Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
75 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
exoskeletons |
out skeleton or protective layer. With the hardest of their bodies on the outside animals have to wrestle a balance between protection and movement. ex: Mullusca and arthropoda |
|
|
Annelides |
members of this phylum are commonly called segmented worms. -Segmented worms are usually group into 3 classes: Oligochaeta (earthworms), Polychaeta (tubeworms) and Hirudinea (leeches) |
|
|
Segments |
Body segments are small sections of animals that contain one or more of a series of repeating anatomical features |
|
|
Earthworms |
Class: Oligochaeta - drown if they get too wet and suffocate without any moisture. -features include: prostomiu (dorsal lip), anus, reproductive openings on the ventral surface, bristles called setae, true coelom, |
|
|
Cuticle |
In earthworms the segmented exterior covering is called a cuticle. Respiration occurs through the cuticle. |
|
|
mucus |
to prevent dehydration, earthworms secrete a thing coating of mucus that covers the cuticle efficiently preventing dehydration and suffocation. |
|
|
clitellum |
In earthworms the cuticle is specialized approximately one fifth of the way towards the posterior end. - The clitellum secretes slime during reproduction |
|
|
septa |
internal walls that divide the coelom into segments in earthworms. Other systems like the circulatory, digestive and nervous systems pass through the septa from the anterior to posterior end |
|
|
Circular and Longitudinal muscles |
In earthworms there is a layers of both circular and longitudinal muscles lining the digestive tube as well as the inside of the cuticle. This allows the worms freedom of movement without greatly affecting digestion. As well as the ability to move food along the digestive tract while remaining stationary. |
|
|
Pharynx |
Muscular enlargement that contributes to the swallowing of dirt in earthworms. |
|
|
Esophagus |
food in moved once in the esophagus of earthworms by tiny contractions and squeezes called peristalsis, this moves food along to the crop |
|
|
Crop |
The crop is mainly a storage area in earthworms.Material is held here until the gizzard has room to accept it. |
|
|
gizzard |
In earthworms the gizzard is a specialized grinding organ, it is aided in function by its strong muscular walls and coarse textured interior. The food particles are physically broken down by the gizzard and then delivered to the linear intestine. |
|
|
digestive glands |
- on the dorsal side of the intestine of an earthworm. -secretes enzymes into the intestine -food nutrients are absorbed throughout the length of the intestine and unused material is defecated out through the anus. |
|
|
Nephridia |
excretory system in earthworms are segmented with a pair of nephridia in each segment. Much like flame cells at the tip of nephridiophores, nephridia collect up liquid waste and conduct it through tiny tubes that pass through adjacent posterior segment to the outside through minute pores in the cuticle. |
|
|
ventral cord |
a paired ventral cord runs the length of the worm. On the anterior side of the pharynx the nerve cords separate and surround the digestive tube to form a small dorsal bi- lobed brain. The nerve cord has branches along it length going into the tissues of each segment. The major blood vessels run similarly. |
|
|
dorsal blood vessel |
In earthworms blood runs anteriorly in the dorsal blood vessel and posteriorly in the ventral one. The dorsal and ventral blood vessels are linked together by 5 pairs of segmented blood vessels surrounding the esophagus. |
|
|
aortic arches or hearts |
Aortic arches or hearts in earthworms are 5 pairs of segmented blood vessels surrounding the esophagus. These short muscular, thick walled vessels are often referred to as the hearts as they contract regularly to maintain the flow of blood in a worms dorsal and ventral blood vessels. |
|
|
Reproductive system of Earthworms |
-they are hermaphroditic - they have testes and ovaries as well as sperm receptacles and yolk sacs. -during sexual reproduction two worms crawl into mating position, exposing their ventral sides to one another. Both worms release slime from their clittellums to encase their reproductive regions and aids the transfer of sperm. |
|
|
Polychaetes |
different from earthworms because of the presence of parapods which are fleshy lateral extensions from each segment. This increases their ability for movement or traction. -these worms are predators -many are aquatic and survive by capturing and consuming small creatures. |
|
|
leeches |
obtain nutrients through parasitism - have both anterior and posterior suckers - initially will attach to a host by its posterior suckers and locate a good place to attach its anterior sucker. -mouths are equipped with oral chaetae that are specialized for piercing the skin of their hosts. -no significant nervous, digestive, excretory, respiratory or circulatory systems |
|
|
hirudin |
chemical substance that gives leeches their name hirudineae because they produce and secrete hirudin, as it has an anti - septic and anti - coagulant quality. Hirudin prevents its detection from its host. |
|
|
Mollusks |
