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27 Cards in this Set

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History
from the Greek, historia, meaning "inquiry, knowledge acquired by investigation", study of the past, particularly how it relates to humans. Historians both record and analyze historical events to determine patterns of cause and effect.
Civilization
from the Latin, civis, meaning "city", a complex society characterized by urban development, social stratification, written communication, and domination over the natural environment. Also, the culture of said society. Civilizations depend on agriculture, are politically, economically, and socially complex, and tend to expand and influence other societies even beyond zenith.
Parliament
Legislative body works with ruler (+ PM). In 17th C. England, King Charles exceeded his powers and Parliament retaliated. Open warfare between king and government: royalists "Cavaliers" and parliamentary "Roundheads." King forced to surrender, Roundhead Cromwell takes over, beheads Charles I, disbands Parliament, future Charles II in exile until after Cromwell dies. English Civil War.
Louis XIV
King of France (r. 1643-1715), absolutist, "Sun King", taxed heavily but never enough to support armies for unification and colonization
Mercantilism
Economic counterpart of political absolutism. The dominant school of thought in Europe from 15th-18th C. Mercantilism was economic warfare and fueled the imperialism of this era. The goal of mercantilist economic policies was to build up the state, especially with incessant warfare, and the state should look for ways to strengthen the economy and weaken foreign adversaries.
Glorious Revolution
England had established Anglican (Protestant) as religion. After King James attempted to grant freedom of religion to non-Anglicans by suspending acts of Parliament by royal decree and James's "son" was born, William (married to James' daughter Mary) agreed to invade. James was defeated and exiled. William and Mary co-regents. James last Catholic leader of England.
Isaac Newton
English physicist and mathematician, 1642 – 1726, one of the most influential scientists of all time and key figure in the scientific revolution. Known for his 'Laws' of physics, optics, and calculus.
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
German, 1756 –1791, Classical era child prodigy and composer. Prolific from age 5 to his death in many genre: symphony, opera, concerto, choral (both liturgical and secular). Influenced by his European travels and by Bach. Profound influence on future composers and such as Beethoven.
Frederick the Great
German, Kingdom of Prussia r. 1740 - 1786. He was influential military theorist whose analysis emerged from his extensive personal battlefield experience and covered issues of strategy, tactics, mobility and logistics. Also a proponent of enlightened absolutism. Reorganization of Prussian armies and success against great odds in the Seven Years' War.
Baron de Montesquieu
French, 1689 – 1755, a French lawyer and political philosopher during Enlightenment. Famous for articulation of theory of separation of powers, which is many constitutions throughout the world. Did more than any other author to secure the place of the word despotism in the political lexicon. Cited more by American founders than any source except the Bible. Leader of study of anthropology.
Voltaire
French, 1694 – 1778, Enlightenment writer, historian, and philosopher famous for wit, attacks on Catholic Church, and advocacy of freedom of religion, freedom of expression, and separation of church and state. Voltaire was versatile writer, with plays, poems, novels, essays, and historical and scientific works. He wrote more than 20,000 letters and more than 2,000 books and pamphlets.
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
French, 1712 –1778, Genevan philosopher, writer, and composer of 18th C. His political philosophy influenced French Revolution and overall development of modern political, sociological, and educational thought. One of the philosophes of the Enlightenment.
Third Estate
Before the Revolution, 97% of France's population: the bourgeoisie and wage-labourers, also rural free peasants (who owned their own land) who could be prosperous and villeins (serfs, or peasants working on a noble's land). 612 reps from 3rd Estate called for radical set of reforms after Louis XIV led France into crippling debt and inflation. This led to Revolution.
Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen
a fundamental document of the French Revolution and in the history of human rights. directly influenced by Thomas Jefferson, also by the doctrine of "natural right." Inspired in part by American Revolution, and also by Enlightenment philosophers, it was a statement of core values of French revolution and had major impact on the development of liberty and democracy in Europe and worldwide.
Maximilien Robespierre
French lawyer and politician, 1758 – 1794, Influenced by 18th C. Enlightenment philosophes Rousseau and Montesquieu, outspoken re: beliefs of left-wing bourgeoisie. He was executed in July 1794.
Committee of Public Safety
Formed the de facto executive government in France during the Reign of Terror (1793–1794), a stage of the French Revolution. As a wartime measure, the Committee was given broad supervisory powers over military, judicial, and legislative efforts. The power of the Committee peaked under Robespierre and after his execution, Thermidorian Reaction against Committee, which was then disestablished.
