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49 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
The superior-lateral region of the breast is called the ____. It is important because ____.
axillary tail
tumors occur there
The breast spans the vertical interval from ____ to ____, and the horizontal interval from ___ to ___.
rib 2
rib 6
sternum
midaxilla
The retromammary space is a ___ between ____ and ____.
bursa
the breast (superficially)
the pectoral fascia (deep)
Suspensory ligaments of the breast run from ___ to ____
dermis
gland tissue
Arterial supply to the breast
internal thoracic a.
lateral thoracic a.
intercostal a.s
Main venous drainage of the breast is via ___.
axillary vein
Main lymphatic drainage of the breast is to ___.
axillary lymph nodes
Thick, leathery (breast) skin may indicate ____.
a cancer blocking lymph flow in a lymphatic vessel
Innervation of the breast is via ____.
intercostal nerves 2-6
Benign nipple discharge is ___ in color, occurs ____, not ____, and affects ____.
milky, yellow, green or brown
bilaterally
spontaneously
multiple ducts
Galactorrhea with headache and loss of peripheral vision may indicate ____.
pituitary adenoma (prolactinoma)
Symptoms of pituitary adenoma include ____.
galactorrhea
headache
loss of peripheral vision
Benign growths are ___ in shape, become ___ over time, and have ___ contrast on mammogram.
well circumscribed, round
smaller
low/medium
___ is the most common kind of breast cancer. Its cells come from ___.
infiltrating ductal carcinoma
duct epithelium
The presence of ___ improves prognosis for infiltrating ductal carcinoma. The presence of ___ worsens it.
estrogen or progesterone receptors
c-erb B2 oncoprotein
BRCA1 is a ____ gene.
tumor-suppressor
Level 1 lymph nodes are located ___
at the lateral border of pectoralis minor
Level 2 lymph nodes are located ____
deep to pectoralis minor
Level 3 lymph nodes are located ____
at the medial border of the pectoralis minor
Axillary lymphadenectomy is the removal of ____.
Level 1 & 2 lymph nodes
Caution must be taken during mastectomy not to damage ____, which innervates ____. If it is damaged, ____ results.
long thoracic nerve
serratus anterior
winged scapula
In a modified radical mastectomy, the ___ is left in place. It is also known as a ____ operation.
pectoralis major
Patey
Central venous catheters are inserted into ___ or ____.
internal jugular v.
subclavian v.
Landmarks for the internal jugular vein are ____.
angle of intersection of sternal & clavicular heads of sternocleidomastoid
Postductal coarctation is ___.
Narrowing of the aorta distal to the ductus arteriosus/ligamentum arteriosum.
Postductal coarctation can cause (4)
increased BP to upper extremities
decreased/delayed femoral pulse
increased risk of cerebral hemorrhage
increased risk of bacterial endocarditis
Collateral circulation via ___ (4) compensates for postductal coarctation. ___ can occur as a consequence of ___,
internal thoracic a.
intercostal arteries.
superior epigastric a.
inferior epigastric a.
rib notching
dilation of intercostal a.s
In preductal coarctation, blood reaches lower extremities via ___.
Patent ductus arteriosus
Aortic disruption is ___.
A tear in the aorta distal to L subclavian a.
A knife wound to chest above the clavicle enangers ___, ____, and ___.
Subclavian a.
lower trunk of brachial plexus
cervical pleura/apex of lung
___ lies directly posterior to the xiphisternal joint
central tendon of diaphragm
____ is posterior to the upper border of rib 5, and ___ is posterior to lower border.
Right dome of diaphragm
Left dome of diaphragm
Thoracic outlet syndrome results from compression of ___, ___, or ____.
brachial plexus (neurogenic)
subclavian a. (arterial)
subclavian v. (venous)
Symptoms of TOS include (4)
atrophy of thenar, hypothenal & interosseous muscles
sensory deficits on medial forearm & hand
diminished radial pulse on moving head to opposite side
bruit over subclavian
In a tube thoracostomy, a tube is inserted via an insertion in ____ and positioned at ___.
6th intercostal space
5th intercostal space
The tube is positioned at the ___ border of the rib to avoid damaging ___.
superior
intercostal vein, artery & nerve
The anterior mediastinum contains ___, ___ and ___.
thymus
lymph nodes
connective tissue
A rib fracture on right side may damage ___ or ___.
right kidney
liver
The anterior mediastinum contains (4)
thymus
fat
lymph nodes
CT
A rib fracture on the left side may damage ___ or ___.
left kidney
spleen
A fracture of rib 12 may damage ___.
pleura
The mediastinum is bounded laterally by ___, anteriorly by ___, and posteriorly by ___.
mediastinal part of parietal pleura.
sternum
vertebral column
The middle mediastinum contains (7)
heart
pericardium
phrenic nerves
ascending aorta
SVC
IVC
coronary vessels
Injection of dye into the (proximal) right subclavian shows ___ of the circle of Willis, whereas injection into the left subclavian shows ___. This is because ____.
all
just the posterior part
The R subclavian gives rise to both R internal carotid (goes to anterior circle) and R vertebral (goes to posterior). The L subclavian only gives rise to the L vertebral.
The posterior mediastiunum contains (7)
descending aorta
esophagus
thoracic duct
azygos v.
hemiazygos v.
splanchnic nerves
vagus nerves
sympathetic trunk
The anterior mediastinum contains (3)
thymus
fat
lymph nodes
CT
The superior mediastinum contains (11)
trachea
esophagus
thymus
phrenic nerves
azygos v.
SVC
brachiocephalic vessels
aortic arch
left common carotid
left subclavian
thoracic duct
The azygos vein ___s with respect to the right pulmonary hilum. It drains into ___.
arches over it
SVC
___ arches over the right pulmonary hilum.
azygos vein