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90 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Identify the Teapot Dome Scandal
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Revealed in a 1923-24 congressional inquiry that the Secretary of the Interior Albert Fall had accepted bribes to lease oil-rich government property to private oil companies. Named “TD Scandal” after a Wyoming oil reserve that Fall turned over to the Mammoth Company. Fall was fined $100,000 and spent a year in jail.
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Identify Babe Ruth
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Aka George Herman Ruth. Set the record for most homeruns in a season-(29 in 1919, 54 in 1920, 59 in ’21, 60 in ‘27). A little bit of a playboy- but made up for it with his skill and charm during pubic events (including visiting hospitalized kids.)
[Who’s Babe Ruth?: The sultan of swat! The king of crash! The colossus of clout! The colossus of clout! THE GREAT BAMBINO!] |
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Identify Ku Klux Klan
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Grew to 5 million members by 1923. Revived version of the hooded order that terrorized southern communities post civil war. Vowed to protect female purity as well as racial and ethnic purity. Membership= many middle class who were fearful of losing social and economic gains. ½ million female members. Native, White, Protestant, Supremacy”. Used threatening assemblies, violence and political and economic pressure to gain power. In 1925, due (in part) to an internal scandal was weakened.
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Identify William J Simmons.
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Atlanta evangelist and insurance salesman. Reconstituted the Ku Klux Klan in 1915.
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Identify Sacco and Vanzetti.
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2 immigrant anarchists who were convicted of murdering a guard and paymaster during a robbery in South Braintree, MA in 1921. Evidence failed to prove their guilt, but prejudice against their political beliefs and Italian origins lead to their execution in ’27= sparked international rallies
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Identify National Origins Act
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Replaced the Quota Act in 1924. Restricted the influx of immigrants to 150,000 by setting quotas at 2 percent of each nationality residing in the United States in 1890-except Asians who were banned completely. Did allow wives and children of US citizens to enter as non-quota immigrants. Results: restricted S and E Europeans (not huge pop in '90)- quotas fell by 84 percent. Was revised in '27 and apportioned new quotas to be in proportion of American inhabitants in 1920.
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Identify Al Smith
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D Presidential candidate who ran against Hoover in 1928. Was a urban immigrant-stock politician with a career in NYC's Tammy Hall political machine. 1st Roman Catholic to run for Pres. Though Smith had an impressive record of progressive reforms and civil rights during his governorship- lost southern and rural votes (anti-catholic sentiments anyone?). BUT= carried nation's 12 largest cities (had been the R's)= beginning of D and "urban base".
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Explain the trend toward urbanization especially among African Americans during 1920s.
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General: Growth in manufacturing and services helped propel urbanization. Because new technology made farming so efficient-fewer farmers could produce more crops= crop prices fell- people left agricultural lifestyle.
African Americans: Pushed from cotton farming by a boil weevil plague, lured by industrial jobs |
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Explain the Growth of the suburbs in the 1920s.
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prosperity + automobiles= suburbs more accessible to those wishing to flee congested urban neighborhoods-wanting to preserve control over their police, schools, and water and gas services.
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Indicate factors that caused an increase in immigration by Mexicans and Puerto Ricans during the 1920s.
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- Declining fortunes pushed people off the land.
- Mexicans encouraged by the Anglo farmers' association to immigrate and provide cheap agricultural labor -Puerto Ricans: shift in the islands's conmy from sugar to coffee= labor surplus. PR were attracted by contracts from employers seeking cheap labor-found jobs in manufacturing, hotels, restaurants, and domestic service. |
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Discuss the characteristics of the lives of Mexican and Puerto Rican Immigrants to the US in the 1920s
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- were treated as slaves- low wages, poor healthcare
- Generally lacked resources and skills- very few achieve middle class status - Most= crowded into lower-rent districts (poor: sanitation, police protection, schools) - Mexicans moved constantly back and forth across the border - Maintained traditional customs, values. Developed businesses, cafes, boarding houses and social organizations to help them adapt to American society. |
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What were some of the new rhythms of everyday life concerning household management the 1920s?
