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150 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
Tocqueville admired American democracy because it promoted political centralization and gave the popular classes direct control over politics.
False
He was an elitist
Babeuf's concept of agrarian communism broke with the tradition of petty ownership of property acquired by individual labor that was characteristic of the Sans-culottes.
False.
Sans-culottes sought to narrow the gap between the rich and poor. Communism was a good way to do it.
The new manufacturing elites of the industrial revolution were welcomed immediately into the political system controlled by the English gentry.
False
The gentry did not welcome the new manufacturing elites
Protestantism created a form of religious individualism and personal discipline that reinforced the economic individuals and work ethic of capitalism.
True
Beginning in the mid-14th Century, dramatic population loss caused by the plague contributed to the dissolution of serfdom in Western Europe.
True
The leader of the Montagnards during the Terror was Napoleon Bonaparte.
False
The leader was Robespierre
The Thirty Year's War resulted in the national unification of Germany.
False
Austria became a dynastic state, but Germany was fragmented
French monarchs after Francis I were fatally weakened by papal authority over what became known as the Gallican church.
False
the Catholic church was sanctioned and overseen by French kings; less papal authority
The high point of royal absolutism and the low point of aristocratic autonomy in France prior to the French Revolution occurred during the reign of Louis XIV.
True
For Rousseau, the General Will was a political ideal whose reality in any given state could be gauged from the extent of political activity of its citizens, the degree of economic equality and autonomy of all individuals, and the levels of crime violence, and social discontent.
True
The Tudor dynasty broke the power of the gentry and merchants by allying with the great barons of the realm.
False
They allied with the gentry against the barons.
The Abolition of Feudalism on August 4, 1789 was a complete repudiation of all seigniorial obligations without compensation to the landlords.
True
Henry VIII created an Independent Protestant Church with no bishops and orthodox Calvinist theology.
False
Had bishops, under king's control. No Calvinist theology
The Girondins were willing temporarily to put aside the principle of economic liberty in order to ally with the popular classes in a nationalist struggle against the enemies of the revolution.
False
They want a capitalist economy and to decentralize the state; want to extend suffrage, but not too far
Prior to the Revolution, French artisans who owned their own workshops feared they would be forced to work from some merchant entrepreneur and reduced to the status of a wage earner.
True
The English writer who extended the principles of the Enlightenment to the position and status of women was Mary Wollstonecraft.
True
By means of "enclosures" the landlord claimed land formerly used in common by villagers for private use.
True
Marx argued that the so-called "iron law of wages" resulted from a class system that insured the vast majority of people would always be forced to sell themselves as commodities to a small minority who privately owned the means of production.
True
Distrust of capitalism, the bourgeoisie, and "modernity" on the part of the English lower classes sometimes took the form of backward-looking "Church and King" riots.
True
Physiocrats believed that state regulation coupled with a revitalized guild system would galvanize the economy of 18th century France.
False
They were individualists who believed in private property; productive work was a source of national wealth
In 1789 the French Third Estate was composed of the bourgeoisie, the peasants, and the village priests.
True
Chartism was a broad-based democratic movement whose demands were ignored by the ruling classes of England.
True
The radical democracy of Rousseau stood for the substantive right of every individual to some property, but no right of any individual to accumulate unlimited property, and a participatory, democratic government with unlimited power to determine the rights of all citizens.
False
The government can write laws, but the the people ratify them
Thomas Hobbes, the author of the Leviathan, defended the absolute power of the sate because without it men would destroy each other in a war of "all against all."
True
The Montagnards resorted to The Terror because they were power-mad dictators.
False
Trying to secure nation from counterrevoltion
The Glorious Revolution of 1689 created a nation of small farmers in England.
False
It overthrew King James II and William III ascended the throne; shifted dominance in world trade from the Dutch to the British; deposition of King James was bad news for Catholics; solidifies abolition of feudalism, Parliamentry sovereigny
While the French bourgeoisie of 1789 wanted equality with the aristocracy they had no intention of permitting the Sans-culottes to become equal to them.
True
The British East India Company ruthlessly exploited Indian peasants by creating a landowning elite who established a debt peonage system to force the production of agrarian exports at the expense of the domestic food supply.
True
The Girondins stood for decentralized political administration and laissez-faire economics.
True
The enragés were leaders of the Sans-culottes who threatened insurrection against Jacobin rule and demanded more social reform than the Jacobins were willing to allow.
True
The Reform Bill of 1867 increased the suffrage from approximately 18% to 36% of the adult male population in England.
