cuba.
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Antonio Guiteras
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the minister of the Interior of Cuban state. He establishes a commando group named Jovier Cubano in opposition to Mendieta. Established the Unión Revolucinaria as well.
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Decideriero Arnaz
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the Mayor of Santiago who supports Machado. His brother is chief of police. When Machado falls, the Arnaz family has to get out of dodge real quick. This is what causes Ricky Ricardo to enter the U.S.
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Octavio Seigle
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cofounder of Unión Nacionalista who felt that the United States should intervene to remove Machado from power due to the terms listed by the Platt Amendment and that there is a direct obligation to protect the lives of Cubans under the agreement.
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Carlos Mendieta
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appointed by Machado; was the provincial president of Cuba from1934-1935 as a result of a military coup led by Batista. Gained women the right to vote as well as the abrogation of the Platt Amendment
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Eduardo Chibás
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a very talented public speaker that was thought to be the inspiration for Castro’s winding speeches.
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Carlos Prío Socarrás
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president from 1948-52 before being removed in a military coup by Batista right before elections were to be held. He was a member of the Auténtico party
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Allen Dulles
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head of the CIA who interfered in Guatemala. Was also the ex-CEO of United Fruit Company. Used the discontented people to overthrow their own government.
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Fidel Castro
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leader of the 26 July Movement. Created a revolutionary cause that led a to a successful guerrilla war against Batista’s forces, which managed to remove him from office. Serves as the prime minister of Cuba from 1959-1976 and the president of Cuba from 1976 to 2008
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John Foster Dulles
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Former CEO of United Fruit Company, in CIA when Arbenz nationalizes the UFC in Guatemala
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Federico Laredo Bru
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president of Cuba from 1936-40 who set about providing guarantees for the worker including the encouragement to unionize.
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Camilo Cienfuegos
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one of the leaders of the Rebel Army along with the Castro brothers and Guevara.
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Ernesto ‘Che’ Guevara
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physician by practice who was sent to Mexico City into exile from Guatemala, where he encountered Castro’s revolutionary group; they joined forces and he became the physician for the rebels. Joined the Rebel movement in Cuba with Castro and leads a band of Rebel forces; victorious in capturing Santa Clara, which severs Cuba in half.
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Herbert Matthews
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reporter for the New York Times, conducted an interview with Fidel Castro and revealed, despite contrary beliefs, that Castro was indeed alive and well in the Sierra Maestra mountains of Cuba. Batista had publicly stated that Castro was killed during the 26 July movement, which was not the case when his article was published. Was duped into overestimating the size of Castro’s rebel forces.
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José Antonio Echererría
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leader who helped form the Revolutionary Student Directorate (DRE) in 1955 and led an unsuccessful attack on Batista’s Presidential Palace in March 1957, resulting in his own death.
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Marcos Rodriguez
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Batista’s informant in the DEU that tipped him off that one of the branches of the DEU was gonna kill him in 1957. Ambassador to Russia under Castro. Castro called him home, had a trial, and shot him.
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William D. Pawley
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owned major sugar interests in Cuba and owned a major bus company in the 1950s that he later sold to Batista. He later tried to convince Eisenhower that Castro was a communist and the the U.S. should arm the rebels in Miami.
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Earl E. T. Smith
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ambassador to Cuba appointed in 1957 that resigned when Castro came to power in 1959.
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Ramón Barquí
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exiled general in the Cuban army that attempted to return rule of law from under Batista and Castro.
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Marcos Rodriguez
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Batista’s informant in the DEU that tipped him off that one of the branches of the DEU was gonna kill him in 1957. Ambassador to Russia under Castro. Castro called him home, had a trial, and shot him.
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Celia del Pino
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the matriarch of the novel. Has two daughters, Felecia and Lourdes and a son Javier. Devotes herself to the revolution. Is in love with Gustavo and when he leaves, she marries Jorge del Pino.
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William D. Pawley
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owned major sugar interests in Cuba and owned a major bus company in the 1950s that he later sold to Batista. He later tried to convince Eisenhower that Castro was a communist and the the U.S. should arm the rebels in Miami.
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Jorge del Pino
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He is the patriarch of the del Pino family: husband to Celia; father to Lourdes, Felicia, and Javier. He is a supporter of the U.S., working for an American company and turning to America for treatment when he becomes ill. He is particularly close to his daughter Lourdes.
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Earl E. T. Smith
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ambassador to Cuba appointed in 1957 that resigned when Castro came to power in 1959.
