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50 Cards in this Set

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Raúl Sendic
Leader of the Tupamaros • Peasant-born, moves to Montevídeo to study law, heavily involved in the socialist party of Uruguay. Works several years in Bella Unión (pro bono) to help poor indigenous ppl & to unionize the cane cutters. Formally organizes the Tupamaros insurgency in 1965 with other leftist thinkers • 1925-1989 • Sig: Epitome of a leftist leader - "fighter of the people and defender of the poor" - Remained active until his death
Tupamaros
Leftists, urban guerilla insurgency in Uruguay • Named after Tupac Amaru - never published a manifesto (thought actions had more significance over words) • 1965-mid 1980s • Robin hood-like actions in an urban setting • prison breaks, kidnappings • tried to avoid casualties • eventually laid down their weapons and entered the political process with success
Operation Pando
Involved the Tupamaros in Pando, Uruguay • Oct 8 1969 • Highly secretive mission where people didn't not know each other or where their orders were coming from • at 0 hour (1pm), Tupamaros held up/robbed a police station, fire station, and bank • Sig: contributed to the mystique of Tupamaros & showed they were able to take over an entire city w/o bloodshed • Contributed to their status as a legit. insurgency • Raúl Sendic's mystique/roadblock
Daniel Mitrione
American citizen and advisor for Agency of Int. Development • July 31 1970 & Cárcel del Pueblo • Advised/trained Uruguay gov't w/ counterinsurgency tactics (some of which were illegal), Tuparamos felt he was responsible for the capture of many Uruguayans • kidnapped him and demanded the release of hundreds for his return • Pancecho refused and he was found dead 2 weeks later • Sig: Carcel in action, showed Tup. were capable of violence, gave gov't an excuse to step up counterinsurgent tactics (starting the "dirty war")
Raul Bidegain
Major leader of the Tupamaros • Captured and sent to Punto Carretas in Uruguay with Sendic in August 1970 • Participated in some of the most daring operations (and led many of them) • Escaped prison on July 17 1971 by switching places with his visiting younger brother • Sig: Brought attn to mvmt, restored manpower • introduced another method for getting members out of prison & helped public opinion/"shock and awe" factor
Punto Carretas
Tupamaros • Men's Prison in Montevídeo, Uruguay • Sep 5 1971 • 110 inmates escaped through the sewage system to nearby houses • most daring escape in the country's history and catapulted the Tupamaros as heroes (Sendic also escaped here) • Rejuvenated manpower & leadership of the mvmt (morale boost)
Independent Republics
1964 • Tolima, Colombia • Created by the communist party of Colombia • 5 small municipalities that were set up by the Comm. party to function independently from the nat'l gov't. Helped arm and defend the peasantry. • Gov't responded by initially cutting off towns entirely and in May, bombed the towns and left nothing standing. • Sig: Lead to the formation of the FARC in 1966, increased tension btwn gov't and ppl of Col.; attack was seen as excessive
Jacobo Arenas
Leader of the FARC • 1924-1990 Colombia • Originally a young union leader named Luis Morantes studying military academies. Savvy politician & pushed for peasant & worker cntrl of Comm party. Helped the UP form in 1985. • Sig: Participated in the form. of the FARC & gave the org. legitimacy as a political force. Political leader & voice of the FARC
"Sureshot" Marulanda
Military leader of the FARC • 1930-2008 Colombia • Military counterpart to Jacobo Arenas in the leadership of the FARC (cofounder) • Pedro Marín • nickname = accuracy in shooting • Sig: Built a reputation around himself as someone who could not be killed. Military achievements lent credibility to the FARC's power as a guerilla group.
Casa Verde
Involved FARC and Belisario Betancur in 1984 • Mnts of Colombia • FARC's headquarters; the location of the beginning of the peace talks between the FARC & gov't. • Sig: Showed Betancur's willingness to meet the guerilla leaders on their turf. Showed the guerillas that Betancur was serious about reaching a lasting peace agreement.
