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98 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Cristero Revolt |
Religion against secular |
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Lazaro Cardenas |
Picked by Calles to be president. Doesn't listen to Calles, REAL REFORMER, enacts constitution fully: land reform, oil expropriation (good neighbor policy), creates PEMEX. PNR (National Revolutionary Party (Fascist) turned into PRI (Revolutionary Institutional Party) |
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Sa'd Zaghlul |
father of Egypt, head of Wafd (committee in arabic) |
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Abdullah of Jordan |
King of Jordan |
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Ibn Saud |
Eliminates extreme extremists arabs (Wahhabism), money for pilgrims from arab for holy travel |
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Karl Marx |
German philosopher; developed marxism-work is wealth; problem is overproduction; worker revolution to destroy the bourgeoisie; "worker's paradise" created |
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Proletariat |
Workers are most important in gaining wealth |
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Bourgeoisie |
Wealthy bosses |
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Vladimir Lenin |
Leader of the Bolsheviks (Marxist Russian social democratic labour party - take over Russia after the revolution) |
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Communist International |
Predates Russian revolution; Russia becomes home of communist international; states that communism should be a worldwide revolution |
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Joseph Stalin |
Minor leader in communist party; stalinism: complete nationalization of agricultural + industrial spheres |
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North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) |
World divided between 2 major organizations after WWII; NATO formed by the US |
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Warsaw Pact |
other major organization from after WWII; Warsaw pact formed by the USSR (Russia and all USSR affiliates) |
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Truman Doctrine |
Support anti-communist factions including fascism and socialism |
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Muhammad Reza Shah |
Son of reza shah; took power at 15 when his father sided with Germany in WWII + Tehran was invaded; pro-Western stance; military build-up; authoritarianism; the SAVAK (secret police force, against opposition); white revolution (western reforms); opposition: brutality outweighs good reforms, seen as anti-democratic; religious scholars believe he's against god |
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Muhammad Mosaddiq |
Prime minister of Iran; Tudah party->pre-soviet, non-communist party; main issue with oil-oil nationalization law: turns anglo-iranian oil company into national company; british boycotts oil |
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Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini |
Takes over during Iranian revolution; religious objections; nationalism; tapes of sermons; student network; protests suppressed brutally and quickly; shah limits inflation, resulting in recession; middle class joins the revolution; military refuses to attack citizens; shah flees + Ayatollah Khomeini takes over |
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Fulgencio Batista |
Leader of Cuba; similar to Ubico; allows US business to buy up Cuba (control of sugar and oil industries); turns Cuba into a US mafia resort; university students begin protesting against him, constantly repressed |
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Fidel Castro |
Charismatic leader+powerful speaker; attacked moncada barracks: captured and arrested; makes televised speech during trial-"history will absolve me"; exiled into mexico+meets che guevara; voyage of the grandma; flee into the mountains when met by Cuban Military; interviews bring lots of support+the US against batista; Castro peacefully takes havana; unrelenting in his militant opposition of batista; 86% approval rating; resists elections; wage cuts (50%); land reform; leans towards communism |
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Ernesto "Che" Guevara |
Escaped form Guatemala during coup; leads battle of Santa Clara in Cuba; completely against the US; influenced by Guatemalan coup and power of UFCO; support of marxism-communism |
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Bay of Pigs (1961) |
Send cuban exiles using US planes and try to overthrow Castro; Castro is well-informed of their arrival; air support taken away; most exiles are captured or killed; complete failure for the US |
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Generation of 1928 |
Lots of discontent in Venezuela, especially students; student uprising in 1928; jailed and then exiled |
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Rómulo Betancourt |
"the father of Venezuelan Democracy"; president of Venezuela; leader of Acción Democratica-Democratic Action, left of center, coalition made up of union workers, emerging middle class, field workers, finally able to convince median to hold elections in 1945, party jumps the gun and establishes a coup instead, takes out military dictatorship |
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Punto-Fijo Agreement |