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Felicia del Pino
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the second child of Celia and Jorge. She marries three times over the course of the novel to: Hugo Villaverde, Ernesto Brito, and Otto Cruz. Her three children—Luz, Milagro, and Ivanito—are the product of her marriage to Hugo Villaverde. Her best friend is Herminia Delgado. She has sporadic periods of mental illness. She is politically apathetic, but she strongly embraces santería, eventually becoming a priestess.
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Lourdes Puente
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the eldest child of Celia and Jorge, the wife of Rufino, and the mother of Pilar. After beginning her exile in the U.S., Lourdes becomes an entrepreneur, owning her own bakery. She is a strong supporter of capitalism and U.S. patriotism, and she despises El Líder and what he has done to Cuba. She is invasive of Pilar’s privacy, and she does not understand her daughter.
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Rufino Puente
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husband of Lourdes and the father of Pilar. In Cuba, he was a wealthy but humble rancher, but in the U.S., he is removed from his element. He perpetually begins various projects and inventions without economic success. He is close to Pilar.
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Pilar Puente
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daughter of Lourdes and Rufino, and the granddaughter of Celia and Jorge. She is an artist and a stereotypical punk teenager. She longs to return to Cuba to see her grandmother, but her political feelings are more ambivalent than those of her mother and grandmother.
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La Madrina
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the higher priestess of santería that tries to help Felecia as she dies.
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Herminia Delgado
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Herminia is the best friend of Felicia del Pino. She is the daughter of a high priest of santería and helps guide Felicia to the religion.
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José Miró Cardona
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liberal nominee for president in 1959, was replaced by Castro when he becomes prime minister of Cuba.
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Manuel Urrutia Lleó
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named the President of the Provisional Government of Cuba by Castro.
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Conrado Benítez
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a bridage volunteer who was killed by counterrevolutionary rebels while taking part in Castro’s Literacy Program; a brigade in the campaign was later named in his honor.
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Anastas Mikoyan
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Soviet Deputy Premier: Heads February 1960 trade delegation; agrees to buy Cuban sugar
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Ellender
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senior senator from Louisiana. He was the chair of agriculture for Louisiana. He tells Cuba that he will influence the state department to see the Cuban share of the US sugar market eliminated if they do not stop producing rice.
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Adlai Stevenson
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US representative in the United Nations that denied having anything to do with the Bay of Pigs incident. He later resigned in protest.
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JFK
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inherits the Bay of Pigs plan from Eisenhower. Decides not to utilize American troops in the invasion. He didn’t know how to get rid of the trained revolutionaries so he allowed it to continue.
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Hugo Chavez
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greatly admired Fidel and committed Venezuelan oil in exchange for Cuban healthcare workers
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Adlai Stevenson
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US representative in the United Nations that denied having anything to do with the Bay of Pigs incident. He later resigned in protest.
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John Brooke
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career Army officer replaced by Leonard Wood at the end of the U.S. occupation in Cuba.
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Leonard Wood
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military governor of Cuba from 1900-1902, unpopular because he attempts to introduce civilization in Cuba; career Army officer.
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Charles Edward Magoon
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U.S. Military governor of Cuba from 1906-1909 at the end of the U.S. occupation in Cuba.
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John Brooke
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career Army officer replaced by Leonard Wood at the end of the U.S. occupation in Cuba.
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Philip Bonsal
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last U.S. Ambassador to Cuba and U.S. foreign diplomat.
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Lacito Cardenas
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President of Mexico (1934-1940)
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Leonard Wood
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military governor of Cuba from 1900-1902, unpopular because he attempts to introduce civilization in Cuba; career Army officer.
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Charles Edward Magoon
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U.S. Military governor of Cuba from 1906-1909 at the end of the U.S. occupation in Cuba.
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Horacio Ferrer
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secretary of war under Cespedes, asserted flatly that the officers would never serve under any government not recognized in Washington.
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Horacio Ferrer
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secretary of war under Cespedes, asserted flatly that the officers would never serve under any government not recognized in Washington.
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Aguinaldo
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leader of Filipino insurrection
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Elián González
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Cuban boy, his mom died on the journey to ‘Merica. His dad and relatives lived in Florida. His relatives petitioned to have him stay. The dad wanted him to return to cuba. The cubans united in marches to have the boy returned to his grandparents. He was eventually taken from his relatives at gunpoint and returned to cuba. Cubans threw a party and Fidel met the young boy.
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