Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
102 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
|
What are the oldest vertebrates?
|
Fish
|
|
|
|
What does it mean to be ectothermic?
|
cold-blooded
|
|
|
|
How do fish regulate their body temperature?
|
externally (ectotherms)
|
|
|
|
What is the fish integument and its functions?
|
mucous glands and scales. Functions: 1) protection from ectoparasites 2)regulation (water movement) 3)lubrication for faster swimming
|
|
|
|
What are fishes senses?
|
olfactory and visual, and they have an inner ear for equilibrium and balance.
|
|
|
|
Define lateral line system
|
unique to fish, it is a line that runs along the body which is sensitive to vibrations and water currents
|
|
|
|
What is the fish circulatory system?
|
has a 2-chambered heart, auricle and ventricle
|
|
|
|
Fish respiratory system:
|
gills or lungs, gas exchange between H2O and blood (diffusion). A lot of water must pass gills because there is less O2 in H2O than in air
|
|
|
|
How do fish feed?
|
filter feed and predatory
|
|
|
|
What changed to allow fish to become predatory?
|
Development of jaw
|
|
|
|
What structure helps regulate buoyancy in fish?
|
Swim Bladder
|
|
|
|
What fish lack swim bladders
|
Bottom-Dwellers
|
|
|
|
What do the gills and kidneys of fish do?
|
balance H2O and ions in tissue ( osmoregulation. and do work for excretion
|
|
|
|
Define Diadramous
|
Fish that migrate between sea and fresh water
|
|
|
|
Define Anadramous
|
Fish that spawn in inland waters
|
|
|
|
Define Catadromous
|
Fish that spawn in the sea
|
|
|
|
How do fish reproduce?
|
Usually externally, most are oviparous.
|
|
|
|
What insures successful reproduction in fish?
|
Mating behavior ensures fertilization, nesting behavior ensures protection of eggs
|
|
|
|
What are the two types of Vertebrata?
|
Agnatha- Jawless vertebrates
Gnathostomata - Jawed |
|
|
|
What is Agnatha, and what is an example of one?
|
Agnatha= Jawless vertebrates. Example is hagfish or lamprey
|
|
|
|
What is Gnathostomata and what is an example of one?
|
Gnathostomata= jawed vertebrates
Any Caratligenous fish, or bony fish |
|
|
|
What are the main differences between cartaliginous and bony fish?
|
Cartaligenous Fish:
Caudal fin is heterocercal Endoskeleton: Cartaliginous Gills: Exposed Swim Bladder: Absent Spiral Valve: Present Fertilization: Internal Scales: Placoid |
Caudal Fin: Homocercal
Endoskeleton: Ossified Respiration: maybe lungs as well as gills Gills: Covered with operculum Swim Bladder: Present Spiral Valve: Absent Fertilization: External Scales:Ganoid, Cycloid or Ctenoid |
|
|
What is a caudal fin, and how can they be different?
|
The back fin. Cartaliginous fish have heterocercal fins ( top lobe larger than bottom) and bony fish have homocercal
|
|
|
|
What is a spiral valve?
|
Lower portion of intestine in some cartaliginous fish
|
|
|
|
What is a Coelecanth?
|
A species thought to be extinct but found alive
|
|
|
|
What were the first vertebrates to try and live water?
|
Amphibians!
|
|
|
|
Where do the different lifestages of Amphibians live?
|
Larvae: in aquatic environments
Adult: on land |
|
|
|
how do amphibians regulate body temperature?
|
They are ectothermic, AKA cold blooded
|
|
|
|
What are Chromatophores, and what class has them?
|
Pigment-Containing and Light-Reflecting cells. Found in amphibians
|
|
|
|
Amphibians have special charactersitics for certain face apertures. what are they?
|
Nostrils: open into mouth cavity
Eyelids: movable Tear Glands: protect and cleanse eye |
|
|
|
How do amphibians respire?
|
gills, lungs, skin, pharyngeal region
|
|
|
|
What structure do amphibians use in excretion?
|
paired kidneys
|
|
|
|
How many chambers does an amphibian heart have?