All major political factions-capital, labour government-will benefit from oil exports; respect electoral decisions but make sure cabinet posts and government jobs are spread among the major political parties; fund and equip the military better (as a concession to get them to back down); outlaw the communist party and ally themselves with the US in the Cold War; agreement enforced until 1989 |
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Juan Pablo Perez Alfonso |
Betancourt nominates him as minister of mines and hydrocarbons; exiled to Mexico in 1928; travels to Texas; witnesses the Texas railroad commission; TRC regulates oil industry in Texas; gets a lot of his ideas about how OPEC should run from the TRC |
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Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) |
Mandate from the Eisenhower Administration: mandates that Venezuela step up imports for oil int he US; oil prices drop; Venezuela dropping into recession; creates OPEC with Venezuela, Iran, Iraq, Saudi Arabia, and Kuwait; people didn't think it'd be able to enforce anything |
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Wahhabism |
extreme form of Islam |
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Morality Police |
Group that is nominally controlled by the royal family; still has some sort of independence; enforces islamic law; swift, brutal, public punishment; roam the streets without a lot of control; inevitable focus on women; under king faisal |
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Chaim Weizmann |
Main Jewish negotiator during time of the Balfour Declaration; allows for Jewish home in Palestine; purposefully vague |
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Sir Herbert Samuel |
Civilian high commissioner over Palestine; zionist zealot, disliked by Arabs |
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Hajj Amin Al-Husayni |
Mufti of Jerusalem; Mufti=head religious leader of Jerusalem; eventually named head of the supreme Muslim Council |
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Supreme Muslim Council |
Has complete religious and political power; Hajj Amin Al-Husayni named head; british privilege |
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Yishuv |
Jewish residents in Palestine before the creation of Jewish homeland |
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Haganah |
Jewish military force |
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David Ben-Gurion |
Leader of Mapai party (labor party that dominated Israeli politics); father of modern Israel |
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Revisionist Zionism |
Faction within the zionist movement; ideology of non-religious right in Israel |
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Irgun |
Military faction from revisionist zionism |
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White paper of 1936 |
British limit immigration in Palestine; only 15,000 people per year |
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Plan D |
During the first Arab-Israeli war; Israelis take over Palestinian towns completely so that they can't return or slaughter them |
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Right of Return Law |
All Jews are allowed to come back to Israel |
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Six Day War |
Troop build up (Israel is assumed to be massing troops); Nassar bluffs + build up Egypts army (strategy to get other countries to join and help against Israel); Syria, Jordan and Egypt all join together and plan to invade Israel; Israel attacks first; Israeli air force takes out all enemy troops in 6 days; gains new territory which has 1.5 million Arabs (makes it harder to create a Jewish state) |
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Yom Kippur War |
Syria and Egypt surprise attack Israel during Yom Kippur; US aid; invade Cairo; OPEC intervention (embargoes the US) |
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Camp David Accords |
creates a lasting peace between Egypt and Israel (Jimmy Carter mediated the accords) |
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Likud Bloc |
social rights government; changing of Israeli politics |
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Palestinian Liberation Organization |
Founded in Egypt under Nasser; Al-Fetah+Yasser Arafat (leaders of PLO); a unified, secular palestin-rejection of the state of Israel; PLO as government in exile |
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Yasir Arafat |
Leader of the PLO (Palestinian Liberation Organization) |
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Intifada |
Israel settlements in the west bank and Gaza strip; prisoners in their own land; Israel political weakness and the national unity government; spark; unified national leadership and the "shaking off"; stop settlements and special taxes; general strikes, refusing to pay taxes, demonstrations, rock throwing; US attempts to intercede but is ignored |
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Yitzak Rabin |
Labor Zionist (revisionist zionism); prime minister; eventually assassinated by a radical Jew |
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Oslo Accords |
Israeli government and PLO meet in Oslo; the Palestinian authority; Arafat returns to Palestine; native plan for the withdraw of Israelis from the west bank and Gaza; no mention of Palestinian statehood |
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Hamas |
Islamic resistance movement; becomes new majority |
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Neo-liberalism |
Open the country to outside investment; allows leftist movements to flourish |
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Shining path |
The communist party of Peru; extreme leftist |
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Abimael Guzman |