True
After the death of Louis XIV in 1715 the French aristocracy began an intense effort to regain its "traditional liberties" from the Crown by reducing the seignorial obligations of the peasants and by allowing the bourgeoisie to buy increasing numbers of titles and positions with the royal bureaucracy.
False
They rose seignorial obligations because of inflation; when they were taxed more by the king, they raised the rents for peasants
The "Speenhamland System" of 1795 forced large farmers in England to raise the wages of their labor force.
False
There was a tax on local communities; charity from rate-payers given to agrarian farmers. Employers, burdened by the tax, would lower wages b/c the govt would take care of them
The Sans-culottes of Paris fully supported the economic individualism of the bourgeoisie and a laissez-faire approach to the grain market.
False
They wanted to regulate the economy that would guarantee the supply and price of food
History, said Marx, has been a class struggle between those who own the means of production and those whose labor has been exploited to provide wealth for this upper class.
True
Working class agitation in England declined after 1850 because economic depression drove down real wages, increased unemployment and undermined working-class morale.
False
The 2nd phase of the Industrial Revolution created more jobs and wages increased
Because Parliamentary seats in 18th and early 19th century England were apportioned by land area and not by population, the new industrial cities were politically disadvantaged by the presence of "rotten boroughs."
True
Conservatives like Edmund Burke believed in social equality, human kindness, and the power of reason to reorganize social institutions.
False
Burke was an elitist, did not believe in equality, and that history, not abstract reason, tests reason.
Britain's industrial revolution benefited from colonial "ghost acres" whose products generated vast wealth for English merchants who re-exported them to Europe, as well as valuable raw materials and markets for English manufactured goods.
True
The English working class welcomed the Factory Act of 1833 and the Poor Law od 1834 as examples of the pro-labor legislation they expected from the Great Reform Bill.
False
Their needs/wants were grossly underrepresented from this legislation
The new factory system meant less work, greater autonomy, and higher living standards for European workers than they had previously enjoyed as farmer laborers or outworkers.
False
There was more mechanized work, work for an employer, lower standards. deskilling of labor
Adam Smith maintained that the "invisible hand" of competition would ensure rising wages for the working class and the formation of an oligarchy of powerful and efficient capitalist enterprises.
False
All is true, except he was wary of the formation of monopolies
Mercantilism is based on the idea of expanding production through global free trade.
False
It is military controlled trade; state control over economy that uses it strengthen its power
Montesquieu's concept of checks and balances was liberal in its desire to prevent despotism, but conservative in its defense of an aristocratic caste with special privileges.
True
The attempt to create a Grand National Federation of Trade Unions in England was destroyed by the intimidation of workers by the capitalist class and by the persecution of the movement's organizers by the English government.
True
Under the Directory the bourgeoisie were at last able to achieve a compromise with the royalists and economic stability for the country as a whole.
False
They could only achieve their purpose by extraordinary means
Thomas Paine believed in a laissez-faire state and he rejected equal opportunity reforms and social security programs because they required a progressive income tax to pay for them.
True
Merchant control of the "cottage industry" marked an important stage in the transition from feudalism to capitalism.
True
Liberal democracy involves a compromise between capitalist elites who concede political democracy in return for social stability and the common people who concede capitalist inequality in return for social reforms.
True
Peasants and artisans during the French Revolution linked their conception of property rights to individual labor and dreamed of a society of petty producers, each with his farm, his workbench, or his shop.
True
By defending free will, good works, and the goodness of human nature Luther allied himself with the antinomian "radical" reformation.
False
He rejected the notion that individuals can do something for their own salvation
On the eve of the French Revolution the price of food was at its lowest point since the beginning of the century.
False
There was massive inflation
Capitalism is an economic system based upon private ownership of economic property, market competition between producers, and free or non-servile wage labor.
True
The aristocratic revolt of 1787-8 was a struggle against absolutism designed to recover lost political dominance throughout the country and to preserve and renew outworn social privileges.
True
The person who completed the Scientific Revolution of the Renaissance by posting the law of gravity was Nicholas Copernicus.
False
He proved that the earth was not the center of the universe
The Constituent Assembly of 1789-90 created a democratic system providing for the direct election of deputies by universal manhood suffrage.
False
This assembly abolished feudalism, Declaration of the Rights of Man, electoral college with elitist and population voting requirements
In 1649 the English gentry were Presbyterian because a single national church with a hierarchy elected by individual congregations seemed less radical than religious toleration of a variety of different and independent congregations and less reactionary than a single national church controlled by the king.
True
The Montagnards were representatives of the wealthy commercial classes of the French seaports anxious to defend the Revolution, but unwilling to rely on the support of the popular classes in order to do so.
