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40 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Heart structure:
-Muscle ?1 -Valves are lined with ?2 - protective covering of the heart from infections ?3 |
1. myocardium
2. endocardium 3. pericardium |
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blood supply comes from ?
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right & left coronary artery
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function of the heart is to ?1
- heart contracts while the left ventricle release blood ?2 - heart relaxes while ventricles fill with blood ?3 |
1. circulate blood to body
2. systole 3. diastole |
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the heart circulates blood by ?1
- 3 parts?2 |
1. electrical impulses
2. SA node AV node Bundle of his |
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abnormalities of bundle of his:
?1 ?2 |
1. heart block
2. atrial fibrillation |
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has 12 leads:
- p wave -QRS complex - t wave |
electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG)
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heart sounds :
S1 "?1" - closure of ?2 valves S2 "?3" - closure of ?4 valves |
1. lubb
2. mitral and tricuspid 3. dub 4. aortic and pulmonic |
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heart rate:
-slowed by ?1 - increased by ?2 and ?3 - affects cardiac output (?4 which is ?5) |
1. vagus nerve
2. need for oxygen 3. high blood pressure 4. how much blood is pumped in one minute 5. aug 5 liters |
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Atrial Natriuretic Peptide:
- hormone produced by ?1 - actions ?2 - stimulated by ?3 and ?4 |
1. heart muscle
2. increase excretion of NaCl by kidney 3. distention of atria 4. volume overload |
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factors that affect cardiac output:
- stretching of ventricles ?1 - effectiveness of contraction ?2 - pressure developed by muscle fibers (wall tension) ?3 - # beats /minute ?4 (resting range ?5) |
1. preload
2. contractility 3. afterload 4. rate 5. 60-100 |
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lab investigations:
- see enzymes of blood ?1 - for size ?2 - insert dye into veins to see blockage ?3 - see any damage ?4 |
1. CPK or CK, SGOT
2. chest x ray 3. angiography 4. isotopes |
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Coronary artery disease:
- hardening ?1 - blockage occurs ?2 (by ?3) or ?4 (by ?5) |
1. arteriosclerosis
2. gradual 3. angina 4. sudden 5. infarction -MI |
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atherosclerosis risk factors ? (7)
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age
gender heredity obesity diabetes mellitus hypertension (HBP or HTN) abnormal lipids (high LDL) |
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mortality rate for >50% blockage:
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1 vessel 2.2%
2 vessels 6.8% 3. vessels 11.4% L main 11.4% |
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chest pain from myocardial ischemia to muscle ?1
- on meds ?2 - in hospital, trying to evaluate and treat, @ high risk of MI ?3 - spasms of arteries ?4 - chest pain, under evaluation ?5 |
1. angina
2. stable 3.unstable 4. Prinzmetal's 5. Acute coronary syndrome (ACS) |
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complications of angina ?1 and ?2
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1. cardiac arrest
2. MI |
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diagnostic tests ? (4)
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physical exam
EKG stress test coronary arteriography (angiogram) |
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treatment and mgmg of CAD
- explain to pt what's going on ?1 - restore blood to the heart ?2 -- dilate vessels ?3 -- slows heart rate ?4 -- and ?5 - procedure to open the artery ?6 - what is left behind after angioplasty ?7 - surgery ?8 |
1. general
2. drug treatment 3. NTG 4. beta blockers 5. calcium channel blockers 6. angioplasty 7. stent 8. coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) |
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- middle-aged man w/ substernal chest pain presents to ER
- lab tests ordered to look at enzymes ?1 (3) - EKG (abnormality ?2 vs ?3) - options for if STEMI ?4 or ?5 |
Myocardial Infarction
1. Troponin, CK-MB, GPBB 2. NSTEMI 3. STEMI 4. thrombolytics 5. angioplasty |
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EKG
more severe; definite evidence of damage to heart muscle |