Uribe Agreement
Involved FARC leaders and Colombian gov't with this being signed in April 1984 • Uribe, Colombia • Peace agrmt that paved the way for a ceasefire btwn both groups. FARC agreed to stop kidnapping, terrorism, & blkmail. Gov't agreed to reform education, housing & overall quality of life for all Colombians, protect the dem. process & accept all guerillas into society. FARC remained armed • Sig: 1st agrmt btwn gov't & FARC, showed the gov't was willing to work with FARC, FARC saw it as a sham (very little changed)
Patriotic Union (UP)
Involved FARC & comm. members that wanted to break away from the larger party • Colombia 1985-2002 • Political party that would allow FARC to enter the political mainstream & break away from the Comm. party. • Gov't vowed to protect UP & not exclude them from elections • Sig: FARC could legally participate in politics & showed that peace could prevail. Became the political embodiment of Combination of All Forms of Struggle (bc of their foothold in civil society while maintaining guerilla trajectory).
Jaime Pardo Leal
Communist lawyer chosen to run for pres. on the UP ticket in the 1986 Colombian election • Unattractive w/ a profound speaking ability who was very endearing to the public. Eventually assassinated by the paramilitary. • Sig: Did not win the election but proved the UP was politically viable. UP elected 4 congressman & 2 senators. His assassination exposed the paramilitaries dirty war. Preamble for bloodier stage of assassinations.
26-hour coup
Involved M-19 & gov't forces • Bogotá, Colombia - Nov. 6-7 1985 • 40 guerillas took over the Palace of Justice saying that Betancur was breaking the cease fire he had signed with them. • The army acted w/o Betancur's consent & sent tanks to the palace, fired indiscriminately & killed dozens of rebels & hundreds of hostages. • Sig: Shattered the hopes of peace btwn guerillas & gov't; peace process quickly imploded & fighting resumed; also showed Betancur had lost control
Black Vladmir
Alonso de Jesús Baquero • Segovia, Colombia 1970s & 80s • Joined the FARC at 11 as a messenger/spy. Fell in love w/ female FARC member (1980s tribunal decided his fate). Escaped camp and joined a paramilitary death squad after the FARC wanted him dead for escaping • Interrogated the enemies of the paramilitary • merciless • Led one of the biggest massacres by the para in the 80s (Segovia) • Sig: Actions showed how merciless para. could be. Death squads indirectly approved by gov't.
Segovia
Involved paramilitaries & Black Vladimir in 1988 • _, Colombia • This place was historically sympathetic to FARC • Paramilitaries decided to destroy it • Sig: Showed the cruelty of the paramilitaries & shows that they were willing to go after anyone • Also shows how the counterinsurgency got out of control
Julio Cañón
Mayor of Vista Hermosa, then member of the UP • 1986 Colombia • Sons were assassinated and he decided to take the place of one and become the new candidate for mayor (won in a landslide) • Life constantly threatened • Followed, trapped, eventually shot 27 times • Sig: Evidence of extreme violence by para, contracted to do the dirty work of the gov't & could murder/intimidate the opposition.
Fidel Castaño
Famous drug trafficker turned paramilitary • 1980s Colombia • Father was kidnapped 3x by the FARC • last time ___ would pay & his father was murdered • Takes revenge, become an informant to gov't & eventually for his own paramilitary group (Los Tangueros) • Sig: Founded the most vicious of all the paramilitary groups and helped decimate the FARC & UP. Liberated large portions of FARClandia which "justified" his actions • Most of his targets were UP members
Tangueros
Paramilitary group under Fidel Castaño • Las Tangas, Colombia 1980s & 90s • Worked to kill anyone assoc. with leftist ideologies in Colombia (UP members in particular) • Sig: Highlighted the extremes to which the paramilitaries went in attempting to weed out the guerillas. While some targets were FARC, the majority were civilians and UP members who had no involvement w/ guerilla activities. Leads to the eventual downfall of the UP.
