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79 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Estates General
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the parliament that was called after 175 years of not meeting; for 6 weeks the king and estate would not accomplish anything…so many left
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“Oath of the Tennis Court”
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the people that were leaving the estates decided they were going to form a new government and write a new constitution-first day of French Revolution-even though they were locked out of their original meeting place, they met in the Tennis Court and swore they would not give up
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Bastille
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the people of Paris saw this (old fort) prison as a plac of oppression, so they mob the place and the Bastille falls
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Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen
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Document of Revoluiton in France
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Committee of Public Safety
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Reign of Terror-these people became very paranoid and cut off 1000s of people’s heads…sometimes for very little reason
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Maximilien Robespierre
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head of this reign of terror
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Louis Saint
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Robespierre’s sidekick
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Napoleon Bonaparte
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“man on a horse” and “little corporal”-from Italian culture, but became French general
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Popular Sufferage
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giving some rights such as voting, but also taking some away
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Popular Sovereignty
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votes don’t count
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Meritocracy
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you should be in charge not because you inherited it, but because you earned it
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what drove Napoleon to power?
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Nationalism
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“Continental System”
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people from conquered land became upset because their country was being used for France’s advantage
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Guerrilla
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“little war”-originated in Spain
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Tsar Alexander I
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opposes Napoleon
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Prince Clemens von Metternich
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chancellor of Austria that ran Austrian empire even though he was second in charge
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The Hundred Days
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Napoleon comes back from Elba and he is welcomed and he gets an army together again
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Robert Stewart, Lord Castlereagh
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minister of Great Britatin
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1848 Revolutions
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Europe has calmed down, and things are falling into place
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Unification of Italy and Germany
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Italy unified from many states to a country, same for Germany
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August Comte
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French philosopher, influential thinker, his ideas were ignored for a while but was later appreciated after his death; Positivism
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Materialism & Perfectibility
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optimistic thinking, looking to science for answers
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Charles Darwin
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“Survivor of the fittest”; natural selection
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Herbert Spencer
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Good stuff will win in the long run
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Social Darwinism
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applying some of the good ideas of Darwin and apply it to society; good will ultimately win
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August Weismann
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geneticist that wanted to understand what is inherited
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Houston Stewart Chamberlain
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thought all great men were German descent
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Imperialism and Colonialism
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Europe ought to rule the world because they have the better genes
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The Old Regime
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The old order; political and social system of France in the eighteenth century before the French Revolution
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Natioanal Assembly
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This was the third estate that was a true representation of the French nation and took the Oath of the Tennis Court
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Calonne
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Control general of finances in France who tried to help France's financial situation, but was turned away
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Abbe Sieyes
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Critical leader of the third estate (National Assembly)
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Olympe de Gouges
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revolutionary author of the Declaration of the Rights of Woman and Citizen
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Georges Danton
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popular orator who opposed the war and rivaled Robespierre
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Civil Constitution of the Clergy
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priest now became the equivalent of paid agents of the state
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Reign of Terror
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The period from 1793-1794 when Maximilien Robespierre assumed leadership of the Committee of Public Safety and oversaw the revolutionary tribunals that sentenced about 40,000 people to execution
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“Jingoism”
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attitude of the people of Europe where it is certain to happen “By Joe…”; fight at the drop at the hat for not necessarily good reasons, serious nationalism
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The Black Hand
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wants Bosnia to bread away from Austria and join Serbia
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Franz Ferdinand
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arch duke; next emperor; went down to Bosnia on their national day to tell them about “Trialism”, but he was assassinated
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“Trialism”
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three; Austria empire consist of Austria and Hungary, but now lets include Bosnia; this will cause less revolt
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Gavrilo Princep
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he volunteered to kill the arch duke (19 years old)
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Kaiser Wilhelm II
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Caesar of Germany
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Tsar Nicholas II
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ruler of Russia
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Triple Entente
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Russia, France, Britain
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Triple Alliance
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Austria-Hungary, Germany, Italy
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Alfred von Schlieffen
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created Schlieffen plan, which was designed to help Germany win a two front war
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Schlieffen plan
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o France (motto: revenge) is more likely to get into the battlefield compared to Russia, so throw all they got at France first and sack Paris
o They have to go through neutral Belgium, to surround Paris completely and close in on it like pac man, however, Belgium threw them off and it just came into a street fight style…trench war o Hypothetically, While Russia is preparing, Germany can recover and head back to get to Russian front |
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"Pistol Theory”
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British foreign policy that includes the thought that whoever gets control of the Low Countries it was like pointing a loaded pistol to the heart of Britain
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Concordat
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recognized Catholicism as the religion of the French and restored the Roman Catholic hierarchy
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Code Napolean
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the recodification of French law carried out during Napolean's reign
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Luddites
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workers who damaged and destroyed property/machines for more control over the work process, but such destruction met with severe repression
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Chartism
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an English working-class reform movement that flourished in the 1830s and 1840s and that demanded universal male sufferage (right to vote), payment for parliamentary service, equal electoral districts, and secret ballots
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John Stuart Mill
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Wrote On Liberty; he also wrote Principles of Political Economy; went beyond existing political analyses to apply economic doctirnes to social conditions; he espoused social reform fo rht epoor and championed the equality of women and the necessity of birth control
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Charles X
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assumed throne in 1824 and dedicated himself to the constitutional monarchy; realigned the monarchy with Catholic Church and undertook several unpopular measures including approval of the death penalty for people who were found guilty of sacrilege
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Romanticism
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an artistic and literary tradition based on emotions rather than intellect; rejection of classical traditions in favor of "nature"; often associated with nationalism
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Concert of Europe
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"Congress System" was the result of a custom, adopted by the old great powers of Europe. met from time to time in an International Conference in order to plan a solution by mutual agreement whenever a problem arose that threatened peace between European nations. Its founding members were Britain, Austria, Russia and Prussia
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Crimean War
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war that resulted from the fall of the Ottoman Empire and those that wanted its territory (Russia, Great Britain, Austria, Prussia, and France); Russia defeated
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Victor Emmanuel II
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king of united Italy from 1861-1878
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Why did the revolution happen in France? What had Louis XVI to do with it?
