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39 Cards in this Set
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Arab states' political association, founded in 1945. Organization that promoted Arab solidarity and worked for common economic goals.
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Arab league
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- (1936-1939) An uprising in protest against mass Jewish Immigration, by Arabs in the British Mandate of Palestine. WHY:
-after peel commission: unitary state couldnt be created out of contradictions in balfour, mandate should be terminated and create arab/british states -no one willing to give up claims to absolute sovereignty -arab violence renewed with peel announcement -no national organization of violence -british strong troop showing, harsh punishments -jewish forces grow in strength -failed to stop british as mandate power |
Arab Revolt
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a number of opposition groups joined as the Committee of Union and Progress, also known as the Young Turks. In 1908, the military coup led by the Young Turks forced the sultan to become a constitutional monarch with limited power. When, in 1909, 20,000 Armenians were killed the Young Turks blamed the sultan for the massacre, but they also might have been joined in it. Eventually, the Young Turks declared a state of siege and suspended constitutional rights. Some Young Turks sought a purer nationalism, a “Turkism” that would replace the Ottoman Empire. The Armenians were Christians in a Muslim state, and the Armenians were discriminated by the Turks.
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Armenian Genocide
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(1917) agreement of establishment in Palestine of a national home for Jewish people. British claimed to use their best endeavors to facilitate this without prejudicing the civil and religious rights of existing non-Jewish communities in Palestine.
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Balfour Declaration
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First Prime Minister of Israel. Had a passion for Zionism. Founded the state of Israel.
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Ben Gurion
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(1920-1948) Mandate system of British control, sanctioned by the new League of Nations. Britain took over Palestine and 3 Ottoman provinces of Mesopotamia and created modern-day Iraq. Soon after, Arab resistance movements emerged.
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British Mandate
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Mandate system of French control, sanctioned by the new League of Nations. Syria and Lebanon went to the French. Soon after the war, Arab resistance movements emerged.
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French Mandate
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Palestinians who live near the Mediterranean Sea.
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Gaza Strip
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- land is under contention between Israel and Syria. Plateau looking over Jordan River & Sea of Galilee. It is a strategic location for fighting. Being at the top of the hill = good. Land belong to Israel, Syria wants it back from 6-day war, no religion until give back.
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Golan Heights
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U.S. committee sent by 1919 paris peace conference to ascertain syrian and palestinian aspirations, but its report, sympathetic to Arab nationalism, was not acted upon.
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High Commissioner
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exchange of letters, concerning the future political status of the Arab lands under the Ottoman Empire. Formed by British & Zionists
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Husayn-‐McMahon Correspondence
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It was used to raise money with which to buy land in Israel.
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Jewish Agency & National Council
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King of Saudi Arabia. rescued country's finances & implemented policy of modernization & reform. Main foreign policy: pan-Israelism, Anti-communism, & anti-Zionism. established judicial system, universities, and agricultural/industrial polices. Established ministry of justice & introduced first "5 year plan" for economic development.
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King Faisal
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Israel's unicameral legislature
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Knesset
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treaty between turkey and its allies in WWI, replacing the treaty of sevres. - July 24, 1923 after Mustafa Kemal consolidated power (defeated greeks 3 times, treaty with Italy, France and Britain, defeated Sultan, rallied support of troops). Thrace was divided between Greece and Turkey (they got Edirne). Straits given back to Turkey but open to all. Mosuc given to Iraq in 1925. Hagia Sophia turned into a museum
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Lausanne Conference of 1922
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Founder and President of the Republic of Turkey. Fall of Ottomans allowed him to seize power in Turkey and embark on a program of modernization and secularization. Abolished the Caliphite, emancipated women, enforced western dress and the use of Turkish.
