Hist 198 (Concepts & Events)

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The Three Heirs of Rome

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Byzantine civilization: from 5th century to 15th century, that was descended from eastern part of Roman empire and was located in Constantinople.

Islamic civilization: from 7th century to 16th century, founded by prophet Mohammad, located in the old Near East.

Western Christendom: from 6th century to 16th century, language was latin.

Significance: a new period in world civilization that was proved that Mediterranean world (Areas around the Mediterranea ) could not and would not be ruled anymore by only one empire.

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Byzantine Empire

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5th century to 15th century, that was descended from eastern part of Roman empire and was located in Constantinople.

One of the successor civilizations or 3 heirs of Roman empire from 5th century to 15th.
Descended from eastern part of Roman empire, Capital Constantinople. language was Greek, consisted of Greece and Balkan Peninsula, Asia, Palestine and Egypt. They helped preserve Roman law and Greek culture.

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Holy Roman Empire

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W&W: (Centered Germany) (

Define:
- Conflict between kings and popes

A political empire in Europe that started with papal coronation of Charlemagne in 800 in Germany and continued with some gap until 1806. When was dissolved by Napoleon. It started because Pope of the time needed protection from the king, but there were conflict between kings and the pops. The kings lost powers more and more to pops during these years until Napoleon ended this power.

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Prester John

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- Prince henry "the navigator" was looking for him
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Is a myth, a legend in form of an emperor or king who has many lands, great cities, noble people. That was a popular legend in Europe from 12th to 17th century. It is a story of a Christian king who ruled and fought with Muslims in Orient, a generous ruler, he was a quest and symbol of the church’s universality in the world at a time when such a thing was impossible in reality.

W&W: Europe from 12th to 17th century

Define: A European legend of an ancient christian ruler of vast and opulent domains. Europeans believe he is lost somewhere amongst the muslims or orientals.

Significance: Europeans though this leader may have been the mongols due to their power, wealth, and expansion that engulfed all of asian reaching to eastern europe (Poland & Hungary)

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Pax Mongolica

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(
Or Mongol peace which refers to a time of peace after the Mongols conquered many lands and created an empire in 13th and 14th century. There was peace, stability, cultural fusion and good economy at that time. Global trades were made possible by Mongols, so cultural interactions was created in the world.

W&W: Eastern Asia to Eastern Europe OR Covers a big Chunk of Eurasian land mass (13th & 14th Century)

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Black Death or Bubonic Plague

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A disease that killed very fast, it caused a very devastating pandemic in history resulting in millions of death in Europe in 14th century. It started in Asia and reached Europe in 14th century. It reduced world’s population from 450 million to around 350 million. As a result there were shortage of labor and survivors had more jobs. Trust in religion was grown weak as people saw that even people of church died.

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Flagellants

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Are referred to people who beat their own back to inflict pain and suffering on themselves. During Black Death in 14th century there were groups of religious flagellants who wanted to repent for their sin by doing so, as they believed Black Death was a punishment sent by God for their sins.

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Hundred Years War

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A series of wars between England and France from 14th century to 15th century over territory, kingdom and belongings of English kings in France. There was no treaty at the end of the war, but it was ended.

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Longbow

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An arrow made of wood of trees, was about six feet long with arrows of three feet long. It was the main warfare of medieval period and years later. In the Hundred Years War between England and French the use of longbow by English was responsible for many victories over French troops. For example in 14th century in Battle of Crecy, 20,000 English soldiers defeated 60,000 French soldiers by using longbow. It was the only kind of arrow that could penetrate the armour of soldiers.It ended the knighthoods.

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Gunpowder Artillery

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Artillery in the Middle Ages was mostly consisted of canons, which were large firearms used to fire heavy objects over a long distance.

These were used in Europe as well as China and Middle East. Gunpowder was used at Late Middle Ages in cannons. English cannon were used during the Hundred Years’War. Gunpowder cannons had a destructive power for the castles and made conquering them easier. To protect against artillery and gunfire, new castles were made of new materials

Significance: of gunpowder weapons was that it started a new technology in late medieval era.

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Siege of Orléans

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During the Hundred Years’War (1337-1453), the city of Orleans in France was taken by the English, on October 1429. On May 1429, Joan of Arc, a teenage French Peasant, as a leader of a French force, could break the siege.
(She said that voices of Christian saints told jer to help Charles, the French prince , to help him gain the French throne and expelling the English from France, so Charges gave her enough troop and she was able to get back Orleans from English, and make some more victories resulting in Charles VII being crowned as king of France. The siege of Orlean was a turning point in the Hundred Year’s war, as it was followed by more victories by French troops that eventually ended the Hundred Years’ War.)

