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28 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Rurik
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In the context of early Russia, he was an outsider, a Viking from the North.
Invited to come bring order to the city of Novgorad, where began rule and forced other city-states to peace. Most likely a folklore; truth is unknown. However, important to Russian history based on idea that Vikings are the ones who started Russia. Vikings viewed very positively by Russians. |
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Eastern Orthodox Church in early Russia
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First and foremost, it was the social glue that held early Russia together.
In the 10th century, Vladimir converted while ruling Kiev in order to have better relations with and more money from Constantinople, which is where the church is centered. The establishment of the church was one of the most important things about the Vikings' presence in Russia. |
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Mongol & Boyar impact on early Russia
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Group that came from the north and conquered Kiev and Moscow.
A naturally conquering people; status based on being a warrior. Weren't many in the group, so they had to rely on a bigger group to push their agenda and run their empire. Members of the other, bigger group were native-born Russians and Slavic speakers who were willing to serve and were then considered to be traitors b/c they suppressed their own people. Did not want to unify Russia. The rule of these 2 groups was a very bleak time in Russia. |
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Battle of Kulikovo (1380)
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Muscovites were a dozen wealthy men/princes who ruled Moscow.
Decided to take on a group of Mongols and won; a very big deal b/c many had tried to take out the Mongols in the past and were all slaughtered. This battle remembered as the end of the Mongols and really put Moscow on the map. Though the Muscovites won, they still had to pay the Mongols for 100 years. |
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Concept of "Czar/Tsar" and Moscow as "Third Rome"
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Basically means "Caesar", term created Russification of Caesar of Rome
Russians chose this term for their rulers to give prestige to their leadership Invented a connection between Russian history and the great Roman empire; created a pedigree since they didn't have one; pretended they had a proud past instead of one of caves and farms Started calling Moscow The Third Rome in a religious and political sense, as if Moscow was the new capital of Christianity |
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Problem of czarist succession
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Ivan the Terrible named one of his sons as his successor, but in a moment of drunken anger, Ivan killed his son and never named another successor
Peter the Great's son Alexis got mixed up in a conspiracy against Peter; Peter tortured and killed Alexis as a result. Left with a succession problem similar to post-Ivan |
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St. Petersburg as "grand city" and "Window to the West"
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Peter hated Moscow and wanted a new capital, so he built brand-new city
Brought in architects from Europe and spent incredible amounts of money, builders died from malaria Was the closest possible spot to the Baltic Sea, the western-most point for trade Stone city unlike the wooden Moscow, complete with art and architecture First time in history Russia was taken seriously |
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Status of serfs under Catherine the Great
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Made the lives of serfs worse than any other czar before or after her
Poor treatment of serfs was ironic because she wrote and published works about the end of serfdom "Good hunting dog worth 100 serfs" Serfdom was not technically slavery, but may as well have been |
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Czar Alexander II frees serfs (1861)
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Changed Russia by freeing the serfs, not because he wanted to help them, but because the landed aristocrats suggested that Russia abandon serfdom
Freed serfs couldn't find jobs b/c they didn't have skills and b/c there were so many of them Serfs went to back to landowners for work out of desperation and landowners gave them next to nothing |
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Tennis Court Oath (1789)
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King sent troops to seal up/dismantle the National Assembly that was formed by the Bourgeoisie illegally.