Presidente Gonzalo; leader of the shining path |
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Alberto Fujimori |
Rural support; neoliberal policies; Japanese connection (Japanese cars to bolster the economy); harsh tactics against guerrilla movements; dissolves congress + rewrites the constitution so that his own party gets more power; captures Guzman |
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Rondas |
Paramilitary group in Peru that kills terrorists |
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Ejercito Zapatista de Liberación Nacional (The Zapatistas) |
revolutionary leftist political and militant group; called for overthrow of Mexican government because they signed the Nafta Subcomandante Marcos: main ideologist and spokesman of the Zapatistas |
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Hugo Chavez |
Venezuelan politician and president |
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Mohomed Bouazizi |
26 year old; sole income earner for extended family of 8; operated a vegetable cart; female police officer attempts to fine him, cart confiscated, makes fun of father, slaps and spits on him; complaint to local municipality officials (refuse to see him); selfimmolations (sets self on fire); protests and police immediately turn to brutality; caught on camera and spread on facebook+youtube; beginning of the Arab Spring |
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Hosni Mubarak |
30 year reign in Egypt; 5 elections, only one on ballot |
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Mohamed Morsi |
President of Egypt; takes over after Mubarak resigns |
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Muammar Goddafi |
Libyan revolutionary and politician who governed from 1969-2011 |
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Bashar Al-Assad |
President of Syria; commander in chief of the armed forces; member of the Ba'ath party |
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Free Syrian Army |
group of defected Syrian armed forces officers and soldiers |
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Caudillos |
Who rules after Latin American independence, warlords/heros, regional rulers, father figures (followed their own rules), ranch owners with guard |
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Liberals |
Up and coming merchant class, individualism, include all social groups, civil rights, secular (reduced church power) society, promote public education, free trade, no indigenous protection |
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Conservatives |
Old colonial elites, wanted limits on freedom and organic structure to society, they feel if stick to tradition then decrease chances of starvation or gang in society, no free market in economy to benefit elite, legal exception for military and church, protection for indigenous |
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Antonio Lopez de Santa Ana |
Classic Caudillo, War hero, war in Texas (tries to unify, loses), Mexican-American War President, downfall due to 2nd wife |
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Latifundia |
Large land holdings, people who lost land move to these communal areas. Communal farming more efficient |
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Mexican American War |
Mexico couldn't hold northern border. US wants to bring in Texas as state, go to war with Mexico, for southern border of Texas. US wins with the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo. Mexico in the way of Manifest Destiny |
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Manifest Destiny |
United States wanted to expand sea to sea. Maybe solution to slavery. Mexico in the way |
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Mondroe Doctrine |
Positive at face value. American= for America (kick out Europeans). support South America but people took it as this hemisphere is ours |
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Emperor Maximillian I |
of Mexico, French leader in Mexico because of their assistance against the liberals. Cinco de Mayo Battle of Puebla (French take Mexico City) |
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Battle of Puebla |
Won by Mexico against French intervention, ends in new emperor |
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Platt Amendment |
Teller amendment says can't annex Cuba but added this so US could intervene in Cuba if needed to |
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Roosevelt Corollary |
US has right to police Latin America to maintain peace (advance US interest) |
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Muhammad Ali |
Hero of anti-french campaign (Egypt), part of Devshirme, popular due to nationalism, ruthless and consolidates power (consolidates large estates to himself then leases land to him), military advisor to modern army (conscription), intellectual achievements, sets up school has books translated |
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Anglo-Ottoman Treaty of 1838 |
Bring together all capitulations (trading rights with Ottomans). gave British free trade rights in Ottoman therefore Ottomans don't need to industrialize, foreign investment allows for increased infrastructure but leads to debt |
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Crimean War |
French British Ottomans fight Russia over Crimean Peninsula. Russia was trying to control all ports on Black Sea |
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Tanzimat |