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The Jacquerie

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Was a revolt in late medieval in France during the Hundred Years’ War that took place in northern France in 14th century by peasants. Against the nobility. The revolt was suppressed after a few weeks. It is called jacquerie because the French nobles called the peasants Jacques because of their outfit which was a white tunic called Jacque.

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The Peasants’ Revolt of England

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(1381)
Also called The Wat Tyler’s Rebellion (A leader of the rebellion )or the Great Rising, this revolt of peasants in England in 1381 was a big event in most of England caused by economic, political reasons such as aftermath of the Black Death in 1340, and the high taxes results of the Hundred Years War with France. The revolt ended in most of its leaders being executed and a lot of people killed, but it had a positive effect. It effected the Hundred Years War because it gave the Parliament second thought before raising taxes to pay for the war against France. Peasants were also looked upon with more respects, and were not owned as part of land, all these effects started to break down the feudal system.

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The Babylonian Captivity

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(1309-1376)
Is referred to 1309 to 1376 during which the residence of popes were changed from Rome to Avignon in France for seven popes who became popes one after the other. The reason was a French pope was elected in 1305 and he refused to go to Rome and in 1309 moved his court to Avignon where it stayed for 67 years. The name is a reference to the ancient Hebrews and their captivity in Mesopotamian Babylon. This eventually led to division of papal appointments.

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The Papal Schism

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(1378-1417)
When the papal residence was moved to France, Romans were not satisfied , they wanted an Italian Pope , so an Italian pope was elected and moved back to Rome, but although he wanted to reform the church of its defects but he couldn’t do it the right way and threatened many people which made French cardinals dispute his legitimacy as pope, so they elected another pope to live in Avignon again. Having two popes at the same time caused THE GREAT PAPAL SCHISM, OR DIVISION Naturally each pope has his own followers, and this schism weakened the faith of Christians. A few years later the cardinal councils of both Rome and France (called the Council of Pisa) deposed both existing pope and elected a new one, but the old ones would not step down, so there were now 3 popes.!! Then another council (called Council of Constance ) was called to make a decision and they deposed all three popes and elected a new one, a Roman.
Result: was that from then on future popes like none befor

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Council of Constance

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(1414-1418)
As a result of Papal Schism, a new council was called upon by emperor Sigismund asking one of the Popes, pope John Hus to solve the problem. So a council was formed in Constance , in Switzerland. The other two Popes were invited to attend, but they didn’t. John said he would resign if the two other popes would do the same thing,but he didn’t mean it and tried to stay on as pope, by defending himself, but sensing danger, he fled too and in his absence, he was judged and asked to resign which he did and was executed, so the council of constance chose a new Roman Pope . the significance of the council was that it showed that there was a council above the popes that could control them.

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Hussites

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A Christian movement of followers of Pope John Hus who was executed and burned in fire by Council of Constance. They fought the Hussite Wars (1420-1434) for their religious and political views. The movement was in Czech because John Hus was from that country and his execution was considered a national offense to them. His tradition has been found in Hussite churches until today. Their movement was yet another division of Christianity.

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Printing press

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(1440)

In 1440 printing press was invented by Johannes Gutenberg of Germany, which was the pricipal way of printing until the late 20 century. It allowed the mass production of printed books fro the first time. This changed the life of people forever in Europe and then all around the world. Before copying written materials were done by hand, on parchments or animal skins which made books expensive and not accessible by all people. The demand for books made economy stronger, and having access to books for all improved the literacy.

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Spanish Inquisition

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Holy office of inquisition was established in 15th century in Spain to maintain Catholic faith and ensure the true conversion of Judaism and Islam to Catholic faith for people who were converting (Moslems and Jews were ordered to convert or leave the country) also its purpose was to replace the Medieval inquisition which was under the control of pops.

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Conversos

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Are jews who converted from Judaism to Christianity. Spain had a large Jewish population and in 14th century a large number of them converted, for different reasons such as being forced to choose between conversion and death, or for gaining social status, and economic gain, or falling in love with Christians. So they became the new middle class, and dominant in business. Although the church wanted to gain unity by forcing them to convert, but the society did not want to accept them as fully Christians, (a majority of the conversos who were forced to convert still practiced their own religions at home), and so the conversos were separated from those who were born Christians, so this increased separation and tension.

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Moriscos

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Mere Muslims who converted to Christianity instead of leaving Spain or to escape from death in 14th Century in Spain. Moriscos means little Moor(Muslim). They continued to speak, write and dress like Muslims for some time but in 16th century they were forbidden to do so, and so were gradually deported to outside of Spain.