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They had a financial situation where the king was totally broke and the government has no money. They had to call the Estates General to order that created the revoluiotn. Louis supported the American Revolution which made the situation worse.
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Why was the French Revolution received positively by many in Europe during its beginning?
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The Declaration of Rights of the Man and Citizen sounded like a good thing to the rest of continent. However, it was very vague so it was simply how it was perceived.
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Why was Louis XVI beheaded?
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treason; he asked for an invasion of his own country to save himself
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Why did the "Reign of Terror" occur?
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France was fighting itself, other countries in Europe; there was a lot of conspiracy; the Committee of Public Safety was purifying through terror
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How could a general Eurpoean war destroy the revolution and make a man like Napolean possible?
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If your nation is fighting for its very life, you turn your eyes to a victorious general, not politics
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Why did Napolean return for his "Hundred Days"? What happened to the attitudes in Europe when it did?
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After being banned to Elba, Napolean realized that everyone was divided again, so he decided he could make a come back; he then has Hundred Days to reign. Attitudes of Europe: punish France for falling for Napolean twice, prevent another Napolean from rising
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Why was the Congress of Vienna necessary?
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they needed to put the map of Europe back together, and to figure out what to do to prevent revolutionaries from popping up all over the place
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How did ideas like popular sufferage, popular sovereignty, and meritocracy spread throughout Europe and make the Congress' job difficult?
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everywhere the French went, they promoted these political theories where people wanted to start them, and the Congress was trying to get to the good old days, but this was difficult with these ideas present
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How was positivism a system relevant to the late 19th century?
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August Comte thought of these ideas where you should rely on material things to make you happy and advance you through life, and this was relavant because of the industrial revolution
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How could Darwin's thoughts aid nationalism and racism?
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Darwin's ideas were taken out of biological context by Herbert Spencer who believed that good things would survive, but this was contrewed where whatever is winning now must be good, which leads to nationalism and Racism (i.e. Chamberlain)
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Why was racism popular in late 19th century Europe?
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it was an explanation for their success (genetics)
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Why was WWI such an incredible new experience for Europe?
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There had not been a huge war since 1815, and there hadn't been a major war since 1870s; industrial revolution has created new weapons and such that had never been used: gas masks, radio, shell bombs, etc.
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How would "trialism" have worked?
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"threeism": Austrian empire turned into Austrian-hungaryian emprire and then included Slovia; this allowed everyone to have a part in government; revolutionaries in Bosnia didn't like it becuase then they would never have their own rule
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What made the Schlieffen Plan attractive to the German high command?
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it was a way to fight a two front war and win
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What was the fundamental difference of interpretation between the Allies and the German regarding the end of WWI?
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Germans were basically winning but was having to drag it on and on, but they felt the decent thing to do was surrender to save lives and countries; Allies felt they quit because they had no choice
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How were Allied governments victims of their own propaganda?
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propaganda was to show that everyone else is evil, but when the war was over they didnt need people to be so mad and since people were elected, they had to please them but still get them to quit hating everyone
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What role did Stresemann play in the emergence of Hitler? What role did the Great Depression play in that?
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Stresemann was a very reasonable leader, and when he died Hitler took this trust as his own. The Depression caused the Nazi vote to go up because obviously the other political parties were not improving things
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Why was the Non-Aggression Pact signed in August 1939?
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Hitler wanted to conquer Poland, but then he was scared the Sovients would come get him. so Hitler made a deal with Stalin to divide Poland. This was the go signal for war because Hitler no longer feared Stalin.
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How did the Allies win the "Battle of the Atlantic"?
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long range bombers, air craft carriers: "baby flat tops," sonar, several protective devices to protect convoys going across Atlantic
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Why did the Japanese attack Pearl Harbor in December 1941?
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They felt like they needed to go into SouthEast Asia and the Nazi would allow them to take territory, but US had territory too. Japan wanted to demolish Pacific fleet so that the States couldn't get to SouthEast Asia
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Why were atomic weapons used against Japan in August 1945?
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to stop the war and to save lives, use the lesser of the two evils
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