False
They depended on the support of the bourgeoisie and the Sans-culottes
According to Winstanley the power of the enclosing land and privately owning property originated peacefully in the state of nature and without violating God's law.
False
He preached of common property
The Jacobin dictatorship was a crisis regime that tried to balance the demands of the Sans-culottes, Rousseau's ideal of a republic virtue, and meet the the needs of national defense.
True
By 1867 England was a predominantly middle class society with white collar workers outnumbering manual laborers.
False
There were mostly manual workers
Britain fostered economic development in the "white dominions" of Canada, Australia, and New Zealand, while in Latin America, India, and Asia it fostered only economic growth without economic development.
True
Capitalist production may be said to originate with the emergence of artisan and merchant guilds in feudal society.
False
Guilds hinder capitalism
The Cordelier Club supported a constitutional monarchy modeled on the English system.
False
Supported the Jacobins who wanted no monarchy
The Great Reform Bill of 1832 admitted the new industrial-urban elites into the political ruling class of England.
True
The Directory represented a continuation of the egalitarian dictatorship of the Jacobins.
False
It was composed of elitists and was corrupt. It returned to the electoral college, and Royalism returned as a a politcal force
Ricardo's "iron law of wages" held that because labor is scarce relative to capital wages would consistently rise at the the expense of profits.
True
Babeuf believed that redistribution of property would not eliminate inequality and that only a revolutionary dictatorship of a revolutionary would be able to recast society and create new institutions.
True
The term copyhold refers to a hereditary right to land at a fixed price held by a peasant family.
True
The French Revolution created a nation of small farmers and thus greatly stimulated urbanization and the growth of a domestic market.
False
It retards capitalism because peasants aren't moving to cities
The advance of the Enlightenment undermined the bourgeoisie's consciousness of itself as a class representing the interests of all.
False
It encouraged class consciousness
The opposition between the Presbyterians and Congregationalists during the English Civil War pitted gentry defenders of Calvinism against urban merchants who rejected predestination and minority Election.
False
The gentry were defenders of Presbyterians, while merchants upheld Calvinism and predestination
After the "Glorious Revolution: of 1689 the political oligarchy of England had yet to resolve the question of the King's role within the executive branch of parliamentary government.
False
The king would be in Parliament, not above it
Marx provided the working class not only with the explanation of how capitalism exploited them but also with reasons to hope that capitalism would eventually collapse.
True
The purpose of the Terror was to defend the nation against counter-revolution and to enforce the Maximum against black marketers.
True
Martin Luther not only protested policies of the Church in Germany, he also supported peasant revolts throughout the German territories.
False
He did not support peasant revolts. He believed that there was a more civilized way to rebel
The Bonapartist and Jacobin dictatorships had a common political ideology and the same popular political base.
True
?
The counterrevolution in the Vendée was directed against the "bourgeois" revolution and the socio-economic changes that had been threatening small famers and artisans since the second hald of the 18th century.
True
The French peasants supported Napoleon Bonaparte because he was "above class struggle."
True
In the feudal economy high population levels meant high productivity, political and social stability, and relative prosperity for the peasantry.
False
Chaotic, instability, famine
Assignats were a form of money, backed by the value of land confiscated from aristocratic traitors, and issued by the Constituent Assembly in order to pay off the debts of the king.
True
Although landlords in feudal societies had personal sovereignty over the manor they did not have private property rights over the land.
True
The first industrial revolution in England was driven by the building of railroads and the multiplier effect of this activity throughout the economy.
False
This describes the second industrial revolution
Unlike capitalist societies, feudal society had no commerce, no merchant class and no profit motive.
True
The most radical faction of the French bourgeoisie prior to the outbreak of the Revolution was composed of the wealthiest commercial merchants, the great financiers, and high-level administrators.
False
The most radical were the democrats of the Bourgeoisie, or Jacobins
Britain's industrial revolution was revolutionary because it totally transformed the conditions of labor by means of the factory system.
True
René Descartes was the champion of the deductive method of mathematics and theoretical physics and the author of the famous remark "I think therefore I am."
True
In the new factories of the English industrial revolution the working day was shorter and less structured than in the villages from which most of the factory workers came.
False
The working day was longer and mechanized. In agricultural society, work was not structured
Bonaparte gave the bourgeoisie security from the popular class and a capitalist economic system but neither parliamentary sovereignty nor a restricted suffrage.
True
During most of the 19th century Britain dominated the global economy by conquering territory and flooding it with working class settlers.
True
Unlike liberal capitalist society, feudal society lacked unlimited private property rights to the land and a clear separation of political and economic power.
