Hist 1060 Mid-Term Review

Front 1

Columbian Exchange

Back 1

widespread exchange of goods (incl. slaves), agriculture, disease, plants/animals, and idea between old and new worlds

Front 2

Tokugawa Ieyasu

Back 2

founder of the Tokugawa Shogunate; seized power in 1600 w/ total victory at Battle of Sekigahara; named Shogun 1603, abdicated in 1605, but remained in power until death in 1616

Front 3

Hernán Cortés

Back 3

Spanish conquistador; led expedition of the Yucatan Peninsula and conquering the Aztec Empire; beginning of Spanish colonization of Americas

Front 4

Chinggis Khan

Back 4

founder, ruler, and emperor of the Mongol Empire; conquered most of Eurasia, killing nearly whole village populations; created vassal states; unified nomadic tribes of Northeast Asia

Front 5

Niccollo Machiavelli

Back 5

a main founder of modern political science; Florentine Republic

Front 6

Karl Marx

Back 6

German philosopher; socio-political theory called Marxism; creating a society ruled by the working class

Front 7

Meiji Restoration

Back 7

series of events that ended the Tokugawa Shogunate reign of over 250 years; began w/ Commodore Perry sailing into Edo Bay

Front 8

Martin Luther

Back 8

German priest and professor of theology; leader of the Protestant Reformation

Front 9

Montezuma

Back 9

9th ruler of the Aztec Empire; empire reached its peak during his rule; killed by Cortés after failure to escape Tenochtitlan during Spanish conquest

Front 10

Versailles

Back 10

the unofficial capital of the Kingdom of France until 1789; moved by Louis XIV in 1682; Treaty of Paris signed here, ending American Revolutionary war

Front 11

Suleiman the Magnificent

Back 11

longest reigning Sultan of the Ottoman Empire (1520-66); personally led Ottoman armies to conquer the Christian strongholds of Belgrade, Rhodes, and most of Hungary; Ottoman fleet dominated the seas from the Mediterranean to the Red Sea and the Persian Gulf

Front 12

Zheng He

Back 12

Chinese explorer and fleet admiral; commanded voyages to Southeast Asia, South Asia, the Middle East, and East Africa trading along the way; fleet size unprecedented

Front 13

The Protestant Reformation

Back 13

European Christian reform movement; led by Martin Luther, John Calvin (and others); established Protestantism as a constituent branch of contemporary Christianity; began on 31 October 1517, in Wittenberg, Saxony, where Martin Luther nailed his Ninety-Five Theses on the Power and Efficacy of Indulgences to the door of the Castle Church, in Wittenberg

Front 14

Tokugawa Shogunate

Back 14

Feudal regime of Japan established by Tokugawa Ieyasu and ruled by the shoguns of the Tokugawa family; lasted from 1600-1868; ended by Meiji Restoration

Front 15

Isaac Newton

Back 15

one of the most influencial people in fields of science and math; built first practical reflecting telescope; developed a theory of colour based on the observation that a prism decomposes white light into the many colours that form the visible spectrum

Front 16

Francis Bacon

Back 16

English philosopher, father of the scientific method; served as both Attorney General and Lord Chancellor of England

Front 17

East India Company

Back 17

Joint-stock trading company intially founded for trade w/ East Indies; mostly traded with China and Indian subcontinent;

Front 18

Berlin Conference

Back 18

US (did not actually participate) and 14 European states, w/ no representation of African countries; regulated European colonization and trade in Africa during the New Imperialism period

Front 19

Otto Von Bismark

Back 19

German statesman; Prime Minister of Prussia (1862-90), 1st Chancellor of German Empire, led the unification of Germany

Front 20

Jean Jacques Rousseau

Back 20

Genevan philosopher; political philosophy heavily influenced the French Revolution, as well as the American Revolution; wrote "The Social Contract", which outlines the basis for a legitimate political order within a framework of classical republicanism

Front 21

Opium War

Back 21

Climax of disputes over trade and diplomatic relations between China under the Qing Dynasty and the British Empire; China restricted foreign trade with Canton System to one port, UK/US merchants bring opium from Bengal and sell to Chinese drug smugglers

Front 22

Denis Diderot

Back 22

Prominent figure during the Enlightenment; co-founder and chief editor of and contributor to the Encyclopédie

Front 23

Social Darwinism

Back 23

"Survival of the Fittest"; connected to the ideas of the progressive era, in which many promoted eugenics or scientific racism or imperialism, or a struggle between national or racial groups

Front 24

Simon Bolivar

Back 24

Venezuelan military and political leader; played a key role in Hispanic America's successful struggle for independence from the Spanish Empire; participated in the foundation of the first union of independent nations in Latin America (Gran Colombia); he led Bolivia, Colombia, Peru, Ecuador, Panama, and Venezuela to independence

Front 25

Frederick the Great

Back 25

Modernized the Prussian bureaucracy and civil service and promoted religious tolerance throughout his realm; goal was to modernize and unite his vulnerably disconnected lands; joined the Freemasons in 1738