Napoleone Buonaparte (Napoleon)
French military and political leader who rose to prominence during the French Revolution. Emperor 1804-1814, and in 1815. lead France in Revolutionary Wars and Napoleonic Wars. Won majority of 60 major battles and seized control of most of continental Europe before his ultimate defeat in 1815. One of the greatest commanders in history, his campaigns are studied at military schools worldwide and he remains one of the most celebrated and controversial political figures in Western history. In civil affairs, Napoleon implemented several liberal reforms across Europe, including the abolition of feudalism, the establishment of legal equality and religious toleration, and the legalization of divorce. His lasting legal achievement, the Napoleonic Code, has been adopted by dozens of nations around the world.
James Watt
1736-1819, Scottish inventor and mechanical engineer whose improvements to the steam engine were fundamental to the changes brought by the Industrial Revolution in both his native Great Britain and the rest of the world. He developed the concept of horsepower, the unit of power, the watt, was named after him.
Urbanization
Phenomenon closely linked to modernization and industrialization. A population shift from rural to urban areas. Agricultural and industrial revolution in late 18th C. brought unprecedented growth in urban population over 19th C., both migration from countryside and due to tremendous demographic expansion. In England, urban population jumped from 17% in 1801 to 72% in 1891 (for other countries the figure was: 37% in France, 41% in Prussia and 28% in the United States).
Industrial Revolution
The transition period to new manufacturing processes from 1760 to about 1840. New chemical manufacturing and iron production, improved efficiency of water power, increasing use of steam power, and development of machine tools. Change from wood and other bio-fuels to coal. Textiles were dominant industry. A major turning point in history; almost every aspect of daily life was influenced in some way. In particular, average income and population began to exhibit unprecedented sustained growth. Some economists say that the major impact of the Industrial Revolution was that the standard of living for the general population began to increase consistently for the first time in history
Machine
A tool containing one or more parts that uses energy to perform an intended action. Can be simple (lever) or complex (computer). Development of machine-based manufacturing led to Industrial Revolutions (specifically mechanization of the textile industries, the development of iron-making techniques and the increased use of refined coal.)
1812 Russian campaign
French Invasion of Russia across the Neman River. Napoleon hoped to compel Tsar to cease trading with British and pressure UK to sue for peace. Officially, to liberate Poland from the threat of Russia. 680,000 french soldiers chased retreating Russians while Cossacks burned and destroyed anything in their path so French would have no natural supplies. French won largest and bloodiest single-day action of the Napoleonic Wars, involving more than 250,000 soldiers and resulting in 70,000 casualties at Borodino near Moscow, but Russians did not surrender at Moscow. They burned it, leaving French without supplies again. French retreated nearly 6 months after starting with 380,000 men dead and 100,000 captured. This turning point in the Napoleonic Wars triggered a major shift in European politics.
Decembrists
Russian army officers led about 3,000 soldiers in protest against Nicholas I's assumption of the throne after his elder brother Constantine removed himself from line of succession. Because these events occurred in December, the rebels were called the Decembrists.
Karl Marx
1818 –1883 German philosopher, economist, sociologist, journalist, and revolutionary socialist. Marx's work in economics laid the basis for much of the current understanding of labour and its relation to capital, and subsequent economic thought. The Communist Manifesto and Das Kapital. One of the three principal architects of modern social science.
Friedrich Engels
1820 – 1895 German social scientist, author, political theorist, philosopher, and progenitor of Marxist theory, with Karl Marx. Lifelong friend of Marx.
Romanticism
An artistic, literary, and intellectual movement originating in Europe toward the end of the 18th century and peaking from 1800 to 1850. A Counter-Enlightenment reaction to Industrial Revolution, it was strong in the visual arts, music, and literature. Emphasized intense emotion and promoted individual imagination. It had a significant and complex effect on politics, and while for much of the Romantic period it was associated with liberalism and radicalism, its long-term effect on the growth of nationalism was perhaps more significant.
French Revolution of 1848
aka February Revolution. Overthrow of Louis Philippe, the last king of France, and creation of the French Second Republic. Because political gatherings and demonstrations were outlawed in France, activists of the largely middle class opposition to the government (class conflict) began to hold a series of fund-raising banquets until all political banquets were outlawed by the French government in February 1848. Crowds of Parisians erected barricades in the streets of Paris, and fighting broke out between the citizens and the Parisian municipal guards. The Prime Minister resigned and crowds swarmed, soldiers fixed bayonets and a soldier (accidentally) discharged his musket, so others followed. 52 people were killed. King Louis Philippe abdicated and fled to the UK.