Farclandia
Involves FARC in the Colombia during the 1990s and '00s • Demilitarized zone in the middle of Colombia with no gov't representation • Sig: Allows for the FARC to have a strong base of control in Colombia and to function without interference from the gov't • Also shows the gov't cannot fully contain the FARC (this grew to take up 40% of Colombian land)
Ayacucho
Involved the Shining Path in 1980s. Capital of Huamanga province in rural Perú with very little access to resources and high crime rates, had issues of gender disparity, educational resources and abusive political leaders. • Sig: The base of operation for the Shining Path • provided a relatively secluded region w/ a recently reopened univ. at which Guzmán could indoctrinate youths to his cause.
Decree 006
Created in1969 by the GRFA, a decree banning free public education in Perú • Sig: Outrages the peasantry, a group of students, peasants, and workers come together in protest (crushed by police & results in 14 deaths). Gov't reverses decree two days later. The protest galvanizes regionalist and anti-Lima sentiments for many people.
Abimael Guzmán
Leader of the Shining Path insurgency, was a university at UNSCH turned guerilla leader. • Ayachucho, Perú 1934-present • Heavily inolved in Peruvian Comm. Party. Becomes increasingly radicalized and a hardline Maoist. Forms successive radical groups under the PCP banner until he finally creates the Shining Path. Becomes known as Presidente Gonzalo. • Sig: Lead on of the most violent & terrorism-based organizations that we've studied and bring Maoist ideology to Peru. Focused primarily on indoctrination of youths, believing that, through education, the insurgents will be suited for revolution.
Shining Path
Started by Abimael Guzmán in 1970 to present (Ayachucho, Perú). Far left guerilla insurgency that did not participate in any sort of revisionist policies • believed that the gov't needs to be completely rebuilt from the ground. • Sig: Vicious guerrilla mvmt that had no desire to work w/ the gov't in Perú. Build in ideological training instead of military foundations.
"Pensamiento Gonzalo"
Involved Shining path guerillas (Senderistas) & Abimael Guzmán. • Ayacucho, Perú 1970s - present • Beliefs and orders of the insurgency, all of which were believed to be direct commands from Guzmán. • Embracing violence & willing to kill anyone & anything for the name of the party to prove your loyalty. • Sig: Highlighted complete dedication to Guzmán, expected live and die by & for Guzmán, etc. Made the Senderistas ruthless combatants.
"We are the Initiators"
Spoken by Presidente Gonzalo (Abimael Guzmán) in 1980 at UNSCH in Ayacucho, Perú. • Speech given right before the launch of the SL insurgency • Sig: Leaned heavily on the historical lineage of the movement, giving strength to their purpose. Justified violence as a necessary tool for reform and spoke out against imperialism.
Victor Polay Campos
Leader of the Túpac Amaru Rev. Mvmt (MRTA) • Perú 1951-Present • Born into a political family & participated heavily in APRA (leftist party) throughout youth. Arrested on illegal possession of a firearm & thrown into prison in 1989 for leading MRTA. Escapes & imprisoned 2 years later. • Sig: Another ex of someone from a middle class fam leading an insurgency. Shows how imprisoned leadership drastically affected MRTA
MRTA
Marxist rev group that sought to establish a socialist state. • Early 1980s to 1997 Perú • Created/led by Victor Polay Campos & Nestor Cerpa • Never saw itself as a terrorist org thought it staged several attacks to gain support • Molinos, the Canto Grande Prison break, & the Japanese Ambassador's home takeover • urban insurgency • Sig: Wanted to preserve democratic process; shows the stark contrasts that can exist btwn insurgency groups; eventually entered the political process instead of fighting for the destruction of the current state (SP)
Molinos
Involved MRTA • April 28, 1989 - Junin province, Perú • Failed attack on Tarma because of ambush at Junin • 30+ guerillas killed, captured, & disappeared (esp high ranking commanders) • Sig: Major blow to MRTA bc public opinion became negative • Tried to immortalize the event instead of pretending it did not happen
Canto Grande