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Mustafa Kemal
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"day of castastrophe" UN proposed paritioning of British mandate. . the war, in which the Palestinian Arabs failed to prevent the establishment of a Jewish state according to the partition plan, an estimated 700,000 Palestinian refugees, and the destruction and abandonment of up to 418 Palestinian villages are called al-Nakba ("The Catastrophe") by Palestinians. Israel declared its independence from the United Kingdom on the evening of May 14, 1948. That same night five of the seven countries of the Arab League launched a military operation against Israel; this marks the start of the 1948 Arab-Israeli War. The Israel Defence Forces defeated the armies of Egypt, Syria, Transjordan, Lebanon and Iraq and seized just over fifty per cent of the territory allocated for an Arab state in the partition. After the end of the war, the vast majority of Palestinian Arab refugees outside the 1949 armistice lines were barred by the Israelis from returning to their homes, many of which had been destroyed and seized, or from reclaiming their property.
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Nakba
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1) Desire of a group of people to preserve or obtain common statehood; (2) ideology stressing loyalty to the nation-state or seeking independence of a national group.
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Nationalism
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(1993-1995) Yitzkah Rabin (Israel) meets with Yassir Arafat and Bill Clinton; PLO recognizes Israel, renounces violence; Israel recognizes PLO as reps. of Palestine, will withdraw from Gaza; PA created . first direct, face-to-face agreement between Israel and political representatives of Palestinians.
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Oslo Peace Process
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1908. force-formed by Turkish intellectuals called 'Ittihat ve Terakki Cemiyeti'. The muslim population in Ottoman Empire which these people belonged were mostly uneducated. Literacy was 3%. The empire was falling. All the trade belonged to foreign merchants. They wanted to resurrect empire by industrializing and education of muslim part of Ottoman Empire. What they did build a base for Republic of Turkey, without what was done during these constitutions there was no chance to enact the reforms during first years of Turkish Republic.
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Ottoman Constitution
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Palestinian National Authorty. the president is Mahmoud Abbas
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Palestinian Authority
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Palestinian Liberation Organization. Founded 1964 by Yassir Arafat. Used terrorism as its original means of dealing with the Arab-Israeli situation. founded by the Arab League –NASSIR; to control anger and to stop the conflict (not the Palestinians); coalition of many organizations that are resistance fighting groups; one state one vote. Long term goal: create secular Palestinian state. Membership made up of Palestinian refugees, original leaders, upper class. Purpose: to help proclaim land that was lost after 1948 war.
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PLO
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Shah of Iran until 1979; Created the SAVAK, Iranian secret police. fled Iran in 1979 as millions protested his government. The trans-iranian railway was created during his reign. Relied on western help to block soviet influence.
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Reza Shah
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an international law that states that it is a human right to return if forced from home; lends enforceability to the UNGAR 194.
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Right of Return
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triangular peninsula in Egypt; ties between the Mediterranean Sea and the Red Sea. Only part of Egyptian territory located in Asia. Divided into 2 Egyptian governorates. Been center of conflict based on location. Was the site of fierce fighting between Egyptian & Israeli forces. After Israel-Egypt Peace treaty of 1979, Israel withdrew
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Sinai Peninsula
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public debt commission; Man made canal between the Mediterranean and Red seas.
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Suez Canal
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agreement between the governments of the UK and France, with the assent of Imperial Russia, defining their respective spheres of influence and control in west Asia after the expected downfall of the Ottoman Empire during World War I.
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Sykes-‐Picot Agreement
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considered the father of Zionism. It was him who gave practical form to the Zionist vision and created the diplomatic connections that would make the creation of the State of Israel possible. He came to the realization that there would always be anti-semitism unless the Jews had a country of their own. He published "A Jewish State" in which he outlined the steps necessary to build and develop a functioning state. For him Zionism was about solving Zionism. He turned to the Russian and Eastern European Jews for support. He also called the 1st Zionist World Congress.
