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49 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
The superior-lateral region of the breast is called the ____. It is important because ____.
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axillary tail
tumors occur there |
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The breast spans the vertical interval from ____ to ____, and the horizontal interval from ___ to ___.
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rib 2
rib 6 sternum midaxilla |
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The retromammary space is a ___ between ____ and ____.
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bursa
the breast (superficially) the pectoral fascia (deep) |
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Suspensory ligaments of the breast run from ___ to ____
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dermis
gland tissue |
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Arterial supply to the breast
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internal thoracic a.
lateral thoracic a. intercostal a.s |
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Main venous drainage of the breast is via ___.
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axillary vein
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Main lymphatic drainage of the breast is to ___.
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axillary lymph nodes
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Thick, leathery (breast) skin may indicate ____.
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a cancer blocking lymph flow in a lymphatic vessel
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Innervation of the breast is via ____.
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intercostal nerves 2-6
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Benign nipple discharge is ___ in color, occurs ____, not ____, and affects ____.
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milky, yellow, green or brown
bilaterally spontaneously multiple ducts |
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Galactorrhea with headache and loss of peripheral vision may indicate ____.
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pituitary adenoma (prolactinoma)
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Symptoms of pituitary adenoma include ____.
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galactorrhea
headache loss of peripheral vision |
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Benign growths are ___ in shape, become ___ over time, and have ___ contrast on mammogram.
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well circumscribed, round
smaller low/medium |
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___ is the most common kind of breast cancer. Its cells come from ___.
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infiltrating ductal carcinoma
duct epithelium |
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The presence of ___ improves prognosis for infiltrating ductal carcinoma. The presence of ___ worsens it.
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estrogen or progesterone receptors
c-erb B2 oncoprotein |
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BRCA1 is a ____ gene.
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tumor-suppressor
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Level 1 lymph nodes are located ___
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at the lateral border of pectoralis minor
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Level 2 lymph nodes are located ____
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deep to pectoralis minor
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Level 3 lymph nodes are located ____
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at the medial border of the pectoralis minor
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Axillary lymphadenectomy is the removal of ____.
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Level 1 & 2 lymph nodes
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Caution must be taken during mastectomy not to damage ____, which innervates ____. If it is damaged, ____ results.
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long thoracic nerve
serratus anterior winged scapula |
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In a modified radical mastectomy, the ___ is left in place. It is also known as a ____ operation.
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pectoralis major
Patey |
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Central venous catheters are inserted into ___ or ____.
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internal jugular v.
subclavian v. |
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Landmarks for the internal jugular vein are ____.
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angle of intersection of sternal & clavicular heads of sternocleidomastoid
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Postductal coarctation is ___.
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Narrowing of the aorta distal to the ductus arteriosus/ligamentum arteriosum.
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Postductal coarctation can cause (4)
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increased BP to upper extremities
decreased/delayed femoral pulse increased risk of cerebral hemorrhage increased risk of bacterial endocarditis |
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Collateral circulation via ___ (4) compensates for postductal coarctation. ___ can occur as a consequence of ___,
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internal thoracic a.
intercostal arteries. superior epigastric a. inferior epigastric a. rib notching dilation of intercostal a.s |
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In preductal coarctation, blood reaches lower extremities via ___.
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Patent ductus arteriosus
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Aortic disruption is ___.
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A tear in the aorta distal to L subclavian a.
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A knife wound to chest above the clavicle enangers ___, ____, and ___.
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Subclavian a.
lower trunk of brachial plexus cervical pleura/apex of lung |
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___ lies directly posterior to the xiphisternal joint
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central tendon of diaphragm
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____ is posterior to the upper border of rib 5, and ___ is posterior to lower border.
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Right dome of diaphragm
Left dome of diaphragm |
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Thoracic outlet syndrome results from compression of ___, ___, or ____.
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brachial plexus (neurogenic)
subclavian a. (arterial) subclavian v. (venous) |
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Symptoms of TOS include (4)
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atrophy of thenar, hypothenal & interosseous muscles
sensory deficits on medial forearm & hand diminished radial pulse on moving head to opposite side bruit over subclavian |
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In a tube thoracostomy, a tube is inserted via an insertion in ____ and positioned at ___.
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6th intercostal space
5th intercostal space |
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The tube is positioned at the ___ border of the rib to avoid damaging ___.
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superior
intercostal vein, artery & nerve |
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The anterior mediastinum contains ___, ___ and ___.
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thymus
lymph nodes connective tissue |
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A rib fracture on right side may damage ___ or ___.
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right kidney
liver |
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The anterior mediastinum contains (4)
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thymus
fat lymph nodes CT |
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A rib fracture on the left side may damage ___ or ___.
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left kidney
spleen |
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A fracture of rib 12 may damage ___.
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pleura
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The mediastinum is bounded laterally by ___, anteriorly by ___, and posteriorly by ___.
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mediastinal part of parietal pleura.
sternum vertebral column |
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The middle mediastinum contains (7)
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heart
pericardium phrenic nerves ascending aorta SVC IVC coronary vessels |
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Injection of dye into the (proximal) right subclavian shows ___ of the circle of Willis, whereas injection into the left subclavian shows ___. This is because ____.
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all
just the posterior part The R subclavian gives rise to both R internal carotid (goes to anterior circle) and R vertebral (goes to posterior). The L subclavian only gives rise to the L vertebral. |
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The posterior mediastiunum contains (7)
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descending aorta
esophagus thoracic duct azygos v. hemiazygos v. splanchnic nerves vagus nerves sympathetic trunk |
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The anterior mediastinum contains (3)
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thymus
fat lymph nodes CT |
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The superior mediastinum contains (11)
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trachea
esophagus thymus phrenic nerves azygos v. SVC brachiocephalic vessels aortic arch left common carotid left subclavian thoracic duct |
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The azygos vein ___s with respect to the right pulmonary hilum. It drains into ___.
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arches over it
SVC |
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___ arches over the right pulmonary hilum.
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azygos vein
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