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The Columbian Exchange

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This is a period of cultural and biological exchange between the New World (America, after being discovered by Columbus in 15th century ,1492, and the Old Worlds, the rest of the world). Animals, plants, technology, even diseases were exchanged between the Native Americans and the rest of the world. The significance is the social and economical and agricultural effects in both world at each side of Atlantic Ocean. Progress in agriculture , warfare, education were the result as well as a high mortality rate in both worlds.

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Maize

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Was cultivated by native Americans. After discovery of New World (America) by Columbus and the exchange of products , maize or corn was introduced to European countries in late 15th century, and it was introduced to rest of the world because of its ability to grow in different climates. Sweet corn were cultivated for human food and field corn for animals. The significance was reduction in hunger in old world .

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Potato

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When potato was introduced to Europe through Columbian Exchange, the hunger in the world was diminished. It also was the cause of producing first fertilizer as well as first artificial pesticide.

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Potosí

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Is the name of a place in Andes , in the New World, where they found the biggest site for silver, in 16th century, which caused an economic change in the whole world because Spain made currency from the silver they imported to Spain. The city was also developed into being one of the largest industrial complex in the world.

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Humanism

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Is applied to the social philosophy and intellectual and literary events of 1400 to 1650. The events reflected appreciation of worldly pleasures, personal independence, expansion of trade, growth of prosperity and luxury. Humanist mentality was something between medieval supernaturalism and the modern scientific attitude. Renaissance Humanism did not have much reliance upon Christianity, faith and God any more, but fortune and chance was more believed in. The ideal life was no longer a escape from society to lead a religious life, but to have varied human relationships and enjoy life and society.
Significance: is that it is a new way of life, which had effect in the society. For example humanism contribution to science was to recover the Greek scientific literature .

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Tsar

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Byzantine or Russian emperors were called Tsar. Title was taken from Caesar, was used in Middle Ages for a supreme ruler mostly by Byzantines , but with fall of the Byzantine Empire in middle of 15th century, the Russian ruler was the only emperor who was Christian ORTODOX, so he was the new supreme head of Orthodox Christianity. Ivan IV (Ivan the Terrible) was the first crowned Tsar.

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Kayser-i Rum

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Meaning Ceasar of the Romans, a title used by Ottomans, when after the Fall of Constantinople , Mehmed II declared himself KAYSER-I-RUM. This was not recognized by the Christian Europe, but he said that Constantinople was the seat of the Roman Empire because when the Western Roman Empire collapsed, the Roman Empire’s capital was transferred to Constantinople. He also was planning to take the city of Rome, but he died before doing so. After his death, the title was not used by other Ottoman Sultans, but Mehmed had planned to make a third, Islamic Rome (the first was a polytheistic Rome, the second was a Christian Rome).

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Habsburgs

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The Habsburgs were one of the main dynasties of Europe from the 15th to 20th Century. When Habsburg king of Germany was crowned Holy Roman Emperor in 15th century, the title remained in the family for four more centuries. The Habsburg family married their way to world power, they married into Austria, Nethelands, Burgandy, Milan, Spain, etc.. (the name of the lady was not important), so some families fought their way to power in the world, this one married to girls of other powers of other countries, and ruled and got powerful this way. For centuries their power center was in Vienna, Austria.

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Valois

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(hundred years war)
Was another dynasty of Europe in France from 14th to 16th century.. They succeded the Cepetian dynasty. Some of the kings related to this dynasty were Philip VI, and Louis XII. The early kins of Valois dynasty were busy with fighting the Hundred Years War, with England, Later they have rivalry with the Habsburgs dynasty in claiming their power in the world. The French Renaissnce happened during their dynasty.

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Anabaptists

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(1500's) (zwingli)
Means re-baptizers, were an extremely radical group of Christians first formed in 16th century in Europe , in Switzerland ( and them spread to other parts of Europe) and still remain in a milder form in the world. They wanted to restore the primitive Christianity. They did not accept infant baptism, saying that each man should be baptized when they are adults and believed in their fates. Since many of them were baptized at infancy, and chose to be rebaptized as believing adults, so their enemies called them Anabaptist. They also believed in separation of church and state. The Amish are from Anabaptists movement.

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“Priesthood of all believers”

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(Martin Luther) (1517, 95-Thesis)
When: (Early 1500s) (Early 16th Century)
Where: Germany
Significance: Luther called papal authority a human (rather than a divine) invention; he argued for a “priesthood of all believers” to mean religious truths reveled by reading scripture and priests were unnecessary. A believer could understand the truth without religious authority.

A Christian belief of the reformers of churches of 16th century that said all Christians are priests to one another. It has to do more with believer’s service than with a person’s position or status., It says that all are equal before God, and responsible to preach each other to the right way of Christianity.