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-Housewives still worked long hours- but machines lightened the tasks and enabled new uses of time
- Machines= electric irons, washing machines, Gas-and oil-powered centeral heating, H20 heaters - With required pub education and alt forms of employment= shortage of servants in wealthier households. Also new products= higher standards/pressures for cleanliness -Wives= $ managers. With cars= moms are chauffeurs |
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What were some of the new rhythms of everyday life concerning health and life expectancy the 1920s?
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- Emphasis on nutrition, foods to prevent illness
- Discovery of vitamins between 1915 and 1930= advertisment of vitamins in EVERYTHING - Better diets + hygiene= life expectancy increases - Pub sanitation + Research= reduces risks of life-threatening diseases such as tuberculosis and diphtheria - Fatalities from: Car accidents, heart attacks, and cancer= increased. |
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Did the medical progress of the 1920s benefit all Americans?
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No. Race mattered. Rates of infant mortality in nonwhites= 50-100% higher than whites.
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What were some of the new rhythms of everyday life concerning Older Americans and Retirement in the 1920s?
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-longer life + worsening economic status=interest in government pensions and other elderly assistance.
- Industrialism favored youth and agility - Arguments that pensions=SOCIALISM!! - But, conditions were bad... by 1933 almost every state provided at least minimal support to needy old people. |
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What were some of the new rhythms of everyday life concerning the social values of the 1920s?
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- Clothes= self expression, freedom
- increase of casual and "gaily colored" styles - smoking, swearing, drinking, frankness about sex becomes fashionable - Because of increased time and school= influence of peer groups in socializing youth |
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Examine the social changes in the position and attitudes of women 1920's US society
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- flappers symbolized independence and sexual freedom (genuine flappers uncommon, but largely influence society)
- modest and chaste heroines were abandoned for more kick-ass ones - many women asserted social equality with men- driving cars, skiing... |
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Examine the economic changes in the position and attitudes of women 1920's US society
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- After WWI women cont. to stream into workforce: including some married women
- women in agricultural jobs shrank, urban jobs grew/held steady - sex segregation in workforce persisted (big surprise): whenever women were employed their wages seldom exceeded half of those paid to men - Of working women= nonwhite majority- usually drawn by economic necessity |
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Examine the political changes in the position and attitudes of women 1920's US society
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- achieved suffrage in 1920 with the 19th Amendment...but political active women were still excluded from most power structures
- joined voluntary organizations that used tactics that advanced modern pressure-group politics - Positives: Sheppard-Towner Act, Cable Act, new right to serve on juries. - Still, as new voters, women accomplished little and voted less than men |
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Identify the Sheppard-Towner Act
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passed by Congress, persuaded by action women's groups in 1921. Allotted funds to states to create maternity and pediatric clinics.
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Identify the Cable Act
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1922. Reversed the law under which an American women who married a foreigner assumed her husband's citizenship.
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Identify Prohibition
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Prohibitionists= wanted to prohibited the sale of alcohol for health reasons, to decrease accidents, the cost of drunkenness to society, the neg. affect of poverty and poor productivity.
- In1918- Congress passed the 18th amendment: outlawing the manufacture, sale, and transportation of intoxicating liquors. |
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Identify John Dewey
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Philosopher who insisted that personal development, not subject matter, should be the focus of school curriculum. This "Progressive education" was based on Dewyey's "The School and Society" and "Democracy and Education". Learning should involve real-life problems-children should be taught to use intelligence and ingenuity as instruments for controlling their environments.
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Identify Booker T. Washington
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- Born in Slavery
- Blacks best hope= (temporarily) accommodating to whites -don't fight for political rights but work hard, get property - endorsed a separate but equal policy (in what became known as the "Atlanta Compromise" |
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Identify W.E.B. Du Bois
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- Critic of B.T. Washington
- From North - Blacks must agitate for what was rightfully theirs - "talented tenth" to purse racial equality - Helped form the NAACP |
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Identify the Sixteenth Amendment
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- Leagalized the federal income tax as a permanent part of federal power
- initiated in Taft's presidency (ratified in 1913) - Made possible a graduated income tax on US citizens |
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Identify Federal Trade Commission
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- Created by a bill passed in 1914 by Pres. Wilson.