to be a member of the phylum mollusca an animal must have a mantle, a foot and be soft - bodied. -almost every type of mollusk is edible -class bivalvia = clams and oysters - class gastropoda= snails and slugs - class cephalopoda = squids and octopi |
|
|
mantle |
tissue in mollusks that secretes shell material (CaCO3) |
|
|
foot |
used for locomotion in mollusks |
|
|
Bivalves |
sessile and adapted to life as filter feeders -some live in the ocean, some can be found buried in the sand |
|
|
Intertidal zones |
Some mussels thrive in intertidal zones where they are constantly washed with waves as they are submerged and surface twice a day for hours at a time. |
|
|
siphon |
Siphons are double tubes that mollusks can extend into the ocean from where ever they are. it takes in water rich in oxygen and tiny organisms used for food. |
|
|
Visceral mass |
the water from the siphon in mollusks, flushes over the tissue of their visceral mass and picks up carbon dioxide and other waters before it is conducted away from the organism through the other tube of their siphon. |
|
|
shell |
a mollusks' shell also contributes to its range of lifestyles because it can close up tightly and retain enough water for survival until the siphon can be extended once again such as when the tide comes in. |
|
|
Nacre |
secretion produced by all bivalves that maintains a smooth, non - abrasive inner surface to their shells. |
|
|
Open Circulatory system |
present in bivalves - blood is delivered to the sinuses in tissues through short arteries pumped by a two - chamber heart. This blood - no longer enclosed in vessels - soaks through the tissues delivering oxygen and picking up carbon dioxide and other metabolic wastes. |
|
|
broadcasters |
bivalves are broadcasters. they have separate sexes but cannot depend on the immediate presence of a member of the opposite sex for reproduction. they simply broadcast their gametes into the water for distribution and possibly fertilization. |
|
|
snails and slugs |
class = gastropods -differ primarily in their presence and absence of a shell. the mantle of a slug is vestigial and does not produce a shell - |
|
|
gastropod |
snails and slugs -term refers to gastro = stomach and pod = foot. -these animals appear to crawl on their stomachs as their foot comprises the soft tissue mass on their ventral surface. -more specialized nervous system than clams -cephalized head -two - chambered heart, open circulatory system |
|
|
radula |
gastropods are herbivores that have a tongue - like structure that is equipped with tiny bony plates. its function is that it rasps off bits of vegetation for consumption. |
|
|
cephalopods |
translated into the words: head - footed -noted for their subdivided foot, large heads, well - developed nervous system and ability to move through water quickly. -closed circulatory system -example: squids and octopi -efficient swimmers and hunters - |
|
|
mantle in cephalopods |
produces a bony plate in the anterior end which protects the brain. |
|
|
eyespots |
in cephalopods the eyes are highly developed since they are such efficient hunters. The nerve ending comprise the retina and there is a flexible lens which separates two fluid filled chambers between the opening and the retina. A clear cornea exists on the surface. these eyes lack eyelids, but pigmented folds of tissue open and close the opening to the lens to control the amount of light that enters the eye |
|
|
echinoderms |
large group of radially symmetrical animals. sea stars. echinoderms means in greek: spiny skin -respiration occurs by the exchange of gasses with the water. oxygen diffuses into the coelom of a sea star and carbon dioxide diffuses out. -lack heart, blood, any specialization for excretion which occurs through diffusion. |
|
|
water vascular system |
consists of a set of branching tubes running throughout the body. The locomotory devices are the hundreds of the tips of these tubes that line the groove on the oral surface of each ray in echinoderms. -also used to capture foot |
|
|
tube feet |
have tiny muscles and valves and suckerlike ends. using muscles water can be forced past valves to control the length and placement of soft feet. occurs in echinoderms |
|
|
skin gill |
represent in echinoderms and is the membranous surface where respiration occurs. |
|
|
pedicellaria |
a sea stars aboral surface is equipped with pedicellaria, small pincer-like devices, which help protect the outer surfaces and keep in the skin gills free of debris. |
|
|
arthropods |
show signifigant advancement over other invertebrates. high degree of cephalization, paired ventral nerve cords, complete digestive systems etc. -open circulatory system;dorsal vessels double as a heart which delivers body fluids to the tissues throughout the interior body chamber. the fluid is returned to the dorsal vessel through openings protected by valves. -arthropod literally means "jointed feet" |
|
|
exoskeleton of arthropods |
made of a carbohydrate polymer called chitin and protein. -makes their body covering strong and waterproof. -in some regions the exoskeletons are thick, in others it is thin. This increases flexibility but makes the arthropod very vulnerable. |
|
|
molting |
arthropods have to molt in order to grow. This involves them shedding their exoskeleton and secreting a new larger one. |