Victor Polay Campos & 43 other MRTA members • Prison owned by the Peruvian gov't & was max security prison on the outskirts of Lima in response to rev. insurgencies • Tunnel was over 300m long & escaped detection by __ • Escape in 1990 - tunnels construction began in 1987 • Sig: Improved rep. of MRTA as a legit rev. force • New life to the org w/ the return of leadership • talks began w/ gov't
The Goth
MRTA youth who is known only by nickname • Outside Canto Grane, Lima, Perú 1987-1988 • Chosen to be a part of the Canto Grande escape and eventually begins to flake out on orders. Supposed to buy an empty house & be a lookout • Blackmails MRTA & disappears upon replacement • Sig: exposes MRTA's weakness in control • lack of structure & flaw in training/selection methods • Shows diff btwn MRTA & SP • Hesitancy to resort to violence
"Túpac Amaru Liberator"
Involved MRTA • Canto Grande, Perú July 8 1990 • During the construction of the last 60m of the tunnel, it was discovered by non-MRTA inmates who thought it was the beginning of an escape attempt • were bribed into silence with cigarettes & alcohol
Nestor Cerpa
Leads MRTA after Polay Campos is recaptured (in 1992) • Began as an organizer & initially joined SL but backed out soon after • Active from 1980s to 1996 • Lead to capture of the Japanese embassy in Dec 1996 (killed during the raid) • Sig: Raid was a personal attack on President Fujimori • hostage situation • tried to show distinctions btwn other insurgency groups by cooperating w/ Red Cross & releasing female hostages
Chavín de Huantar
Initiated by President Fujimori • Lima, Perú Apr 22, 1997 • US trained Peruvian forces • Sought to free hostages in the Japanese embassy • Named after the Incan ruins that had vast networks of tunnels • 3 large tunnels • bombs • 1 hostage & all MRTAs killed in raid • Sig: Fujimori receives admiration & credit, MRTA clear losers • Fujimori's popularity ^ & won an unprecedented 3rd term • MRTA lost all relevancy from a tactical standpoint •
Vladivideos
Named after Vladimiro Montesinos (dir of intelligence for Perú & Fujimori's right hand man). Very powerful • 2000 Lima, Perú • Luis Iberico broke the story on Vladimiro's possession of thousands of videos blackmailing public officials, news reporters, & other businessmen. • Sig: Led to huge corruption scandal involving Fujimori admin, forced the resignation of Fujimori as president & caused his eventual arrest 6 years later when he attempted to return to Perú
NAFTA (North American Free Trade Agreement)
Involved Mexican, US & Canadian gov'ts • Jan 1 1994 in North America • This was part of Mex. president Carlos Salinas de Gartari's neoliberal agenda • Created a trading bloc on NA continent designed to eliminate trade barriers & foster intl investment • Mexican goal to ^ US investment, create jobs & bring Mexico to the 1st world • Sig: reduced trade restrictions btwn countries • eliminated Art. 27 of Mexican constitution which protected Indian communal lands • Zapatistas saw this as an attack on Indian communities • rich richer, poor poorer • 20% receiving 50% of income
Chiapas
Pop. of mostly poor, Mayan farmers, some of whom go on to form the core of the Zapatistas • Constantly overlooked & marginalized by the Mexican gov't • NAFTA made this region worse • 1990s - present • southern mexico, bordering Guatemala • Sig: Zapatistas began their insurgency here bc of the poor conditions the indigenous ppl are facing
Commander-in-Chief Germán
Fernando Yañez • Mexico City, Mexico • First leader of the Zapatistas • Takes on the name after his brother is killed • Leader in the early 1980s when it was the NLF • Paranoia & fear of discovery causes him to fade away as a leader • Sig: Started the EZLN - another example of a person with a privileged background leading a rev. mvmt
Subcomandante Marcos
Mexico 1990s - present • Leader of the EZLN & face of the Zapatistas after Germán • Believed to be Rafael Guillén from a middle class fam on the coast • Became a prof of philosophy before disappearing into the Lacondan jungle for 10 years. • Fostered relationship with Mayans, learned the language, & trained them in ideology & in fighting tactics. • Sig: Provided a stabled leadership figure to EZLN mvmt, abandoned any real hope of a military victory & turned to an ideological battle • "our word is our weapon" • Used internet, writings, & pop culture as tools for spreading EZLN doctrine