|
3, 2 auricles and one ventricle
|
|
|
|
What does the left auricle of an amphibian heart do?
|
receives oxygenated blood from lungs
|
|
|
|
What does the right auricle of an amphibian heart do?
|
receives deoxygenated blood from body
|
|
|
|
Are amphibians dioecious or monoeicioius?
|
Diecious
|
|
|
|
How does amphibian fertilization occur?
|
internally or externally
|
|
|
|
What organs do certain amphibia lack?
|
males lack copulatory organs
|
|
|
|
What classes are oviparous?
|
Fish and amphibia
|
|
|
|
What are three reasons why amphibians must live near water?
|
1) must reproduce in water if lack of internal fertilization
2) inability to conserve water ( water evaporates quickly through skin 3) ectothermic, unable to control body temperature |
|
|
|
What are the three orders of the class amphibia, and name an example species in each
|
1)Anura - frogs and toads
2)Urodela- newts and salamanders 3)Gymnophiona- Caecilians |
|
|
|
What was the first truly terrestrial vertebrate class?
|
Reptilia
|
|
|
|
How can you distinguish between reptiles and amphibians?
|
Reptiles have scaly hides which prevent dessication, and they lay eggs on land
|
|
|
|
True or false: reptile integuments have many glands
|
Falso, bitch
|
|
|
|
How many toes do reptilian limbs usually have?
|
5!
|
|
|
|
How do reptiles respire?
|
Lungs, no gills
|
|
|
|
What is the structure of the reptile heart?
|
Depends, 3-chambered in snakes, lizards and reptiles. 4 chambered in crocodiles and alligators
|
|
|
|
Are reptiles dioecious or monoeicious?
|
diecious
|
|
|
|
Where doe fertilization occur in reptiles?
|
internal fertilization, sometimes oviparous
|
|
|
|
What is the reptile egg like?
|
Amniotic, covered with leathery shell, contains yolk
|
|
|
|
What are the 4 orders of reptilia, and give an example of a species in each?
|
Testudines: Turtles and tortoises
Squamata: Lizards and Snakes Sphenodonta: Tuataras Crocodilia: Crocodiles, Alligators |
|
|
|
What's the difference between Turtles and Tortoises?
|
Turtles are aquatic, tortoises are terrestrial
|
|
|
|
What is the testudine exoskeleton made of?
|
Dorsal Carapace
Ventral Plastron |
|
|
|
What are the three types of squamata?
|
Lacertilia, Amphisbaenia, and Serpentes
|
|
|
|
What order has the largest reptiles?
|
Crocodilia
|
|
|
|
What's the difference between Alligators and Crocodiles?
|
Alligators have long slender snouts, Crocodiles have short broad snouts
|
|
|
|
Class: Aves
common structures: |
Forelimbs modified for flight Horny Beaks
Hindlimbs used for walking, swimming, perching Oviparous |
|
|
|
How do bird regulate body temperature?
|
Endothermic
|
|
|
|
What are Cutaneous Glands, and what class of species have them?
|
Cutaneous Glands: Produce Sebum that lubricated and provides nutrition for skin
-absent except for uropyneal oil gland |
|
|
|
What is the construction of bird endoskeleton?
|
Have airsacs, light, hollow and thin
|
|
|
|
Do birds have teeth?
|
no
|
|
|
|
How is the sternum different in birds?
|
Greatly expanded with a large ventral keel
|
|
|
|
What are the roles of feathers in birds?
|
Feathers trap air between them , thus insulate and conserve heat.
|
|
|
|
Tell me about birds and scales
|
Birds retain scales on their feet, rest of body scales turned to feathers
|
|
|
|
Three types of feathers
|
Contour Feathers: cover body, give birds outward form
Down Feathers: Soft, cover young birds, beneath contour feathers of adults. Filoplume Feathers: hair-like sensory |
|
|
|
How does bird digestion work?
|
Food sent directly to crop or stomach for storage, then gizzard (grinding), then proventriculus: enzymatic work
|
|
|
|
How many chambers does the bird heart have?
|
4, for efficient oxygenation of blood (needed for endotherms)
|
|
|
|
How do birds respire, and what structures are there?