Front 26

The Silk Road

Back 26

an extensive interconnected network of trade routes across the Asian continent connecting East, South, and Western Asia with the Mediterranean world

Front 27

Janissaries

Back 27

Infantry units that formed the Ottoman sultan's household troops and bodyguards; gathered through the devşirme system (recruiting of non-Turkish children, notably Balkan Christians)

Front 28

Montesquieu

Back 28

French social commentator and political thinker who lived during the Enlightenment; articulated the theory of separation of powers

Front 29

Haitian Revolution

Back 29

Period of brutal conflict in the French colony of Saint-Domingue, leading to the elimination of slavery and the establishment of Haiti as the first republic ruled by people of African ancestry; defining moment in history for Africans; Mulatto descendants became the elite in Haiti after the revolution; was forced to make massive reparations to French slaveholders in order to receive French recognition

Front 30

Akbar

Back 30

third Mughal Emperor; At the end of his reign in 1605 the Mughal empire covered most of northern and central India;

Front 31

The Sepoy "Mutiny"

Back 31

An accumulation of several events, over time, resulting in its eventual outbreak; controversy over the ammunition for new Pattern 1853 Enfield Rifle was final spark --> sepoys had to bite the cartridge open, were greased with lard (pork fat) which was regarded as unclean by Muslims, or tallow (beef fat), regarded as anathema to Hindus

Front 32

Theodor Herzl

Back 32

father of modern political Zionism

Front 33

Humanism

Back 33

was a response to the challenge of Mediæval scholastic education, emphasising practical, pre-professional and -scientific studies; main centers of humanism were Florence and Naples; Humanist education was based on the study of five humanities: poetry, grammar, history, moral philosophy and rhetoric

Front 34

Maximilian Robespierre

Back 34

one of the most influential figures in French Revolution; influenced by 18th century Enlightenment philosophes such as Jean-Jacques Rousseau and Montesquieu

Front 35

John Calvin

Back 35

influential French theologian and pastor during the Protestant Reformation

Front 36

"The Wealth of Nations"

Back 36

magnum opus of the Scottish economist and moral philosopher Adam Smith; a reflection on economics at the beginning of the Industrial Revolution and argues that free market economies are more productive and beneficial to their societies; considered to be the foundation of modern economic theory

Front 37

Renaissance

Back 37

cultural movement that spanned roughly the 14th to the 17th century, beginning in Florence in the Late Middle Ages and later spreading to the rest of Europe; bridge between the Middle Ages and the Modern era; started in Florence, Tuscany in the 14th century

Front 38

Thomas Paine

Back 38

author of "Common Sense", advocating colonial America's independence from the Kingdom of Great Britain; one of the Founding Fathers of the United States

Front 39

Shah Ismail

Back 39

Shah of Iran and the founder of the Safavid Empire, which survived until 1736; started his campaign in Azerbaijan in 1502 as the leader of an extremist heterodox Twelver Shi'i militant religious order, and unified all of Iran by 1509

Front 40

Louis XIV

Back 40

King of France; one of the longest documented reigns of any European monarch (72yrs 110 days); sought to eliminate the remnants of feudalism persisting in parts of France

Front 41

Frederick Engels

Back 41

German entrepreneur, and father of communist theory, alongside Karl Marx; in 1848 he produced with Marx "The Communist Manifesto"

Front 42

Descartes

Back 42

has been dubbed the "Father of Modern Philosophy"; credited as the father of analytical geometry; one of the key figures in the Scientific Revolution

Front 43

World Civilizations vs. World History

Back 43

history deals with "whole picture", such as the country's government, economy, etc., and civilizations looks more in-depth at the social/cultural/religious aspects, and how populations migrated/immigrated

Front 44

Toussaint L'Ouverture

Back 44

leader of the Haitian Revolution; noted for his military genius and political acumen; he worked to improve the economy and security of Saint Domingue

Front 45

The Glorious Revolution

Back 45

the overthrow of King James II of England by a union of English Parliamentarians; permanently ended any chance of Catholicism becoming re-established in England

Front 46

Voltaire

Back 46

French Enlightenment writer and philosopher famous for his advocacy of civil liberties, including freedom of religion and free trade

Front 47

Napoleon Bonaparte

Back 47

military and political leader during the latter stages of the French Revolution; engaged in a series of conflicts—the Napoleonic Wars—involving every major European power

Front 48

Triangular Trade

Back 48

historical term indicating trade among three ports or regions; usually evolves when a region has export commodities that are not required in the region from which its major imports come

Front 49

Utopian Socialism

Back 49

distinguished from later socialist thought by being based on idealism instead of materialism; other branches overtook utopian socialism in terms of intellectual development and number of adherents

Front 50

Adam Smith

Back 50

Scottish social philosopher and a pioneer of political economy; key figure in the Scottish Enlightenment; author of "The Wealth of Nations"; widely cited as the father of modern economics and capitalism