turk reorganization, europeanization of ottoman elite (try to match west in political/economic strength - never going to match the west with free trade treaty in place). new law codes, especially based on European law codes. Law included equality for citizens- all religions equal, no extra tax for christians or Jews (don’t want because they were exempt from serving in army). Law codes-no sharia law, allowed interest on borrowed money
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Young Turks |
Led by Enver Bey. Shifted authoritarianism. Group of businessmen and military officers (conspirators-anti government); meet up through a system of free masons (masonic lodges) and build up a network |
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Ottoman Committee of Union Progress |
Young Turks coalesce into a committee; evolution from underground group to open group; young Turks was a name given to them that they didn't like, so they formed this official group |
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Suez Cana |
VERY IMPORTANT because in 1850s, the British are taking control of Egypt and this creates a shorter route; cut distance almost in half; building it and maintaining it was under European influence; Europeans fighting over control of the canal |
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Anglo-Iranian Oil Company |
Becomes the big company to extract oil from Iran; oil easier to store than coal; British dependence on oil: British ships switching from coal to oil power because they thought they had a safe supply of oil - now British Petroleum (BP) |
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Hajj Muhammad Wilhelm |
Kaiser of Germany. Turned to Islam. |
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Sharif Husayn |
Arab rule who backs British against Ottomans; King of the Mecca, Medina area; client king of the Ottomans under authority of the emperor; uses opportunity to rally Arabs against Ottomans |
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Damascus Protocol |
Between British and Arabs, represented by Sharif Husayn; Arabs will help British defeat Ottomans; allow Arabs to have control over existing Arab land |
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Sykes-Picot Agreement |
British make agreement with French and Russians; they agree to divide the territory they promised the Arabs between the French and British; never planned on respecting the Damascus Protocol |
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Th Jewish Statee |
German book spread throughout Europe. Pushes for a return to Palestine .Helps shape Balfour declaration |
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Balfour Declaration |
Really short; states that there will be a Jewish homeland in Palestine; contradicts the two treaties-adds another commitment. Chaim Weizmann. British support for Jewish support (Jews powerful everywhere) |
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Armenian Genocide |
Ottomans target Christians in Anatolia. Said they helped Russia. 1.5 Armenians dead |
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Treaty of Versailles |
Ends war, mandate system apart of it (legal transfer of control of territories) |
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Mustafa Kamal |
Ataturk, Father of turks, general in Ottoman (core is Turkey) army, successful in Gallipoli, mobilized troops in East. Sent by British to demobilize, deal with French for arms in Anatolia (took french arms and used that to push greeks out of turkey-french just leave, British leave and make deal with Ataturk); reforms include Europeanization: autocratic rule, no sultan (Turkey is a republic), centralized secular state. Create Turkish alphabet, bans polygamy, gives women rights, required public education, hats with brims |
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Porfirio Diaz |
Liberal, economic and political ideas thrive. Positivism, material gains, individualism, property rights over civil liberties, allowed foreign investment (owned 20% land, 33% land surveyed for railroads), attacked problems scientifically not looking for the people. Stubbornness for leaving office led to extreme nationalism |
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Emiliano Zapata |
Real Revolution. Local chief, realized Madero (after Porfirio) wasn't changing any of Porfirios politics, raises revolutionary army. Plan of Ayala-land reform, liberties from economics, law and justice no corrupt legal system. Conventionalist |
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Venustiano Carranza |
Governor of Coahuila, from old guard, comes up with plan of Guadalupe. Tries to appease Villa with keeping liberal ideas. Refuse to accept agreement at Convention of Aguascalientes. Constitutionalists. Given machine guns by US, US supported his regime. Rewrites Constitution: maintains elites but appeases radicals by adding some land reform, giving labor rights (wages and hours), foreigners can lease not own, oil for Mexico, no re-election (only 6 year term) |
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General Alvaro Obregon |
worked with Carranza, creates army. Constitutionalists. Assassinates Carranza because Obregon wanted to pick dads (successor-Plutarco Elias Calles) |
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Francisco Pancho Villa |
Rallies ranch hand support for revolution. More labor than land reform. had mounted troops. Tried to get US support so filmed by US director, paid in gold. Wants radical change. Dominates Convention of Aguascalientes. Conventionalist. Broken in battle of Celaya |
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Plutarco Elias Calles |
Obregon's dedazo, lays out more of constitution, changes land holdings. Radical anti-religion reform-priests can't wear collar in public, priest number limited |