- The FTC could investigate companies and issue cease-and-desist orders against unfair trade practices. - Accused companies could appeal FTC orders-yet the FTC represented another step toward consumer protection. |
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Identify National Consumers League
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- Organization that brought about some of the most far-reaching Progressive reforms
- Activities: women suffrage, protection of female and child laborers, and elimination of potential health hazards. -Became active in sponsoring court cases on behalf of women workers and - urged city governments to fund neighborhood clinics that provided health education and medical care to the poor. |
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Identify Society of American Indians
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- formed by educated, middle-class Indians in 1911 to work for better education, civil rights, and healthcare.
-Sponsered "American Indian Days' to cultivate pride and offset images of savage peoples promulgated in Wild West shows - associated folded in the early 20's- failed to establish a governing body |
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Identify the Seventeenth Amendment
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- adopted in 1913
- Provided for direct election of US senators (they had previously had been elected by state legislatures, many of which Progressives thought were corrupt) |
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Identify Social Gospel
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- Movement led by a group of Protestant ministers that aimed to counter the brutality of competitive capitalism by interjecting Christian churches into practical, worldly matters
- belief: service to fellow humans provided the way to securing individual salvation and to creating God's kingdom on earth - All about the WWJD? |
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Describe the impact of Progressive thinking on Education in America.
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- John Dewey's method of education: learning through direct experience- not memorization
- Major growth of colleges/universities- and enrollment |
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Describe the impact of Progressive thinking on law in America.
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- attacked the traditional view of law as universal and unchanging
- The constitution was a flexible document amenable to growth and change, not a sacred code |
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Describe the impact of Progressive thinking on the social sciences in America.
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- introduction of the idea that laws governing economic relationships were not timeless- instead, theory should reflect prevailing social conditions
- poverty, impersonality, ect.:required intervention- people should work actively (not wait passively) to make changes - Advocated expansion of gov power to ensure justie |
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Describe the impact of Progressive thinking on religion in America.
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- The social Gospel
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Describe the impact of Progressive thinking on public health in America .
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- Work of the National Consumers league
- Temperance and Prohibition - Laws passed to protect female workers (# of hrs) - laws passed against prostitution - City fuded neighborhood clinics |
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Describe the impact of Progressive thinking on science in America
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- Social Darwinism
- Introduction of the idea of "eugenics": the belief that human character and habits could be inherited (good and bad)= belief that society had an obligation to prevent the reproduction of the mentally defective, criminally inclined, "inferior people" |
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Trace the efforts of Blacks to gain equal rights in the early 20th century
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-Continued discrimination for blacks...
- Booker T. Washington and W.E.B. Du Bois (other cards)) - NAACP formed (Nat'l Assoc. for the Advacement of Colored People) (see card on NAACP) |
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Trace the efforts of Indians to gain equal rights in the early 20th century
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- Formed the Society of American Indians (See other card)
-SAI folded... |
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Trace the efforts of Women to gain equal rights in the early 20th century
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- Before 1910 = "the women movement" (middle-class women who strived to move beyond the household into higher education and paid professions in social welfare)
- Also, "Womens Clubs": Originally middle-class literary and educational organizations- began takeing stands on public affairs: regulations on women's labor - Also: for colored Women= Colored Women's Federation:sought to establish a "training school for colored girls" - Around 1910="Feminism" - Joined the birth control movement led by Margaret Sanger - Carried on the women's battle for the vote - 1912= 9 states allowed women to vote in state/local elections -1920=19th amendment!!! |
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Explain Theodore Roosevelt's relationship to the Progressive movement by examining his policies on trusts
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-Roosevelt= labeled a "trustbuster"