Had been meeting to discuss the need for reforms such as: different tax system, reduced power of king, end of abuses by nobles Tennis Court Oath was Bourgeoisie's response to the king trying to close the National Assembly: instead of running away, they pledged to not disband until France was on its way to a Constitution. |
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Bourgeoisie
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The middle class
Ranged from small shop owners to wealthy merchants, doctors, lawyers, tradesmen Led the revolution at all 3 stages Wanted to change tax system and reduce power of king & nobles |
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Storming of the Bastille
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Bastille held France's cannons, weaponry, and political prisoners
The Bourgeoisie decided to storm the Bastille and the military commander killed many of them. Meanwhile, the King had gotten wind of their plan and sent troops to the Bastille. When they got there, they ended up siding with the Bourgeoisie and killed the military commander. This becomes French Independence Day - important b/c it unified middle and lower classes Historians pick this as beginning of French Revolution |
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March of the Fishwives to Versailles (1789)
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Hot summer; King Louis in Versailles relaxing in cooler environment
Fishwives were poorest of poor Women and men created a mob march to versailles demanding Louis come back to Paris and deal with their problems; when he said no, thousands invaded and took royal family back to Paris Clearly, at this point, Louis was no longer running the show/calling the shots |
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Jacobins
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Middle class broke into two groups during the second Reign of Terror Stage: Girondists and Jacobins
Jacobins were radicals who wanted to turn society upside and create reforms to help the poor They promised universal manhood suffrage Promised outlawed religion Promised the exportation of revolution to the rest of Europe Promised total destruction of the nobility/aristocracy Promised land redistribution to peasants |
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Marat, Danton, and Robespierre
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All radical, Jacobin leaders
All sent to guillotine If leaders aren't safe, no one is safe |
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Thermidorian Reaction Stage
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3rd stage in the French Revolution
The return to moderation Creation of new, moderate government called The Directory; government very unpopular but it was accepted b/c people didn't want to return to radical revolution French people still looking for a hero who will save their troubled country |
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Napoleon's Italian Campaign (1796-1797)
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French fighting Austrians in Italy
No other general wanted this job b/c it was essentially a death sentence, but Napoleon ended up humiliating and defeating the much larger Austrian army Made Napoleon popular and stand out as a military genius, liberator, and good administrator (Italians paid taxes to France, but ran their own affairs) Directory was impressed and took Napoleon in as a military advisor |
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Napoleon's crowning as emperor
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Was involved in conspiracy to topple the Directory; succeeded
Proclaimed First Consul (was originally 3-man dictatorship, but Napoleon shoved them out) Power to create all laws, to command all troops & wage war, to tax & spend govt money, and to conduct all foreign policy Vote was held and 99.9% approved of his powers |
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Napoleon's continental system
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Also known as Code Napoleon
Purpose was to create/sustain French unity; all French law covers all of France, no benefits/exceptions for aristocrats Middle class guaranteed civil liberties, protection of property, public schools, freer trade system Aristocracy invited back Catholic church reopened (concordat) Universal manhood suffrage for poor Napoleon's code made him the ultimate modernizer and increased his popularity further |
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Napoleon's Russian campaign
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Had spent 6 years trying to enforce continental system
Marches Army all the way to Poland on Russian border at the same time that Britain is at war with the US Alexander Czar of Russia begins retreat Battle at Borodino - French victory Defeat at Moscow |
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Congress of Vienna (1815)
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Had to decide how to redraw the European map because Napoleon had redrawn so many lines
Prince Klmens von Metternich (Austrain) wanted to create balance of power Austria heart of central Europe France remained in tact in order to keep balance against British Idea was that future wars could be prevented through balance of power |
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Treaty of Nanking (1842)
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Result of Opium Wars between British and Chinese
British to receive many benefits including: Lease on HongKong 5 treaty ports were opened for British Emperor pays millions to British for the damage to opium, cost of war, etc. Most favored nation trading status: any future Chinese trade agreements would automatically give Britain a better deal |
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China's policy of self-strengthening
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Also known as Tzu Chiang
Emperor created this in light of Treaty of Nanking Britain sold lots of lower-quality guns to China Tzu Chiang was "paper tiger" The idea was that if future wars were started that China would think they were well-armed, but they actually wouldn't be |
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Hung Hsiu-chuuan
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Leaders of one of the secret societies that became increasingly politicized
One of the leaders of the Taiping Revolt Chuuan tied his political revolution to a religious crusade - told his followers that he'd had a revalation from God, that he was Jesus' brother and that he was the Messiah |
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Taiping Revolt
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Wanted to destroy Manchus
Wanted to purify China: get rid of slavery, alcohol, opium, etc. Wanted equality of men & women Wanted collectivization of land for peasants Revolt lasted 14 years, they failed to topple the Manchus and it was one of the bloodiest wars of all time |
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"spheres of Influence" in China
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cultural, economic, political, military influence
British, French, Japanese, German, Russian Foreign nations took advantage of China by controlling trade |
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Empress Dowager
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Manchu empress
Refused to adopt Western models of government Supported self-strengthening movement Boxer Rebellion and invasion of Allies Viewed as tyrant and villain responsible for fall of the dynasty |
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Taxation problem in France before Revolution
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One of the most screwed up tax systems in the world
2 groups paid virtually no tax: landed aristocracy/nobility and the church hierarchy Middle class and poor paid virtually al the taxes though they were 11/13 of population |