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Huguenots

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Were French Protestants. Reforming of the church reached France in 16th century and was embraced by many people. The reform in France was a respectable movement which had a lot of accomplished people as its followers. Huguenot church grew rapidly. They wanted greater freedom religiously and politically. But majority of France were Roman Catholic and the Catholic Church wanted to be in control. There were conflict and blood shedding between these two, which resulted in civil wars in that country between these two groups. They won and had a century of peace and liberty for their practice, but after that they were forbidden to follow their beliefs and ordered to join the Catholic Church.

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Predestination

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Calvin's theological position is perhaps the strongest expression of the doctrine of predestination (grace bestowed upon an elect few by God who demonstrates “gratuitous mercy”). The significance of Calvin is that he expanded on previous reformers influence to further the revolution after Luther and Zwingli.

Is a Christian doctrine that says as God is all powerful and all-knowing , then all humans’ faith is predestined and pre-decided by God and his will.This has been associate with the teachings of John Calvin, a French Christian of 16th century during the Protestant Reformation.

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Church of England

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During the Roman Empire, Christianity entered the Roman province of Britain or England and eventually the Church of England came into existence acknowledging the authority of the Pope, until the Reformation in 16th century.when the church eventually became a mixture of Catholic who accepted Pope and Reformed Protestants who didn’t. Again during next ruler, the Church of England accepted Papal authority and again it was reversed during the time of Elizabeth I. The Church of England eventually became a church which is following the beliefs of both Catholicism and Reformed Christianity.

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Council of Trent

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(1545-1563)
A council of the Catholic Church that was one of the Church’s most important council, which was first in Italy and then capital of Holy Roman Empire. Between 1545 and 1563 the council had twenty five sessions. The council issued condemnations on Protestants during Reformation .

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Battle of Lepanto

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(1571)
Where: Mediterranean

Why: battle fought by Spain and Ottoman Empire for dominance of Mediterranean.

Significance: Spain wins control of Western Med. and Ottomans win Eastern Med.

A battle that happened in 16th century on the sea between a fleet of the Holy League, (sent from different Catholic states) and the fleet of Ottoman Empire. The Holy league won the battle. This victory prevented the Ottoman Empire to expand along the European side of Mediterranean . This battle was the last major naval battle in Mediterranean between any countries.

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St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre

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Read book

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The Spanish Armada

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(1588)

This was a great fleet (armada) from Spain which was sent against England by Philip II , king of Spain, in 16th century to overthrow protestant England lead by Queen Elizabeth I. The captain of the fleet died and another noble man with no experience took the command of the fleet. Although The Armada was a great fleet, but a series of mistakes made it defeated by the English Fleet, which was a huge victory for the England.

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Edict of Nantes

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(1598)
Is a law made of Henry IV of France in Nantes in 16th century that granted a lot of religious liberty to his Protestant people, the Huguenots. This law permitted them to have public worship in many parts of France but not in Paris. It gave them full civil rights. The edict also restored Catholicism to the places where people wanted to be Catholic.This law was revoked by Louis XIV later and forbid the French Protestants of their rights.

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Scientific Revolution

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Is the historical changes in the social organization, and in the thoughts and belief that occured in Europe from 16th century to 18th century. It started with Nicholas Copernicus who said that sun is the center of the universe and ended with Isaac Newton who proposed a Mechanical Universe. The scientific revolution was the emerging of modern science during the early modern period when new ideas and progress in physics, astronomy, medicine and mathematics changed the views of society. Significance is a good example of how different the periods of history can be.

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Defenestration of Prague

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(1618)

Is the event of Bohemian resistance to Habsurg rulling in Prague in 1618 that was followed by the Thirty Years’ War. When the rights of Protestants were ignored, they called for an assembly of Protestants at Prague, and during this assembly two imperial agents were found guilty and they, along with their secretary were thrown out of the window of the council room, although they survived, the act known as defenestration (throwing out of the window) was the beginning of Bohemian revolt against the Habsburg emperor that started the Thirty Years’ War there.

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Thirty Years War

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(1618-1648)

Wars between Protestants and Catholics in central Europe and political conflict between the Holy Roman Empire and other powers. The countries mostly involved were Austria, France, Holland ( the countries around Germany), and Germany itself , as well as Denmark, Spain and Sweden. It ended with The Peace of Westphalia.

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Peace of Westphalia

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(1648)

A series of peace treaties that ended the Thirty Years War.This peace treaty gave the German states their sovereignty and the right of religious toleration and confirmed French ascendancy. It also make a new system of political order in Central Europe, it established the fact that nations should not interfere with each other’s internal affairs. The treaty did not restore peace for all parts of Europe, only in Central, because France and Spain remained at war.