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Theodore Herzl
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in 1947- the UN issued a plan that split up the Israel/Palestine territory into: he Palestinians would receive three parts, the Israelis would receive three parts, and there would be one international part. This plan did not work. end the Palestinian mandate, split the land into two states after 2 years, make Jerusalem an international city
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UN Resolution 181
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massacres in the middle of Jerusalem causing attacks in cities. Arab community leaders flee, precipitating panic due to encouragement by Arab leadership to leave Palastine for duration of war. By end of 1948 there thousands of refugees outside borders of Palestine. Israel passed a law that forbid the return of the refugees. resolution was meant to deal with this problem as well as others, with a view to ending the war. The mediation mechanism proposed eventually resulted in an Armistice. Provisions regarding the refugees and economic aid for reconstruction were never implemented. The resolution concerning internationalization of Jerusalem, based on Resolution 181, had been a dead letter from the beginning. Earlier, the Arab side had refused to consent to it, now, neither side would agree on it.
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UN Resolution 194
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tried to do withdraw Israeli troops from occupied areas. (1967) 1. taking land by force is illegal 2. each state must respect each other’s security 3. peace may be obtained by trading land.
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UN Resolution 242
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The U.N. General Assembly established the U.N. Relief and Works Agency (UNRWA) in 1949 as temporary agency focused on relief work for the Palestinians. began operating in 1950.Hundreds of thousands of Palestinians became refugees in the war that began when the Palestinians and their Arab allies attacked the fledgling Jewish state the day after its formation in 1948. Some were purposely flushed from their homes as Jewish forces sought to secure key roads and pacify areas from which Jewish communities had been attacked. Some were encouraged to leave by the Arab states, which told the refugees that they could return shortly to claim the spoils after the Jews were killed. Many simply fled what had become a combat zone. The Palestinians constituted just one of many refugee populations in the years after World War II, and many outsiders expected their case to be the easiest of the post-war refugee crises to resolve. Many found shelter in neighboring countries that shared their language, religion and culture, and where many of them had blood ties.
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UNRWA
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Unofficial Egyption delegation to the 1919 Paris Peace Conference. Egypts main nationalist party from 1923 to 1952, revived in. zaghlul was leader: exiled after 1919 revolution, this led to riots eventually became revolution of 1919. Wanted to use education as political tool to convince ordinary egyptians to join nationalist movement. eventually lost legitimacy because of nepotism and corruption and when they signed the Anglo-Egyptian treaty. power struggle between Wafd, Faysal, and British Muslim brotherhood emerge for Egyptians as more legit and popular.
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Wafd
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Israel proclaims independence; next day Arab states attack Israel – win and expand territory by capturing majority of Arab state – 700,000 Palestinian refugees. Consequences: Israel increases in size, Jordan annexes West Bank and Gaza Strip, Palestine disappears, PALESTINIANS PEOPLE OF NEW DISASPORA
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War of 1948
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The attack followed Egypt's decision of 26 July 1956 to nationalize the Suez Canal after the withdrawal of an offer by Britain and the United States to fund the building of the Aswan Dam.
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War of 1956
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Six Days War; Powerful Egypt cuts off Israeli access to Red Sea. Israel captured the West Bank and Gaza Strip from Egypt and Jordan. Won by Israel. Consequence: The Israelis say they need "defensible borders", Palestinians say that the disputed land is "occupied territory.”
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War of 1967
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palestinians along jordan river.
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West Bank
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Chairman of the Palestine Liberation Organization, President of the Palestinian National Authority, and leader of the secular Fatah political party. Originally opposed to Israel's existence, modified his position when he accepted UN Security Council Resolution 242. Displayed these three characteristics: Wanting Peace, Showing Diplomacy, & Using terrorist tactics.
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Yassir Arafat
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An international political movement that originally supported the reestablishment of a homeland for the Jewish People in the historic Land of Israel, later on called Palestine, and continues primarily as support for the modern state of Israel. Partly based upon historical ties and religious traditions linking the Jewish people to the Land of Israel (region which, according to the Hebrew Bible, was promised by God to the descendants of Abraham through his son Isaac) where the concept of Jewish nationhood first evolved.
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Zionism
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