-But... R. believed in distinguishing between good and bad trusts and preventing bad ones from manipulating markets. - Justice department= used antitrust laws to prosecute railroad, meatpacking, oil-trusts - Ordered the break-up of the Northern Securities Co (Rail Road) |
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Explain Theodore Roosevelt's relationship to the Progressive movement by examining his policies on labor Organizations
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- When the United Mine Workers struck against Pennsylvania coal mine owners in 1902- R. employed progressive tactics of investigation and arbitration...later threatened to use fed. troops to reopen the mines
- R. believed that the President/his reps should determine which labor organizations were legit and which were not |
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Explain Theodore Roosevelt's relationship to the Progressive movement by examining his policies on conservation
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- Favored conservation over preservation
-Exercised Pres. power to declare national monuments and backed a policy of "wise use" of forests, waterways, and other resources - Believed the most efficient way to use/conserve resources= fed. government management over lands that remained in the public domain - Protected waterpower sites from sale to private owners - Supported the the Newlands Reclamation Act and Gifford Pinchot |
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Explain Theodore Roosevelt's relationship to the Progressive movement by examining his policies on Pure Food and Drug laws
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- Inspired by Upton Sinclair's "The Jungle"
- Meat Inspection Act -... Pure Food and Drug Act: prohibted dangerously adulterated foods and abuses in the patent medicine industry |
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Identify Hawaiian revolution
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- 1887: White Hawaiian elite force the king to accept a constitution that granted foreigners the right to vote, and shifted decision-making authority from the monarchy to the legislature
-...economic crisis created by the McKinley Tariff (which eliminated duty free Hawaiian sugar exports to the US) - Anexed in 1893 - Cleavland ordered an investigation.... American Flag taken down -...but in 1898, Pres. McKinley maneuvered annexation through congress by a majority vote - Organic Act (1990): Hawaians = US citizens - statehood in 1959 |
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Identify Roosevelt Corollary
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- from T. Roosevelt to the Monroe Doctrine
- =TR warned Latin Americans to stabilize their politics/ finances: or else a "civilized nation" might have to intervene.... and the US might have to assume the role of "an international police power" -... provided the rational for frequent US interventions in Latin America |
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Identify "The Maine"
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- A battleship ordered to Havana harbor to demonstrate US concern and protect US citizens in Cuba that exploded
- thought to have been caused by a mine (Spain) - Gave Mckinly little options. He sent Spain an ultimatum...War. |
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Identify navalism
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The campaign to build an imperial navy
Comparing US to naval buildup by European superpowers= argued for a bigger, modernized navy - Popularized by Alfred Mahn -1883: Congress authorized construction of the 1st steel-hulled water ships |
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Identify Pancho Villa
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- Presented himself as a selfless Mexican patriot
- Raided an Amercan border town (with his forces) and killed more than 30 civilians - American troops pursued Villa more than 300 miles into Mexico but never caught him |
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Identify Philippine Insurrection
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- McKinley had originally intended to "uplift and civilize" the Filipinos but they denied that they needed US paternalism
- Emilio Aguinaldo- Philipino Natonalist leader was isolated from making political decisions:EA proclaimed an independent Philippine Republic and took up arms - Much bloodshed... - US troops forced residents to live in designated zones to try to separate the insurgents from local supporters: DISASTER (Poor sanitation, starvation, disease: much death) - At the battle of Bud Dajo= 600 muslim Filipinos of Moro Provinence who refused to knuckle under were slaughtered (including women and children) |
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Identify where the US became more internationally active between the 1860s and 1880s
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- Alaska and Midway
- Samoa - Hawaii - Cuba - Philippines - Mexico - Panama - Venezuela - China - much of the Caribbean, Central and Latin America - Japan/Korea |
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Identify why the US became more internationally active between the 1860s and 1880s
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- belief that it would benefit US domestic health
- Exceptionalism: Idea that the US was an exceptional nation- different and superior to all others - Nationalism - Capitalism - Social Darwinism, Racism - A paternalistic attitude toward other nations - Influenced by the foreign policy elite. - Wanting to "civilize" for their benefit |
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Discuss the causes of the Hawaiian crisis.
