Hine 119

Front 1

AIOC

Back 1

anglo iranian oil company:

1901 shah awarded UK subject D'arcy concession for most oil rights in Iran in exchange for part of the profit, 16% few years later more oil was discovered and UK had majority control on oil in Iran.

reza shah tried to free Iran from economic bondage left by previous government. 1933 got new contract, increase in royalties to 20% and minimum annual payment. extended expiration to 1993.

later had huge presence in Iran, like its own city. Resented by Iranians who lived in shanty towns with lacking electricity compared to foreign workers in Abadan oil refineries who had private clubs and swimming pools

Mosadiq wanted to cancel the agreement with UK entirely and then nationalized oil when that didn't work 1951. led to boycott on Iranian oil and then economic crisis.

1953 coup overthrew M

Front 2

Truman Doctrine

Back 2

1947, to help free people resist communism. US will come to aid of any group struggling against it, including marxists and socialists.

reaction to soviet pressure in turkey and and communist problems in greece. early form of domino theory. US needed to intervene to stop Soviets from getting foothold in ME.

led to NATO, turkey and greece became members

later led to Baghdad pact

US became primary western power in ME.

Front 3

Fazallah Zahedi

Back 3

military officers plotted to overthrow M bc US worried that it would lead to ties with Soviets. CIA instigated the 1953 coup against Mosadiq they had the help of the shah of Iran who worried for his position. When asked to name the new PM the shah answered with Fazallah. and Fazallah helped to defeat M and the shah ran and hid while this happened and came back when it was over.

given cash by US to help staunch M supporters.

Front 4

TAPLINE

Back 4

Trans-Arabian Pipeline pumping oil from Saudi Arabia to Lebanon by way of Syria (instead of through Israel)

achieved with help from CIA. 30 percent of oil goes to Mediterranean.

Front 5

'Abdallah

Back 5

King of Transjordan 1946

After his brother Faysal’s expulsion from Syria by the French, Abdallah marched from Mecca. Fearing that he would rally dissident tribes, the British granted him control of the unoccupied area east of Transjordan in 1921

UK worried about power of abdallah to get people o nhis side. so created new mandate area for him. o Uk wanted to set dependnt regime in place to bring order to triabl area east of Jordan river rather than do it themsleve. Abdallah obtained the throne, thought stolen from him by Faysal in IQ.

o Created in 1921, unsure if it would work. 1928 UK signed agreement, anglo transjodanian agreement, to clarify rights of abdallah and his power. UK indirectly ruled, gave final word on foreign affairs to UK allowed UK to stay , etc.
o Abdallahs ambitions exceeded his land. Wanted more. Like Syria/IQ. Also aided in Palestine issue, but willingness to work with zionists hurt his look to arabs.

Front 6

Peel Commission

Back 6

Shaw commission said to cease jew migration slowly and to help arabs with their land. UK didn't like that so in 1937 they sent in a new commission.

recommends termination of mandate and partition land for separate states.

arabs said hell no but zionists thought okay but wanted better pieces of land.

finally got state after UNSCOP gave the recommendation and the UN voted on it.

Front 7

'Abd al aziz ibn sa'ud

Back 7

1881-1953, revived Wahhabi movement by seizing Riyadh in 1902 (previously Abd al-Wahhab’s puritanical reform and the military power of house Sa’ud were together, dispersed by Muhammad Ali). Sa’ud held the city for 20 years. gave material assistance to those in need and put the Wahhabi ideas in place. after Iraq and Transjordan put Hashimites in charge, Sa’ud feels trapped. 1924 he marches and takes Mecca and Medina, drives Sharif Husayn out. UK make agreement with him in 1927, treaty of Jiddah, sees Sa’ud as sovereign king and in return he respects the domains of the coastal lands. 1932 gets name Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. started as poor savage lands and now has much oil.

Front 8

Mossadiq

Back 8

o Opposed foreign activity in Iran. Many parties joined under M’s lead to form the national front. Included traditionalists like ulama and western educated professionals who wanted secularization. All didn’t like foreign influence.

PM of Iran. Nationalist politician.
Aimed to nationalize the Anglo-Iranian Oil Company
CIA set out to depose him while the stated foreign policy of the US was to support him.

o In response to nationalization AIOC called for boycott on Iranian oil. UK endorsed it. And reinforced naval fleet at Persian gulf, put econ sanctions on Iran.

Front 9

Hasan al Banna

Back 9

educated at Teachers’ Training college, he later founded Muslim Brotherhood in 1928 in Egypt. sought to bring back past traditions involving Islamic beliefs while moving forward with technology and modernizing. Wanted Islamic order not state, for social justice, economic well being and political harmony. made close ties with the EG people, especially labor force, while the politicians tried to figure them out. Assassinated in 1949 during crackdown on Muslim Brotherhood expansion

Front 10

Irgun

Back 10

The Irgun was a nationalistic irregular armed unit that operated independently of Jewish Agency control during the British Mandate in Palestine, and was dissolved in 1948 at the start of the Arab-Israeli war. It served as the military arm of revisionist Zionism. The Irgun advocated a policy of reprisals against Arab civilians and British military personnel. It perpetuated its most notorious acts of terror when in massacred 250 civilians in Dayr Yassin during the intercommunal war.

when fighting for zionist land • Ben gurion didn’t want to confront UK until after war but the Irgun group, dedicated militant zionists, launched terror campaign against UK workers in 1944.

Front 11

David Ben Gurion

Back 11

surprisingly little to no knowledge of Arab culture/history, no empathy for Arabs
Did not trust or like Arabs, considered them primitive, fierce, fanatical enemy who only understood the language of force
Ben-Gurion believed strongly in the capacity of Jewish people to shape its own destiny in the Middle East -- self-reliance.
indifferent to UN and international public opinion

o From e eu. Immigrated in 1906, worked on kibbutz and then got into inner circle of Zionist labor. Founding member of histadrut, was executive secretary of it then chairman of jewish agency in 1935.

• Ben gurion didn’t want to confront UK until after war but the Irgun group, dedicated militant zionists, launched terror campaign against UK workers in 1944.
 Igrun was nationalistic org. worked independent of jewish agency.

Front 12

Baghdad Pact

Back 12

The Baghdad Pact was a British and American collective security arrangement designed to contain Soviet influence in the Middle East.
Participants included Turkey, Iran, Pakistan, Iraq, and Britain.
Abdel Nasser of Egypt refused to let Egypt join as he saw it as an extension of imperialism, campaigned against and persuaded Jordan and Syria to decline membership. The West refused to provide military assistance without joining one of their collective arrangements, so Nasser sought arms from the USSR.

Front 13

UNSCOP

Back 13

• Feb 1947, Foreign secretary ernest bevin saw that UK lost control of P mandate went to UN. General assembly created United Nations Special Committee on Palestine UNSCOP in order to investigate P and submit recommendation by September 1 1947.
 UNSCOP made of 11 nations, spent 5 weeks in P, found Jews stil minority, only 1/3 with 6 percent of land.
 UNSCOP unanimously said termination of UK mandate and indep of P.
 Divided on what kind of state though. Majority said two different state, one for each. And Jerusalem as internationalized district.
 Zionists supported it, arabs didn’t.

Front 14

golden gimmick

Back 14

Originated in 1933 when King Ibn Sa’ud granted Standard Oil of California (later ARAMCO) in which the company was granted the right to extract and transport whatever they extracted, in exchange for the construction of a refinery and payment of royalties equivalent to 4 gold shillings per ton of crude oil. The agreement was later modified in the 1950s so that Saudi Arabia and most other oil producing countries would receive 50% of the profits.