High Yield Anatomy Ch. 2

Front 1

The ventral median fissure is ____ than the dorsal median fissure

Back 1

bigger

Front 2

The dorsal intermediate septum is present only above verterbra ____ and distinguishes between ____ and ____

Back 2

T6
nerves terminating at gracilis
nerves terminating at cuneatus

Front 3

The end of the spinal cord is called the ____, and is located at ____ in the adult and ____ in the newborn

Back 3

conus medullaris (medullary cone)
L1
L3

Front 4

The cauda equina has nerve roots for ____ through _____

Back 4

L2
Co1

Front 5

The ____ connects the conus medullaris to the end of the dural sac at ___
It is an extension of ____ .

Back 5

filum terminale
S2
pia mater

Front 6

layers enclosing spinal cord, from outer to inner (5)

Back 6

ligamentum flavum
epidural fat (with venous plexus)
dura
arachnoid
pia

Front 7

The dura is innervated by ____

Back 7

recurrent meningeal nerves (Moore 523)

Front 8

The ____ space is a CSF-filled enclosure around the spinal cord. It is normally a ____ space.

Back 8

subarachnoid (Moore 523)
real

Front 9

The arachnoid is connected to the dura by ____, and to the pia by ____.

Back 9

nothing.
arachnoid trabeculae

Front 10

The subdural space is between ____ and ____, and is normally a ____ space.

Back 10

dura
arachnoid
potential

Front 11

The left & right ____ are extensions of ____ which anchor the spinal cord to ___.

Back 11

denticulate ligaments
pia
dura

Front 12

White matter of spinal cord is divided into (4 regions)

Back 12

dorsal,
ventral, &
lateral funiculi

Front 13

Blood to the ventral 2/3 of the spinal cord is supplied by ___.
It arises caudally from the ____.

Back 13

anterior spinal artery
vertebral arteries

Front 14

Blood to the dorsal 1/3 of the spinal cord is supplied by ___.
These arise from the ___ or ____.

Back 14

posterior spinal arteries
vertebral arteries or PICAs

Front 15

There are ___ pairs of cervical spinal nerves.

Back 15

8

Front 16

There are ___ pairs of thoracic spinal nerves.

Back 16

12

Front 17

There are ___ pairs of lumbar spinal nerves.

Back 17

5

Front 18

There are ___ pairs of sacral spinal nerves.

Back 18

5

Front 19

There are ___ pairs of coccygeal spinal nerves.

Back 19

1

Front 20

Sympathetic fibers from the spinal cord connect to the symptathetic ganglia via ____

Back 20

gray and white rami communicantes

Front 21

____ rami carry sympathetic efferents to blood vessels & skin.
The are present at levels ___ of the spinal cord

Back 21

gray
all levels

Front 22

____ rami carry sympathetic afferents & efferents and are present at levels ___ of the spinal cord

Back 22

white
T1-L3

Front 23

Dorsal primary rami innervate ___.

Back 23

Skin & deep muscles of back

Front 24

dermatome: top, back of skull

Back 24

C2

Front 25

dermatome: top of face

Back 25

V1

Front 26

dermatome: maxilla

Back 26

V2

Front 27

dermatome: mandible

Back 27

V3

Front 28

dermatome: upper neck

Back 28

C3

Front 29

dermatome: lower neck

Back 29

C4

Front 30

dermatome: shoulder, lateral surface of upper limb

Back 30

dermatome: C5

Front 31

dermatome: thumb

Back 31

dermatome: C6

Front 32

dermatome: posterior surface of upper limb, index & middle fingers

Back 32

dermatome: C7

Front 33

dermatome: ring & pinky finger

Back 33

dermatome: C8

Front 34

dermatome: medial surface of upper limb

Back 34

dermatome: T1

Front 35

dermatome: nipples

Back 35

dermatome: T4

Front 36

dermatome: xiphoid process

Back 36

dermatome: T7

Front 37

dermatome: umbilicus

Back 37

dermatome: T10

Front 38

dermatome: inguinal ligament

Back 38

dermatome: L1

Front 39

dermatome: medial surface of leg, big toe

Back 39

dermatome: L4

Front 40

dermatome: lateral surface of leg, dorsum of foot

Back 40

dermatome: L5

Front 41

dermatome: posterior surface of lower limb, lateral surface of foot, little toe

Back 41

dermatome: S1

Front 42

dermatome: genitalia & anal zone

Back 42

dermatome: S2-S5

Front 43

Dorsal-column medial lemniscus pathway carries ___ and ____.

Back 43

tactile sensation
proprioception

Front 44

____ carries tactile sensation & proprioception

Back 44

Dorsal-column medial lemniscus pathway

Front 45

The lateral spinothalamic pathway carries ____ and ____.

Back 45

pain
temperature sensation

Front 46

____ pathway carries pain & temperature sensation.

Back 46

lateral spinothalamic pathway

Front 47

The lateral corticospinal tract carries ____.