|
|
chilopods |
centipedes are members of the class chilopoda. -totally segments and dorso - ventrally flattened. -most species have 12 - 20 pairs of legs. -carnivores - anterior body segment is equipped with poison fangs which they use to stab and immobilize their victims. |
|
|
millipedes |
millipedes are members of the class diplopods are contrast to centipedes. -millipedes are herbivores -larger than centipedes but more sluggish -segmented body that is circular in cross section. -can have over a 100 pairs of legs but normally not a 1000 like the name suggests. |
|
|
Insecta |
all insects have 3 body regions; head, thorax and abdomen. Each body shows evidence of segmentation but for the most part segments are fused together. three pairs of legs and one of two wings (sometimes) are attached to the thorax. most have compound eyes and some have ocelli too. |
|
|
complete metamorphosis |
characterized by 4 distinct stages: egg, larva, pupa and adult. -experience by insects like moths and butterflies -caterpillars are larvae- they are in the feeding stage. once the larvae have eaten enough they wrap themselves in findsilken fibers and go dormant. -the pupa stage of a butterfly is called a chrysalis where it is a cocoon for a moth. |
|
|
incomplete metamorphosis |
any pattern that does not display all four stages of complete metamorphosis. |
|
|
gradual metamorphosis |
occurs in grasshoppers, is incomplete as the eggs hatch into miniature versions of the adult and go through gradual changes to develop into the adult form. |
|
|
nymph |
aquatic larvae |
|
|
grasshoppers |
3 body regions and 3 pairs of legs -legs are modified for jumping -exoskeleton is harder on the head then the abdomen. -segmented body -3 compound eyes are obvious though 3 ocelli are not |
|
|
spiracles |
tiny openings that lead to minute air passageways called tracheal tubes that are visible on the sides of each segment in grasshoppers |
|
|
tracheal tubes |
without lungs or gills this is the system that insects use for gas exchange. |
|
|
ovipositor |
posterior end of females is specialized with an egg - laying structure called an ovipositor. |
|
|
wings |
2 pairs of wings are attached to the abdomen of the grasshopper and the outer wings are harder and serve to protect the inner wings. |
|
|
labrum |
protects the jaws and helps hold food in place in grasshoppers |
|
|
mandibles |
hard - teeth - like structures that bite off bits of vegetation with their sideways motion in grasshoppers |
|
|
maxillae |
finer jaws that help move fod in the mouth region. equipped with palps with have sensory function in grasshoppers. |
|
|
labia |
serves to cover and protect the mouth form the bottom also equipped with sensory palps in grasshoppers. |
|
|
digestive system in grasshoppers |
-food is stored in the crop
-digestive glands (gastric area) are located at the posterior end of the crop. Secrete enzymes into the chewed food mass as bits of it are passed into the stomach for further digestion. -and on to the intestine for further digestion and finally the absorption. |
|
|
ventral nerve cord and brain in grasshoppers |
ventral nerve cord is the pair of white fibers running along the ventral surface. in the head region, the nerve cords wrap around the esophagus to form a small brain on the dorsal side. |
|
|
malpighian tubes |
make up the excretory system in grasshoppers and function by draining metabolic wastes out of the body fluids and adding them to the contents of the intestines for release. |
|
|
arachinids |
arachnophobia is the fear of spiders. - two part bodies usually covered in sensory hairs. -head is fused to the thorax =cephalothorax - often 8 simple eyes -mouth parts are specialized for stabbing and secreting enzymes -males have sperm sacs -major organs in the abdomen: dorsal blood vessel, malpighian tubes, intestine, reproductive organs and silk glands. |
|
|
pedipalps |
sensory appendages in the mouth area of spiders |
|
|
silk glands |
silk glands open to the outside at specializations called spinnerets in spiders |
|
|
book lungs |
consist of a series of fine membranes held in place as a unit, always moist these provide ample surface area of the exchange of gas |
|
|
crustacea |
subphylum and class name of a wide range of animals including microscopic water fleas, crabs, lobsters etc. -body regions show the same type of fusion as arachnids - body regions called cephalothorax and abdomen. -jointed appendages that run the length of the body. -pincers for grasping |
|
|
exoskeleton of the cephalothorax of crustacea |
often hard - in lobsters it is calcified making it bone - like -conceals the majority of delicate organs like the circulatory system (dorsal heart), stomach, digestive glands, nervous system, and reproductive system. -gills of larger species are located at the base of the legs on the sides under the cephalothorax -gas exchange occurs in smaller species along with diffusion |
|
|
green gland |
specialized excretory structure in crustaceans |
|
|
swimmerettes |
tiny leg like structures that line the ventral surface of crustaceans. |
|
|
uropod and telson |
posterior end of crustaceans are specialied withthe uropods and telson which are used for reverse movement in the water. |