True
The agrarian economy of feudalism was subject to cyclical fluctuations determined by population growth.
True
The first industrial revolution transformed the "dismal science" of economics into an upbeat celebration of the rising standard of living of the working class.
False
The standard of living became worse
In the 16th century gentry landlords began to attack the "customary rights of the English peasantry by restricting their access to common lands, raising their rents, and shortening the length of leases.
True
Within feudal society religion was largely a personal matter and therefore of little political significance.
False
Religion had great significance
Urbanization created a market demand for agricultural produce and thus delayed the breakdown of feudal relationships on the land.
False
Urbanization replaced feudalism
As the "workshop of the world" for most of the 19th century, Britain was not only exporting cotton textiles, but also industrial machinery, steam engines and other capital goods, as well as an enormous amount of capital to finance industrialization elsewhere.
True
Because it was directed solely against the forces of Louis XVI and the nobility the National Guard was open to both and active and passive citizens alike.
False
Open to only active citizens and their children
Through the concept of the Calling Calvinism completely separated religious and economic discipline.
False
They coincided-Protestant work ethic
After winning the civil wars of the 16th century the Bourbon dynasty made frequent use of the Estates General to offset the power of the powerful French aristocracy.
False
Its power was not recognized by the French monarchy
Religious populists of the radical reformation believed that individuals inspired by the "Inner light" were capable of interpreting the Bible for themselves.
True
Feudal society was based upon the exploitation of unfree peasant labor by a landed aristocracy that received lordship rights over its fiefs in return for military service to the monarch.
True
The Great Reform Bill of 1832 gave the vote to the English working class.
False
It gave the vote to the upper middle class
Calvin's doctrine of predestination encouraged hedonism in the minds of many Protestants.
False
People who were seen as predestined for heaven were the ones performing good works
Ideological beliefs are more fundamental to the understanding of historical causality than other economic or political structures.
False
During the middle decades of the 19th century, Great Britain ceased exporting large amounts of capital abroad in order to concentrate on the development of its own domestic market and raising the standard of living of the British working class.
False
Britain's market concentrated on exports, and neglected the domestic market. This let to worsening conditions for the working class
The great inflation of the 16th century greatly increased the relative prosperity of their peasants and urban workers in Europe.
False
It greatly decreased their prosperity
The Reform Bill of 1867 increased the suffrage from approximately 18% to 36% of the adult make population of England, enfranchising the lower middle class and the labor aristocracy.
True
John Stuart Mill believed democracy would make the working class more responsible, improve its economic situation, and establish stability and legitimacy for capitalist society.
True
In the aftermath of the "Black Death" the landed aristocracies of Eastern Europe succeeded in imposing even harsher conditions of serfdom on the peasantry.
True
For religious radicals such as Winstanley, it was not the "Fall of Adam: that caused their bondage under property laws and monarchy, but property laws and monarchy that caused the "Fall" of man.
True
Although they supported the social privileges and economic interests of the aristocracy, absolutist monarchs attacked the private military power and the local administrative autonomy of great aristocrats.
True
Thanks to the efforts of Gladstone and Disraeli the Reform Bill of 1867 was passed without popular agitation or political pressure from below.
False
People peacefully demonstrated in Hyde park
The uprising of French peasants against landlords and feudal obligation in 1789 was known as the Great Fear.
True
Louis XV's minister Maupeou abolished the aristocratically controlled Parlements and eliminated the tax exemption for the landed nobility.
True
The English Revolution settled the "property question: in favor of gentry landlords and the commercial middle class.
False
It created a new political and constitutional reality; parliament could assemble and vote, trial by jury
The principle of parliamentary sovereignty, victorious in the Glorious Revolution of 1689, resulted in the first democratic nation-state in history.
True
Despite his attempts to create a "Gentry, Gentleman and Yeoman" alliance, Cromwell's Puritan Commonwealth never gained the support of the gentry.
True
David Ricardo believed that free trade between industrial England and agrarian colonies of the British Empire would lessen the class struggle between English capitalists and workers.
True
The classical liberalism of Locke stands for a representative government with limited powers elected by an oligarchy of propertied individuals, and the formal right of all individuals to accumulate unlimited property, but no substantive right of any individual to any property at all.
True
Napoleon embodied the ideals of the French Revolution in so far as he transformed the dynastic state of the Old Regime into a national, capitalist, secular state.
True
Fearing the "many-headed monster" of popular discontent more than the absolutist ambitions of Charles I, a majority of the gentry fought on the side of the king during the Civil War.