Ocosingo
Involved EZLN • Ocosingo, Mexico on Dec 27 1993 & Jan 1 1994 • Staged a fake attack here to distract the Mexican military from their real operation in San Cristobal de las Casas • Guerillas hijacked several trucks here to draw the army out. • Sig: Showed the EZLN could work effectively as a large unit & could strategize • first action of the EZLN • One of the only real military victories of the EZLN
San Cristóbal de las Casas
Involved EZLN • in _, Mexico on Jan 1 1994 • Site of the initial operation of the EZLN • Guerillas entered the town by the sewers and hijacked cars/trucks, took the municipal center & captured the Mexican flag as a symbol of victory. • Sig: First real victory • Led by Ana Maria • political authority for a short period of time
Major Ana María
Female indigenous commander in Zapatista mvmt • Dec 31 1993-Jan 1 1994 (Part of the mvmt since 1984) • Chiapas region of Mexico (esp San Cristobal de las Casas) • Led one of the seven simultaneous attacks on the region • Sig: symbolized the role of women in the Zap mvmt, given real leadership positions & emphasized "everyone's struggle," women made up 1/3rd of the mvmt
Comandante Felipe
Man in his 50s • Dec 31 1993-Jan 1 1994 in Chiapas region of Mexico • Mayan member in the Zapatista mvmt • Removed his mask & gave the Zapatista first press conference to the public, laid out the major complaints of the mvmt & a declaration of war on the Mexican state & declaring EZLN plans to march on Mexico City & take it over • Sig: Symbolized the role of the indig. people in the "struggle" (like Ana Maria)
Night of the Long Batons
Argentine gov't under Juan Carlos Onganía • Students & profs occupied the dept of the exact sciences at the Univ. of Buenos Aires in protest of the gov't repression of their university on July 29 1966 • Tear gas thrown into the building by military & the students/profs were beaten • 200 detained, 30 hospitalized • Sig: Brain drain, increased radical thoughts against the gov't • clashes against gov't during this period.
Cordobazo
Involved students & labor unions of Cordoba, Argentina on May 29 1969 • Massive demonstration led by students & unions to protest Organia's military gov't • 2 days to end the riot • Sig: Military base was placed in Cordoba & martial law was established. Riot showed Organia that students & other dissenters were a force to be reckoned with. Weakened Organia's rules, could not keep order.
Montoneros
Insurgent group in Argentina in the 1970s • Urban insurgency • made up of univ. students & union activists • wanted to get rid of brutal military regime & reinstall Peronism. Valle was seen as a hero • Its formation impacted Cordobazo • Sig: First urban insurgency of the time
Pedro Eugenio Aramburu
Former president of Argentina involved in the coup ousting Peron in the 1950s • Killed by Montoneros after trial that found Aramburu guilty of the execution of Juan Jose Valle • Executed in 1970, President until 1958 • Sig: First action by the Montoneros; seen as a legit threat; gained support by staging spectacular actions
Trelew
Involved Montoneros & Argentine guerilla groups in 1972 • Failed prison break attempt by guerillas incarcerated in Rawson Max. Security Prison • Sig: guerillas step up their attacks bc of brutality in Navy's execution of escapees • Gov't eventually makes concessions to Peronists
Ezeiza Massacre
Involved Argentine security forces v. Montoneros • Buenos Aires, Argentina on Jun 20 1973 • Return of Juan Perón brings out huge crowds. Montoneros are present and security forces begin to fire on one another • 400+ wounded • Sig: Marked a serious shift in Peron's attitude toward the guerrillas • Peron expressed disapproval which leads to a complete split of their ideologies
Proceso
Involved right-wing military juntas and their armies • Juntas carried out ruthless abductions, mass disappearances, & killing of anyone leftist or assoc. w/ leftist • led to 8,000-30,000 deaths & disappearances (mostly civilians) • Argentina 1976-1983 • Sig: Led to a decline of leftist mvmts in Argentina (out of fear). Montoneros destroyed by 1979 • Public opposition forces the juntas to relinquish power by 1983