STEMI
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MI:
-blockage in the ?1, ?2 - heart muscle undergoes ?3 meaning ?4 scar can be seen on EKG ?5 |
1. left coronary artery
2. anterior descending branch 3. infarction 4. not receiving blood flow 5. Q wave |
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MI:
- admit pt to ?1 or ?2 - beta blocker ?3 - lidocaine - ?4 therapy - full recovery takes ?5 |
1. ICU
2. CCU 3. propranolol 4. antiplatelet 5. 6 weeks |
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complications of Acute MI: (6)
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- sudden death or arrhythmia
- congestive heart failure - tamponade - aneurysm - thrombus - embolism |
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Arrhythmias: most impt in the first 24 hrs
- potential fatal arrhythmia & blood has stopped working ?1 -- ?2 & ?3 - heart block ?4 |
1. ventricular fibrillation
2. defibrillation 3. drugs 4. artificial pacemaker |
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- left ventricle is damaged
- can be given ?1 (3) - echocardiogram can estimate ?2 |
Congestive heart failure (CHF)
1. diuretics, ACE inhibitors, oxygen 2. ejection fraction |
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complications of MI:
- blood would flow into pericardial cavity, build up pressure ?1 (caused if rupture of heart muscle) - what could lead to rupture of the heart muscle ?2 - clot on wall of heart ?3 |
1. cardiac tamponade
2. ventricular aneurysm 3. mural thrombus/ emboli |
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chronic disease that needs to be controlled ?
- left ventricular hypertrophy - complications ?1 (3) - treatment |
hypertensive heart disease
1. renal failure, stroke, CAD |
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congenital heart disease:
-failure in process of dev. at 4-7 weeks gestation ?1 - 40,000 births/yr. ?2 require surgical repair in the 1st yr of life - most common is ?3 - cyanosis is a sign of a ?4 - predisposed to ?5 |
1. rubella
2. 25% 3. septal wall 4. shunt 5. bacterial endocarditis |
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blue color in skin (blood is going in opposite direction)
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cyanotic
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- potency of foramen oval
- size determines symptoms - may not be diagnosed until adulthood |
atrial septal defect
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- bacterial endocarditis
- systolic murmur (symptom) - means the hole is at ?1 |
ventricular septal defect
1. the bottom in the ventricles |
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tetralogy causes ?1
1 ?2 2 ?3 3 ?4 4 ?5 |
1. blue baby syndrome
2. pulmonary valve stenosis 3. overriding aorta 4. VSD 5. right ventricular hypertrophy |
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patent ductus arteriosus ?1
strain right ?2 risk of endocarditis is ?3 |
1. normally closes weeks after birth
2. ventricle 3. high |
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narrowing of aorta in various locations ?1
- narrowed ?2 - increased flow to ?3 - decreased flow to ?4 - reduced pulses in ?5 |
1. coarctation of the aorta
2. aorta 3. arms 4. legs 5. legs |
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valvular heart disease:
- stenosis means ?1 insufficiency = ?2 meaning valve is ?3 allowing a back flow of ?4 |
1. too narrow
2. regurgitation 3. too wide 4. blood |
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-aortic valve stenosis ?1
- mitral regurgitation ?2 - mitral valve stenosis ?3 - aortic regurgitation ?4 |
1. small ventricle
2. large atrium 3. large atrium 4. large ventricle |
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valve disease:
- rheumatic fever or bacterial endocarditis - prolapse |
mitral
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valve disease:
- rheumatic fever or bacterial endocarditis - congenital bicuspid valve - atherosclerosis - syphilis |
aortic
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valve disease:
- anticoagulation required, have to take blood thinners ?1 - pigs ?2 |
1. mechanical valves
2. biological valves |
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rheumatic heart disease:
- ?1 process following a ?2 - symptoms include: ?3 (4) - lab: ?4 - complications: damage to heart valve --?5 --?6 |
1. inflammatory
2. Group A strep infection 3. polyarthritis, pancarditis, nodules, rash 4. antistreptolysin antibodies 5. stenosis 6. insufficiency |
