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28 Cards in this Set

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Rurik
In the context of early Russia, he was an outsider, a Viking from the North.

Invited to come bring order to the city of Novgorad, where began rule and forced other city-states to peace.

Most likely a folklore; truth is unknown. However, important to Russian history based on idea that Vikings are the ones who started Russia. Vikings viewed very positively by Russians.
Eastern Orthodox Church in early Russia
First and foremost, it was the social glue that held early Russia together.

In the 10th century, Vladimir converted while ruling Kiev in order to have better relations with and more money from Constantinople, which is where the church is centered.

The establishment of the church was one of the most important things about the Vikings' presence in Russia.
Mongol & Boyar impact on early Russia
Group that came from the north and conquered Kiev and Moscow.

A naturally conquering people; status based on being a warrior.

Weren't many in the group, so they had to rely on a bigger group to push their agenda and run their empire.

Members of the other, bigger group were native-born Russians and Slavic speakers who were willing to serve and were then considered to be traitors b/c they suppressed their own people.

Did not want to unify Russia.

The rule of these 2 groups was a very bleak time in Russia.
Battle of Kulikovo (1380)
Muscovites were a dozen wealthy men/princes who ruled Moscow.

Decided to take on a group of Mongols and won; a very big deal b/c many had tried to take out the Mongols in the past and were all slaughtered.

This battle remembered as the end of the Mongols and really put Moscow on the map.

Though the Muscovites won, they still had to pay the Mongols for 100 years.
Concept of "Czar/Tsar" and Moscow as "Third Rome"
Basically means "Caesar", term created Russification of Caesar of Rome

Russians chose this term for their rulers to give prestige to their leadership

Invented a connection between Russian history and the great Roman empire; created a pedigree since they didn't have one; pretended they had a proud past instead of one of caves and farms

Started calling Moscow The Third Rome in a religious and political sense, as if Moscow was the new capital of Christianity
Problem of czarist succession
Ivan the Terrible named one of his sons as his successor, but in a moment of drunken anger, Ivan killed his son and never named another successor

Peter the Great's son Alexis got mixed up in a conspiracy against Peter; Peter tortured and killed Alexis as a result. Left with a succession problem similar to post-Ivan
St. Petersburg as "grand city" and "Window to the West"
Peter hated Moscow and wanted a new capital, so he built brand-new city

Brought in architects from Europe and spent incredible amounts of money, builders died from malaria

Was the closest possible spot to the Baltic Sea, the western-most point for trade

Stone city unlike the wooden Moscow, complete with art and architecture

First time in history Russia was taken seriously
Status of serfs under Catherine the Great
Made the lives of serfs worse than any other czar before or after her

Poor treatment of serfs was ironic because she wrote and published works about the end of serfdom

"Good hunting dog worth 100 serfs"

Serfdom was not technically slavery, but may as well have been
Czar Alexander II frees serfs (1861)
Changed Russia by freeing the serfs, not because he wanted to help them, but because the landed aristocrats suggested that Russia abandon serfdom

Freed serfs couldn't find jobs b/c they didn't have skills and b/c there were so many of them

Serfs went to back to landowners for work out of desperation and landowners gave them next to nothing
Tennis Court Oath (1789)
King sent troops to seal up/dismantle the National Assembly that was formed by the Bourgeoisie illegally.

Had been meeting to discuss the need for reforms such as: different tax system, reduced power of king, end of abuses by nobles

Tennis Court Oath was Bourgeoisie's response to the king trying to close the National Assembly: instead of running away, they pledged to not disband until France was on its way to a Constitution.
Bourgeoisie
The middle class

Ranged from small shop owners to wealthy merchants, doctors, lawyers, tradesmen

Led the revolution at all 3 stages

Wanted to change tax system and reduce power of king & nobles
Storming of the Bastille
Bastille held France's cannons, weaponry, and political prisoners

The Bourgeoisie decided to storm the Bastille and the military commander killed many of them.

Meanwhile, the King had gotten wind of their plan and sent troops to the Bastille. When they got there, they ended up siding with the Bourgeoisie and killed the military commander.