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- McKinley Tariff hurts Hawaiian sugar exports
- Economic crisis leads to business failure and mass unemployment - Pro-US interests stage a successful coup against Queen Lili'uokalani of Hawaii -Formal annexation of Hawaii |
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Discuss the consequences of the Hawaiian crisis
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- Loss of monarchy
- Loss of power for the Queen - Suppressed Hawaiian nationalism |
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Discuss the causes and consequences of the Venezuelan crisis
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- For decades Venezuela and Great Britain had quarreled over the border between V. and British Guiana (which had rich natural resources and was in a strategic location)
-V. asked the US for Help - US told off Britain (they complied, not wanting to make international enemies) and an arbitration board divided it up - BUT, US attitude= very paternalistic- didn't even consult V. |
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What factors led to the Spanish American War?
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- Navalism and Imperialism attitudes in US made War with Spain more appealing
- Cuba battled Spain for Independence. US financially supported Cuba. - Under the Gorman Tariff imposed a duty on Cuban Sugar= Cuban economy in crisis - US was vexed by the turmoil in Cuba and pressured Spain to give up it's colony - Maine blows up - US ultimatum to Spain..War declared. |
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Describe the argument for American imperialism.
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- appealed to patriotism, destiny, commerce, American greatness
- It's our call |
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Describe the argument against American imperialism.
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- Principle: Constitution and Declaration of Independence: Imperialism violated the right of self determination
- Imperialism was corrupting the very character of the American people - Protested because US was practicing a double-standard (Help for the Cubans, Forced help for the Filipinos, discrimination for blacks...) - Fear that new colonies would undercut American labor |
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What's the dates for WWI
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Aug 1914-Nov. 1918
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Identify the "Allies" in WWI
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Great Britian
Russia France ... Italy US |
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Identify the "Central Powers" in WWI
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Austria-Hungary
Germany Turkey Bulgaria |
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Identify Trench warfare in WWI
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Used mainly in the western front: territory in N. France, Belguim
= tactic where the defense has all the advantage |
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T or F. Death tolls of WWI for each individual allied powers were relatively equal.
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F. while there was 115,000 US deaths- this was minimal compared to GB, France, and Russia's
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What time span is associated with US Neutral Policy towards WWI
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1914-1917
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Identify US reasons for opting for neutrality towards WWI
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-Monroe Doctrine
-Economic Freedoms ( strong trading with Britain, Germany, France) - Divisions amongst Americans (most immigrants opposed) |
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Identify Reasons it was difficult for the US to remain Neutral concerning WWI
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- Divisions amongst Americans
- Britain's naval blockade keeping us from Germany violated property rights -Germany's unrestricted sub-warfare - Lusitania- violates human rights |
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Identify (7) Explanations for America's decision to go to war
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1. German submarine warfare
2. Zimmerman telegraph 3. German action threatened larger political values that America affirmed throughout the world 4. American national interest required maintaining balance of power in Europe against German aggression 5. Strength of commercial, diplomatic, and ideological ties to the allies 6. Need to maintain control over the Atlantic and dominance in the western hemi 7. Opportunity to reform world politics: "War to end all Wars" |
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Describe President Wilson's approach to Foreign Policy
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- Vision of an ideal world order (free trade, open diplomacy, self-determination, political constitution, free market capitalism)
- Commitment to international law (if we give people the right to choose-they'll choose democracy) - Moral idealism - American exceptationalism : We're a "choosen vessel" |
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Identify several (general) things about Wilson's 14 points
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-Create a new world order
- Create a league of nations - Collective Secutiry |
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Why did the Treaty of Versailles fail to be ratified?
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- We're not ready for it
- Let's just stay committed to unilateralism (We're going to do it on our own- as opposed to multi-lateralism) |
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Concerning the 1920's
Discuss the clash of traditional and modern values |
1. Gender roles (Images of Women)
2. Importance of fam. vs. Individualism shift towards nuclear family 3. Hard work, thrift vs. new kinds of sciences, technology, and increased emphasis on "modern art" 4. Idea of "question traditions", think for yourself, inovation- intellectually, sexually 5. Religion vs. Science 6. Reaction to thos as different (kkk, anti-immigration) |
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T or F
The clash of traditional and modern values can best be described as a clash between uneducated rural people vs. educated urban people |
F
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The 1920s can be described as what 3 separate clashes?