False
The gentry sees themselves as the natural rulers
Through the practice of venality, the "nobility of the sword" was able to thwart the attempts of the Bourbon kins to create a "nobility of the robe: from the ranks of the bourgeoisie.
False
Nobility of the sword was inherited; Nobility of the robe could be bought
The growth of urban markets had a retarding effect on economic growth because it enabled peasant families to remain on the land thus slowing the migration of cheap labor to the cities.
False
it stimulated market growth
The French economy of the 18th century remained feudal insofar as peasants still owed rents, fees, and labor to the Seigneur as a condition of their land ownership.
True
Voltaire was a supporter of "enlightened despotism" because he feared there was no other force capable of offsetting the power of Church and aristocracy in France.
True
The industrial revolution was triggered by the explosive growth of the domestic market of Great Britain.
False
The domestic market rose steadily, while exports exploded
Britain's "informal imperialism" in Latin America operated by strengthening the power of landed elites who exported food and raw materials, and by controlling financial services such as government loans and bond issues.
True
The Opium War of 1839-1842 between England and China resulted from Chinese attempts to end the drug traffic by which England financed its import of Chinese tea by exporting Indian opium to China.
True
For Adam Smith and Thomas Paine capitalism meant liberation for yeoman farmers and self-employed artisans from economic domination by the landed gentry and mercantile monopolists.
True
Constant argued that liberty meant freedom for all, but because freedom also meant a struggle for success in which some must win at the expense of others, inequality was a necessary attribute of liberty.
True
By means of a free trade agreement in 1838, Britain was able rapidly to wipe out domestic manufacturing within the Turkish Empire and use financial loans to push the Sultan into bankruptcy, finally compelling him to cede control of his finances to the British in 1881.
True
Protestantism gave expression to the social anxiety, economic insecurity, and political resentment to the middle class while allowing them to interpret their submission to God and disciplined lives as signs of Election.
True
Marx believed that the triumph of capitalism eliminated real scarcities of underproduction but created new artificial scarcities of overproduction.
True
Merchant guilds soon rose to dominance within feudal towns by virtue of their rapidly expanding wealth and their monopoly control over markets for raw materials and finished goods.
True
Because medieval monarchs had the power to tax the peasantry directly they were able to create formidable standing armies and efficient centralized bureaucracies.
False
The lords taxed them, there was no standing army, and no centralized bureaucracy
Marx believed that a system that did not involve popular control over economic as well as political power was not really democratic.
True
Because it was itself part of the feudal system of political power and economic exploitation, the Catholic Church was a natural target for urban middle class reformers during the 16th century.
False
It was a target for the monarchy that was struggling for absolute power
Marx argued that the relationship between capital and labor is inherently antagonistic and exploitative because labor was paid on the basis of its market price not its productivity.
True
The British forced the Indian population to pay the entire cost of British rule (the civil service, army and navy) as well as the entire cost of building railroads (financed with loans from London bankers and built by British contractors with imported British capital goods) designed to promote agricultural exports for the benefit of Britain's international balance of payments.
True
Religion ceased to be so vitally significant when capitalist property relations and liberal political institutions became the accepted basis for ruling class property and power.
True
Britain fully supported the efforts of Egyptian ruler Mohammed Ali to industrialize his country by importing textile manufacturing equipment from England.
False
It wanted to turn it back to agrarian economy dependent on British manufacturing
Calvinism gave the urban middle classes the conviction that they were the Elect and the sense of mission necessary to transform European society.
True
The essential difference between the liberalism of Locke and the democracy of Rousseau is that Locke emphasizes equality over liberty while Rousseau emphasizes liberty over equality.
False
Rousseau emphasizes equality over liberty while Locke emphasizes liberty over equality
By posting the origin of property prior to the social contract, Locke pre-empted the right of the state to redistribute property for the benefit of the propertyless.
True
The English writer who extended the principles of the Enlightenment to the position and status of women was Mary Wollstonecraft.
True
Marx argued that the so-called "iron law of wages" resulted from a class system that insured the vast majority of people would always be forced to see themselves as commodities to a small minority who privately owned the means of production.
True
The French Revolution was driven by the unwillingness of the aristocracy to compromise with the bourgeoisie and to accept a regime based upon property not privilege.
True
In the middle decades of the 19th century the British transnational economy benefited from both industrialization in "advanced" countries like the USA and Germany and "permanent" complementary economies like Latin America, India, and Asia.
True
Because he could accept neither the democracy of the Levellers nor the centralized religious structure of the Presbyterian gentry, Cromwell's Protectorate ultimately relied on the bayonets of "the army of the saints."
True