This becomes French Independence Day - important b/c it unified middle and lower classes

Historians pick this as beginning of French Revolution
March of the Fishwives to Versailles (1789)
Hot summer; King Louis in Versailles relaxing in cooler environment

Fishwives were poorest of poor

Women and men created a mob march to versailles demanding Louis come back to Paris and deal with their problems; when he said no, thousands invaded and took royal family back to Paris

Clearly, at this point, Louis was no longer running the show/calling the shots
Jacobins
Middle class broke into two groups during the second Reign of Terror Stage: Girondists and Jacobins

Jacobins were radicals who wanted to turn society upside and create reforms to help the poor

They promised universal manhood suffrage

Promised outlawed religion

Promised the exportation of revolution to the rest of Europe

Promised total destruction of the nobility/aristocracy

Promised land redistribution to peasants
Marat, Danton, and Robespierre
All radical, Jacobin leaders

All sent to guillotine

If leaders aren't safe, no one is safe
Thermidorian Reaction Stage
3rd stage in the French Revolution

The return to moderation

Creation of new, moderate government called The Directory; government very unpopular but it was accepted b/c people didn't want to return to radical revolution

French people still looking for a hero who will save their troubled country
Napoleon's Italian Campaign (1796-1797)
French fighting Austrians in Italy

No other general wanted this job b/c it was essentially a death sentence, but Napoleon ended up humiliating and defeating the much larger Austrian army

Made Napoleon popular and stand out as a military genius, liberator, and good administrator (Italians paid taxes to France, but ran their own affairs)

Directory was impressed and took Napoleon in as a military advisor
Napoleon's crowning as emperor
Was involved in conspiracy to topple the Directory; succeeded

Proclaimed First Consul (was originally 3-man dictatorship, but Napoleon shoved them out)

Power to create all laws, to command all troops & wage war, to tax & spend govt money, and to conduct all foreign policy

Vote was held and 99.9% approved of his powers
Napoleon's continental system
Also known as Code Napoleon

Purpose was to create/sustain French unity; all French law covers all of France, no benefits/exceptions for aristocrats

Middle class guaranteed civil liberties, protection of property, public schools, freer trade system

Aristocracy invited back

Catholic church reopened (concordat)

Universal manhood suffrage for poor

Napoleon's code made him the ultimate modernizer and increased his popularity further
Napoleon's Russian campaign
Had spent 6 years trying to enforce continental system

Marches Army all the way to Poland on Russian border at the same time that Britain is at war with the US

Alexander Czar of Russia begins retreat

Battle at Borodino - French victory

Defeat at Moscow
Congress of Vienna (1815)
Had to decide how to redraw the European map because Napoleon had redrawn so many lines

Prince Klmens von Metternich (Austrain) wanted to create balance of power

Austria heart of central Europe

France remained in tact in order to keep balance against British

Idea was that future wars could be prevented through balance of power
Treaty of Nanking (1842)
Result of Opium Wars between British and Chinese

British to receive many benefits including:

Lease on HongKong

5 treaty ports were opened for British

Emperor pays millions to British for the damage to opium, cost of war, etc.

Most favored nation trading status: any future Chinese trade agreements would automatically give Britain a better deal
China's policy of self-strengthening
Also known as Tzu Chiang

Emperor created this in light of Treaty of Nanking

Britain sold lots of lower-quality guns to China

Tzu Chiang was "paper tiger"

The idea was that if future wars were started that China would think they were well-armed, but they actually wouldn't be
Hung Hsiu-chuuan
Leaders of one of the secret societies that became increasingly politicized

One of the leaders of the Taiping Revolt

Chuuan tied his political revolution to a religious crusade - told his followers that he'd had a revalation from God, that he was Jesus' brother and that he was the Messiah
Taiping Revolt
Wanted to destroy Manchus

Wanted to purify China: get rid of slavery, alcohol, opium, etc.

Wanted equality of men & women

Wanted collectivization of land for peasants

Revolt lasted 14 years, they failed to topple the Manchus and it was one of the bloodiest wars of all time
"spheres of Influence" in China
cultural, economic, political, military influence

British, French, Japanese, German, Russian

Foreign nations took advantage of China by controlling trade
Empress Dowager
Manchu empress

Refused to adopt Western models of government

Supported self-strengthening movement

Boxer Rebellion and invasion of Allies

Viewed as tyrant and villain responsible for fall of the dynasty
Taxation problem in France before Revolution
One of the most screwed up tax systems in the world

2 groups paid virtually no tax: landed aristocracy/nobility and the church hierarchy

Middle class and poor paid virtually al the taxes though they were 11/13 of population