Him 2210 - Oncology

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Grading

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Evaluate appearance and maturity of malignant tumor cells

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Grade I

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Tumor cells are well differentiated and have a close resemblance to tissue of origin. (Best prognosis)

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Grade II

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Tumor cells are moderately differentiated and have less resemblance to tissue of origin; with more variation in size and shape of tumor cells with increased mitosis

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Grade III

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Tumor cells are poorly to very poorly differentiated and have a remote resemblance to tissue of origin; with marked variation in shape and size of tumor and have greatly increased mitosis

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Grade IV

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Tumor cells are very poorly differentiated and have little to no resemblance to tissue of origin; with extreme variation in size and shape (Poorest prognosis)

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Staging

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Evaluates the size or spread of malignant tumor(s)

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Tumor: T0

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No evidence of tumor

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Tumor: Tis Stage I

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Carcinoma in situ indicates tumor is in a defined location shows no invasion into surrounding tissues

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Tumor: T1, T2, T3, T4 Stage II

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Primary tumor size and extent of local invasion; where T1 is small width minimal invasion and T4 is large with extensive local invasion into surrounding organs and tissue

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Node: N0

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Regionally lymph nodes show no abnormalities

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Node: N1, N2, N3, N4 Stage III

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Degree of lymph node involvement and spread to regional lymph nodes; where N1 is less involvement with minimal spreading and N4 is more involvement with extensive spreading

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Metastasis: M0

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No evidence of metastasis

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Metastasis: M1 Stage IV

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Indicates metastasis

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Chemotherapy

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Uses an antineoplastic drug or combination of such drugs into a standardized treatment regimen.

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How Chemotherapy works

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works by killing cells that divide rapidly

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dose-dense chemotherapy

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drugs are given with less time between treatments than in a standard chemotherapy treatment plan

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Internal radiation (Brachytherapy)
chemotherapy administration

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Radiation treatment where the radiation source is placed inside the body or next to the area requiring treatment

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External therapy (Teletherapy)

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Most common form of radiation therapy. Involves pointing a radiation source from outside the body directly at the area of the body to be treated

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Types of Surgery used in cancer

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Preventative, Diagnostic, Staging, Curative, Debulking, Palliative, Supportive, Restoration

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Preventative Surgery

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Used to remove precancerous tissue

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Diagnostic Surgery

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Used to remove tissue for examination to determine if cancer is present

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Staging Surgery

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Used to determine the extend and amount of cancer

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Curative Surgery

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Used to remove the tumor when it appears that the cancer is confined to one location

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Debulking Surgery

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Used to remove as much of a tumor as possible and then treating the remaining disease with chemotherapy and radiation therapy

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Palliative Surgery

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Used to ease the complications of advance disease but not intended to cure the disease

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Supportive Surgery

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Used to help assist with the treatment of the disease

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Restorative Surgery

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Used to restore a person's appearance, or the function of an organ or body part after the primary surgary

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Preventative Surgery Synonym

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Prophylactic Surgery

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Debulking Surgery Synonym

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Cytoreductive Surgery

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Restorative Surgery Synonym

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Reconstructive Surgery

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Incisional Biopsy

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involves removing a portion or a sample of tissue from the tumor

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Excisional Biopsy

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is the attempted removal of the entire tumor

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Tumor Markers

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Substances, usually proteins, found in blood, urine and tissues that indicate the presence of cancer

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Tumor Marker Examples

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Prostate Specific Antigen (PSA); CA-125; Her2/neu; Carcinoembryonic Antigen (CEA); Beta-2 microglobulin (B2M)

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Prostate Specific Antigen (PSA)
Tumor Marker

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Indicates the presence of prostatic cancer

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CA-125
Tumor Marker

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used to identify ovarian cancer

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Her2/neu
Tumor Marker

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associated with breast cancer

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Carcinoembryonic Antigen (CEA)
Tumor Marker

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associated with colorectal, breast, pancreatic, lung, thyroid, live, cervix and bladder cancers

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Beta-2 microglobulin (B2M)

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associated with myelomas and lymphomas

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Mohs Surgery

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Most effective surgery for treating most types of skin cancer

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Mohs Surgery Defined

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Remove cancerous skin tissue layer by layer; examine microscopically until sample is free of disease

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Antineoplastic

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Acts by killing rapidly dividing cells. Trade name: Herceptin

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Antimetabolite

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Halts cell growth and cell division. Trade name: Xeloda

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Immunosuppressive

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Inhibit or prevent activity of the immune system. Trade Name: Purinethol

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Immunostimulant

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Stimulates the immune system by inducing activation or increasing activity. Trade name: Mozobil