Back 47

voluntary motor activity

Front 48

____ carries voluntary motor activity.

Back 48

lateral corticospinal tract

Front 49

The dorsal & ventral spinocerebellar tracts carry ____ from the ___ to the _____

Back 49

proprioceptive acitivty
spinal cord
cerebellum

Front 50

____ and ___ carry proprioceptive acitivty from the spinal cord to the cerebellum

Back 50

dorsal & ventral spinocerebellar tracts

Front 51

The hypothalamospinal tract controls ___ and ____

Back 51

IML sympathetic neurons
sacral parasympathetic neurons

Front 52

____ controls the IML sympathetic neurons & sacral parasympathetic neurons

Back 52

hypothalamospinal tract

Front 53

____ causes Horner syndrome

Back 53

Interruption of hypothalamospinal tract above T1

Front 54

2 diseases classified as lower motor neuron disorders

Back 54

polio
Werdnig-Hoffman disease

Front 55

ALS damages both ___ and ___ and therefore is classified as ___

Back 55

ventral gray horn
lateral corticospinal tract
upper and lower motor neuron lesion

Front 56

lower motor neuron disorders are characterized by

Back 56

flaccid paralysis
areflexia
atrophy
fasciculations & fibrillations
absent Babinski sign

Front 57

Combined UMN/LMN disease is characterized by (5)

Back 57

spastic paralysis
hyperreflexia
no atrophy
no fasciculation/fibrillation
positive Babinski sign

Front 58

Tabes dorsalis is caused by ___ and characterized by ___.

Back 58

damage to dorsal column sensory pathway
loss of tactile sensation & proprioception

Front 59

Loss of tactile sensation & proprioception is characteristic of ____

Back 59

tabes dorsalis

Front 60

Brown-Séquard syndrome is caused by ____ and is characterized by ____

Back 60

penetrating blow to one of: dorsal columns, lateral corticospinal tract, lateral spinothalamic tract, hypothalamospinal tract, or ventral grey horn
ipsilateral loss of tactile sensation & proprioception, ipsilateral spastic paresis, contralateral loss of pain & temperature sensation

Front 61

Both ____ and ____ arteries run along spinal nerve roots. The differences is ____. ____ are more common.

Back 61

radicular (anterior & posterior)
segmental medullary (a & p)
segmental medullary arteries anastomose with anterior or posterior spinal artery
radicular

Front 62

Anterior spinal artery occlusion damages ___ but not ___.

Back 62

lateral spinothalamic tract, lateral corticospinal tract, hypothalamospinal tract
dorsal column pathway, dorsal/ventral spinocerebellar tract

Front 63

Vitamin B12 neuropathy damages ___ but not ___.

Back 63

dorsal column pathway
lateral corticospinal tracts
spinocerebellar tracts

Front 64

Syringomyelia is ____ and damages ____. Symptoms:

Back 64

Formation of longitudinal cavities in (cervical) spinal cord
Ventral white commisure, ventral grey horns
loss of pain & temperature, flaccid paralysis of intrinsic hand muscles

Front 65

Quadriplegia means ___ and results from a spinal cord transection above ___.

Back 65

paralysis of all 4 limbs
C3

Front 66

Transection of the spinal cord below C3 causes ___.

Back 66

paraplegia

Front 67

The 3 kinds of spinal cord tumor are ____, ___ and ____.

Back 67

intramedullary
intradural
extradural

Front 68

2 kinds of intramedullary tumors are ___ and ____

Back 68

ependymoma
astrocytoma

Front 69

Ependymomas are usually located in____ and ___.

Back 69

cervical region
lymbosacral region

Front 70

Astrocytomas are usually located in ___ and ___

Back 70

cervical
thoracic

Front 71

3 kinds of intradural tumors are ___, ___ and ___

Back 71

meningioma
schwannoma
neurofibroma

Front 72

Meningiomas usually occur in ___ in ___

Back 72

cervical region
women

Front 73

Schwannomas usually occur in ___

Back 73

IV foramen

Front 74

2 kinds of extradural tumors are ___ and ___.

Back 74

metastatic tumors
chordomas

Front 75

Cancers of lung, breast, & prostate commonly metastasize to ___.

Back 75

vertebral body

Front 76

Spinal anesthesia injects anesthetic into ___. It is commonly used for ___.

Back 76

subarachnoid space
labor pain

Front 77

Complications of spinal anesthesia include ___, ___, and ___.

Back 77

respiratory paralysis (if too high)
hypotension (sympathetic blockade)
spinal headach (CSF leak)

Front 78

Epidural anesthesia is commonly used for ___ and is injected at ____ or ___.

Back 78

childbirth
L2-L3
L3-L4

Front 79

Complications of epidural anesthesia include ___ and ____.

Back 79

respiratory paralysis (if you puncture the dura & arachnoid)
CNS toxicity if injected into vertebral venous plexus