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1.Clash between traditional and modern
2. Clash between return to normalicy and the jazz age 3. Clash of Optimism vs. disillusionment |
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Describe the clash of Optimism vs. Disillusionment in the 1920s
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Prosperity is here to stay and War is gone forever (Kellog-briand pact) vs. Critic of materialism, negative effects of warm technology can be used for Evil (as well as good)
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Describe the Decade of Business Supremacy and Consumer Freedom of the 1920s
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- Fed government is sympathetic of corporate America
- Introduction of instalment binds - Assembly line and improved time-management techniques - Increase roll of advertising - Consumerism= good for America - "Worship" of economic success |
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Describe the "Decade of Play" of the 1920s
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- Reaction against the grimness of war, progressivism
- More leisure time - People have more disposable income - More access to leisure activities (cars) - Fueled by mass-media - Emergence of Spectator Sports (football, baseball, boxing) - Radio - Charles Linberg- national hero - Movie stars |
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What did Progressives do to Strengthen democratic political process?
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- Direct election of senators (before elected by state legislators)
- Direct primaries - Initiative, referendum, recall |
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What did Progressives do towards the conservation movement?
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- National Park Service
- US fores service |
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What did Progressives do to Establish greater control over and public utilities?
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- Regulated Capitalism
- Efforts to protect women - Anti-Trust suits, legislations ("Shermer anti-trust act") |
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What did Progressives do to Promote general welfare through social legislation?
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- Old age Pensions
-Anti-Prostitution - Beginnings of prohibition - Concerns about children |
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During the Progressive era, what aroused awareness concerning childhood?
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- Child labor
- Malnourishment- School lunches - Safety - Sanitation -Alcoholism - Neglect - Disease -Starvation |
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What was an alternative vision of childhood offered during the Progressive era?
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- Distict age (not minuature adults)
- Childhood imagination - Clothed, cleanly, groomed - Toys-gendered -Both parents take care of child |
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How did Progressives try to accomplish their new vision of childhood?
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- Raising public awareness
- Advice columns - How-to books - Statistical analysis - Pass legislation |
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Identify League of Nations
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- Represented the centerpiece of President Wilson's plan for a post-war world: (how he envisioned it): power over al disputes among states, including those that did not arise from the peace agreement, he believed the UN would have power over all disputes among states, including those that did not arise from the paris peace agreement.
- Would have a truly transformative effect on international relations -Rejected by the senate |
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Identify Victor Berger
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American politician, a major part of the Sewer Socialist movement, and a founding member of the Socialist Party of America. In 1919 he was convicted of violating the Espionage Act and twice denied a seat in the House of Representatives though elected repeatedly.
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Identify collective security
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a system aspiring to the maintenance of peace, in which participants agree that any "breach of the peace is to be declared to be of concern to all the participating states," and will result in a collective response. Central part of the League of Nations
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Identify unilateralism
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one sided action (in reference to politics)
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Identify Treaty of Versailles
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-a peace treaty that officially ended World War I between the Allied and Associated Powers and Germany.
It was signed exactly 5 years after the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand Product of it took six months of negotiations at the Paris Peace Conference -Of the many provisions in the treaty, one provision required Germany and its allies to accept full responsibility for causing the war, disarm, make substantial territorial concessions and pay reparations to certain countries that had formed the Entente powers. |
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Identify Sedition Act
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- Passed by congress (under Wilson) in 1918
- Made i unlawful to obstruct the sale of war bounds and to use "disloyal, profane, scurrilous, or abusive" language to describe the government, the Constitution, the flag, or the military uniform = Gave the gov't wide latitude to crack down on critics |
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Identify Article 10
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Identified by Wilson as the "kingpin" of the league covenant: "The members of the League of Nations undertake to respect and preserve as against external aggression of the territorial integrity and existing political independence of all Members of the League. In case of any such aggression or in case of any threat or danger of such aggression the Council shall advise upon the means by which this obligation shall be fulfilled"
=collective security provision |