|
Lungs and airsacs for extra air storage, to get most oxygen
|
|
|
|
What do airsacs do, and what organisms have them?
|
Extra space for oxygen, and help cool the bird down during rigorous exercise
|
|
|
|
What senses do birds have?
|
Sight and hearing, very poor sense of smell though
|
|
|
|
Aves excretory organs:
|
paired kidneys, NO urinary bladder though
|
|
|
|
Aves reproduction:
|
Dioecious. Males have paired testes, usually no copulatory organs. Copulation involves contact between cloacal surfaces
|
|
|
|
Why do female aves only have a left oviduct and ovary?
|
possibly means of reducing body weight
|
|
|
|
How long do Aves stay in a relationship?
|
Some mate for life, some monogamous ( stay for one brooding)
|
|
|
|
What does it mean to be monogamous, and what order of organisms are?
|
some Aves are mongamous, means they mate only for the rearing of single brood
|
|
|
|
What is Polyandry?
|
A mating system where a female mates with several males
|
|
|
|
What is Polygyny?
|
A mating system where males mate with several females
|
|
|
|
Upon hatching, what are the two forms Aves take form?
|
Precocial: Covered with down, and can run or swim. seen in waterfowl
Altricial: Naked, helpless, ugly. Remain in next for a week or more |
|
|
|
Why do birds migrate?
|
Live in optimal temperature all year round, more food available, optimal conditions for rearing young, prevents predator populations from increasing too rapidly
|
|
|
|
Two subclasses of class aves:
|
Archeornithes and Neornithes
|
|
|
|
What is a ratite?
|
a flightless bird belonging to the subclass Neornithes
|
|
|
|
What is a carinate
|
A Neornithite with wings adapted for flight
|
|
|
|
What are the four types of mammalian integument glands?
|
Sweat, Scent, Mammary and Sebaceous ( secrete sebum, lubricates and waterproofs skin)
|
|
|
|
Sweat Glands
|
On the hairless region of the body ( except in apes and humans), regulate body temp
|
|
|
|
Scent Glands
|
Location variable, function in defensive and mating (communication)
|
|
|
|
Mammary Glands
|
Modified sweat glands, Females secrete milk for nourishment of young
|
|
|
|
Sebaceous Glands
|
Associated with hair follicles, Keeps skin and hair soft and glossy
|
|
|
|
Difference between horn and antlers
|
Horn: Hollow keratin, bone core. not usually shed, and found on males and females
Antlers: entirely bone, shed annually, found only on males. deer family |
|
|
|
Which mammals do not have teeth?
|
Some males, monotremes, anteaters
|
|
|
|
What is hibernation?
|
prolonged and controlled state of dormancy
|
|
|
|
territoriality
|
almost all mammals display it, often marked by scent
|
|
|
|
Mammalian reproduction
|
internal fertilization, males with copulatory organ, testes in scrotum, capable of fertile copulation at any time
|
|
|
|
Female mammalian egg production
|
Produce few eggs, (little yolk). only periodically fertile.
|
|
|
|
Are mammals oviparous?
|
ONLY monotremes
|
|
|
|
Are mammals viviparous?
|
yes! all about the placenta. young nourished by milk from mammary glands
|
|
|
|
What is the estrous cycle?
|
female period cycle. only receive males in heat, or "estrous"
|
|
|
|
What are the 4 sub/infra classes of mammals?
|
Prototheria, Theria, Metatheria, Eutheria
|
|
|
|
Prototheria
|
Subclass of mammals, contains monotremes ( platypus, oviparous)
|
|
|
|
Metatheria
|
Infraclass of mammals: Marsupials
|
|
|
|
Theria
|
Subclass of mammals: Viviparous live bearers= placentals
|
|
|
|
Eutheria
|
Placenta well-developed, most mammals
|
|
|
|
Difference between estrous cycle and menstrual cycle
|
Estrous cycle: female receptive to male, only at restricted periods. (characteristic of mammals)
Menstrual cycle: cycle ends with the collapse and shedding of uterine lining (endometrium)- characteristic of primates only |
|
